Title

Development of Protection Scheme for Non-

Conventional Instrument Transformer (NCITs) Based on

IEC 61850-9-2

Muhammad Salman Khan

College of Engineering and Science

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

Master of Engineering by Research Thesis

August 2015

Supervisor

PROFESSOR AKHTAR KALAM

Associate Supervisor

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ALADIN ZAYEGH

 Abstract

Substations are a fundamental part in electrical energy transmission and

distribution. The role of a substation is to transfer and transform electrical

energy by stepping up or down the voltage. To do this, high voltage switching

equipment and power transformers are used, in addition to instrument

transformers that supply the status of the primary system to the secondary

equipment. Substation Automation Systems are then used to control, protect

and monitor the substations [1]. The IEC 61850 standard developed digital

substation with most advanced techniques. The IEC 61850 standard define in

its sub-clauses IEC 600448 and IEC 61850-9-2 about digital interface, digital

communication and Sampled Values transmission over an Ethernet link called

Process Bus. This thesis is mainly based on the development of the non

Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT), analogue to digital data

converter and power system protection. The scope of this study includes the

development of current and voltage transformer models in SIMULINK which

gives the ideal behaviour of NCIT for protection and measurement. The

research Methodology is modelling NCIT and a Merging Unit (MU) in MATLAB

SIMULINK, and then the simulated results are verified according to the IEC

61850 standard. The 4 kHz output (Voltage/Current) signal is obtained in the

digital form with 16-bit resolution. Final round of the research is to model the

multi-bus electrical transmission power system in SIMULINK using

SimPowerSystems Toolbox to run the verification tests on NCIT and Merging

ii
Unit models. The Merging Unit functionality is validated by obtaining three

phase analogue signals of both currents and voltages from NCIT. Signal

processing is performed on these signals and then transmitted on the Ethernet

port in the form of SV (Sampled Value) Stream according to the IEC 61850-9-2

standard. The developed Merging Unit is then connected to the different nodes

of the power system to test the performance and reliability of the Merging Unit.

The protection functions are not tested on Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

as the available SEL, Areva and ABB IEDs were not compatible at this stage

with the Process Bus of IEC 61850-9-2. The aim of this research is educational

or is an IEC 61850-9-2 Process Bus concept demonstration tool, to test

protection IEDs before they can operate in a real system. The field engineers

need a calibrating relay setting tool to perform troubleshooting. Electrical

engineering students, researchers and electric utility integration engineers will

be able to use the developed NCIT Unit for basic testing and demonstrating the

Process Bus technology concept -IEC 61850-9-2 based testing environment-

and also interface the Process Bus with bay level, which is highly required tool

by the industry. The model can easily run on any PC with average processing

power which is ideal for electrical students and researchers. The required

software packages are MATLAB, Simulink and SimPowerSystems, which are

commonly used and accessible research tools.

iii
 Masters by Research Student Declaration

“I, Muhammad Salman Khan, declare that the Master by Research thesis

entitled “Development of protection scheme for Non-Conventional Instrument

Transformer (NCITs) based on IEC 61850-9-2” is no more than 60,000 words in

length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices,

bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has

been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other

academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is

my own work”.

Signature: Date: 28/08/2015

iv
 List of Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers

[1] Khan, M. S, Kalam, A. and Zayegh, A., ‘Development of Matlab based

Model for an IEC 61850-9-2 Non-Conventional Instrument Transformer

(NCITs) ’ International Journal of Science and Technology Management,

IJSTM 2015. (Pending Publication)

Referred Conference Papers

[1] Khan, M. S, Kalam, A. and Zayegh, A., ‘Overview of Protection Scheme

for Non-Conventional Instrument Transformer on Process Bus Based on

IEC 61850-9-2 Standard in Smart Grid’ International Conference on

Renewable Energy Utilisation, ICREU 2014, Coimbatore - India

v
 Table of Contents

Title...................................................................................................................... i

Abstract ............................................................................................................... ii

Masters by Research Student Declaration ......................................................... iv

List of Publications.............................................................................................. v

Table of Contents ............................................................................................... vi

List of Figures ..................................................................................................... ix

List of Tables ..................................................................................................... xii

List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................... xiii

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. xv

Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Motivation..................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Research Goals and Objectives................................................................... 3

1.4 Research Methodologies and Techniques ................................................... 4

1.4.1 Research Method ........................................................................... 5

1.5 Original Contribution of the Thesis ............................................................... 6

1.6 General Limitations ...................................................................................... 6

1.6.1 Technical Limitations ...................................................................... 6

1.6.2 Time Constraint .............................................................................. 7

1.7 Organisation of the Thesis ........................................................................... 7

Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................. 8

vi
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 8

2.2 Smart Grid.................................................................................................... 8

2.3 Substation Automation System .................................................................. 10

2.4 IEC 61850 .................................................................................................. 11

2.5 Conventional Substation Architecture ........................................................ 13

2.6 Digital Substation ....................................................................................... 14

2.7 Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCITs) ................................. 15

2.8 Merging Unit ............................................................................................... 20

2.9 NCITs, Merging Unit and IEC 61850-9-2 ................................................... 21

2.10 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 26

Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System ........ 28

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 28

3.2 Conventional Instrument Transformers VS NCIT ....................................... 29

3.3 Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers .............................................. 29

3.4 Simulink Model of ECT/EVT....................................................................... 30

3.5 Merging Unit ............................................................................................... 31

3.6 Design and Function of Merging Unit ......................................................... 33

3.7 Simulink module of Merging Unit ............................................................... 36

3.8 Simulink modelling of Power system .......................................................... 39

3.9 Power System Modelling In SimPowerSystems......................................... 40

3.10 List of SimPowerSystems Blocks Used ............................................... 41

3.11 Three phase Programmable Voltage Source ...................................... 42

3.12 Three Phase PI (π) Section Line ......................................................... 43

3.13 Three Phase Series RLC Load ........................................................... 45

vii
3.14 Three Phase Transformer Two Winding.............................................. 47

3.15 Three Phase Fault ............................................................................... 49

3.16 Three phase VI Measurement Blocks ................................................. 51

3.17 Power GUI Block ................................................................................. 53

3.18 Fully Modelled Power System ............................................................. 56

Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion ............................. 58

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 58

4.2 Experimental analysis ................................................................................ 58

4.3 Experimental Setup .................................................................................... 60

4.3.1 Managing Signals to NCITs .......................................................... 60

4.3.2 Arrangement of Signals to Merging Unit ....................................... 66

4.3.3 Managing NCITs Signals According to Merging Unit .................... 66

4.3.4 Connecting Merging Unit to System ............................................. 68

4.4 Complete System Integration ..................................................................... 73

4.5 Experimental results and Analysis ............................................................. 75

4.6 Sending Sampled Value Stream from Two Merging Units ......................... 76

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work .......................................................... 79

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 79

5.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 79

5.3 Future Work ............................................................................................... 80

5.4 Time Synchronization ................................................................................ 81

5.5 Interoperability ........................................................................................... 82

5.6 Stand Alone Merging Unit. ......................................................................... 82

References ....................................................................................................... 84

viii
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1 : Substation Automation with Station and Process Bus [15] 3

Figure 1.2 : Complete Soft/Logical Merging Unit Model Project 4

Figure 2.1 : Smart Grid Concept [4] 9

Figure 2.2 : Roadmap to Smart Grid [36] 10

Figure 2.3 : Digital Substation Automation System [10] 12

Figure 2.4 : Station Bus and Conventional Wiring [12] 13

Figure 2.5 : IEC 61850 Substation Architecture [12] 14

Figure 2.6 : Fundamental of Optical and Fibre-optical Current Sensor [8]16

Figure 2.7 : Fundamental of Electro-optic Voltage Transducer [8] 17

Figure 2.8 : Placement of Optical Sensors in Electrical Substation [10] 19

Figure 2.9 : NCITs on Field Applied to 170kV line Tank Circuit

Breaker [10] 19

Figure 2.10 : Three Level Hierarchies of SAS in IEC 61850 [19] 22

Figure 2.11 : Merging Unit Definition in IEC 60044-8 [21] 23

Figure 2.12 : Architecture of Merging Unit 23

Figure 2.13 : Phase Delay in the Signal [22] 24

Figure 2.14 : Information Flow and Encapsulation [24] 26

Figure 3.1 : ECT/EVT Model 31

Figure 3.2 : Physical Merging Unit Experimental Setup [26] 32

Figure 3.3 : Function Model of Merging Unit [21] 33

Figure 3.4 : Generic 802.1Q Tagged Ethernet Frame [33] 34

ix
Figure 3.5 : Sampled Value Protocol Overhead [33] 35

Figure 3.6 : Sampled Values Measurement Data [33] 36

Figure 3.7 : Simulink based Merging Unit Model 36

Figure 3.7a : Parameters Detail of Merging Unit Model 39

Figure 3.8 : Single Line Diagram of Test System 41

Figure 3.9 : Three Phase Programmable Voltage Source Block 42

Figure 3.10 : Block Parameters Detail of Three Phase programmable

Voltage Source 43

Figure 3.11 : Three Phase PI (π) Section Line Block 44

Figure 3.12 : Parameters Detail of Three Phase PI (π) Section Line 45

Figure 3.13 : Three Phase Series RLC Load Block 46

Figure 3.14 : Parameters Detail of Three Phase Series RLC Load 46

Figure 3.15 : Three Phase Transformer Two Winding Block 47

Figure 3.16 : Three Phase Transformer Two Winding Advance

Parameters Detail 48

Figure 3.17 : Three Phase Two Winding Transformer Parameters

Detail 1 48

Figure 3.18 : Three Phase Two Winding Transformer Parameters

Detail 2 49

Figure 3.19 : Three Phase Fault Block 50

Figure 3.20 : Parameters Detail of Three Phase Fault Block 51

Figure 3.21 : Three Phase VI Measurement Block 52

Figure 3.22 : Parameters Detail of Three Phase VI Measurement 53

Figure 3.23 : Power GUI Block 54

x
Figure 3.24 : Power GUI Configuration Settings 1 54

Figure 3.25 : Power GUI Configuration Settings 2 55

Figure 3.26 : Power GUI Analysis Tools 56

Figure 3.27 : Three Phase Power System Model in Simulink 57

Figure 4.1 : Arrangement of ECT/EVTs for NCITs 61

Figure 4.2 : Subsystem of ECT and EVT 61

Figure 4.3 : Bus 2 Signals Arrangement to NCIT 62

Figure 4.4 : Bus 3 Signals Arrangement to NCIT 63

Figure 4.5 : The NCIT Power system Simulink Model 64

Figure 4.6 : Bus 2 Three Phase Current Waveform 65

Figure 4.7 : Managing NCITs Signals for Merging Unit 1 67

Figure 4.8 : Managing NCITs Signals for Merging Unit 2 68

Figure 4.9 : Merging Unit 1 Configuration 69

Figure 4.10 : Window Environment Wireshark Sampled Values Capture 70

Figure 4.11 : Linux Environment Wireshark Sampled Values Capture 71

Figure 4.12 : Configuration of Both the Merging Unit 72

Figure 4.13 : Complete Power System 74

Figure 4.14 : tcpdump output 76

Figure 4.15 : The Wireshark capture of send Sampled Values of both

Merging Units 78

xi
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 : The Seven Layers of the OSI Model [24] 25

Table 3.1 : Quality Attributes of Dataset 37

Table 3.2 : Merging Unit Error Status 38

xii
 List of Abbreviations

ABB Asea Brown Boveri

ADC Analogue to Digital Conversion

BI Binary Input

BO Binary Output

CB Circuit Breaker

CIT Conventional Instrument Transformer

CoS Class of Service

CT Current Transformer

DSP Digital Signal Processing

ECT Electronic Current Transformer

EVT Electronic Voltage Transformer

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array

GE General Electric

GSE Generic Substation Events

GSSE Generic Substation State Events

GOOSE General Object Oriented Substation Event

GUI Graphical User Interface

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IED Intelligent Electronic Device

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

xiii
LE Light Edition

LED Light Emitting Diode

LN Logical Nodes

MMS Manufacturing Message Specification

MU Merging Unit

NCIT Non-Conventional Instrument Transformer

OS Operating System

PC Personal Computer

PPS Pulse per Second

QA Quality Attributes

RJ Registered Jack

RMS Root Mean Square

SAS Substation Automation Systems

SDO Smart Digital Optics

SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride

SMV Sample Measured Value

SV Sampled Value

TC Technical Committee

VT Voltage Transformer

xiv
 Acknowledgments

First of all I would like to thank Almighty ALLAH for the completion of my

thesis.

My Master of Engineering by Research in Victoria University, Melbourne

Australia has been a journey of discovery and professional growth. The

experience I gain is extremely rewarding and supportive in my future career. I

also take this opportunity to thank the many people who made this thesis

possible.

I want to dedicate this Master degree project to my family, teachers and friends.

First of all, I would like to give my biggest thanks to my parents, my

grandmother and my brothers, their love and blessings are always with me on

every stage of life. I thank them for their support on all aspects and their love

always gives me the strength to go through all difficulties in my life. Here I must

give my special thanks to my mother whose greatness keeps inspiring me. My

father has been suffering from heart problems for more than four years, he had

a heart surgery during my studies but he always motivated me to finish my

studies without any stress. I also thank my brothers Amir-Ullah Khan,

Muhammad Asif Khan and Muhammad Usman Khan for their understanding,

love, sacrifice and encouragement.

xv
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my Supervisor,

Professor Akhtar Kalam, his wide knowledge and his logical way of thinking

have been of a great value to me. He always had the patience to help and

provide feedback on my research. His encouragement, inspiration and personal

advice not only in my research work but also in many other aspects, has given

me opportunities and learning experiences that are valuable for my future

career. I would also like to pay my regards to Professor Aladin Zayegh for his

valuable advice and positive feedback during this thesis work.

I cannot help but mentioning Mr. Abdulrahman Hadbah and Mr. Vasudav

Dehalwar for providing the support essential to pursue my Master by Research

at Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Without their expert advice and

support, I would not able to finish my postgraduate studies. I would also like to

thank my colleagues at the College of Engineering and Science for their

valuable advice and support, especially Mr Kannan J. Krishan, Mr Sajad

AmjadiZeynalhajelo, Mr Tay Yin Taky Chan, Mr Nitesh Gunroy and Mr Amin

Noshadi from College of Engineering and Science at Victoria University,

Melbourne, Australia for their productive advices during my whole Master

studies. I would also like to mention Ms Elizabeth Smith, student advice officer

(research and graduate studies) who has helped me in many circumstances.

At ABB, I would like to express my gratitude to Mr Madhudusan for providing us

the valuable training on IEC 61850. Also at Omicron, I want to thank Ms

xvi
Maryam Khallaghi and Mr Laurentiu-Viorel Badicu for inviting us on different

workshops and training.

xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Power System consists of generation, transmission and distribution; safe power

system operation is essential to ensure client satisfaction. Power System

protection is an essential event for the safety and reliable operation of the power

grid. Within substation automation, electromechanical relays were the first to

start in the protection field. Solid-state relays replaced the first generation of

electromechanical relays and were more efficient in the sense of their operation

functionalities. Later on the electronics revolution brought microprocessor-based

relays -as the state of the art- with many advanced operating principles, the use

of which has achieved the highest level of substation automation for more

reliable energy output to customers [1, 2].

In power transmission system, the power substation plays a significant role

since one of its roles is to transfer the voltage from high to low or vice versa by

utilising the power transformer. In the substation, the monitoring, control,

protection and other automation functions are provided by the Substation

Automation System (SAS). The communication network within the substation is

divided into three levels: station level, bay level and process level [2]. NCIT and

Merging Unit are located on the process level. The communication network

1
Chapter 1: Introduction

between primary equipment on process level and bay level is referred to as

Process Bus. The communication aspect of Process Bus is known as Sampled

Values service in the SAS, as per the recommendation of the International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard 61850 for the use of Ethernet

based communication in the substation automation field.

This thesis concentrated on the process level protection devices (NCITs and

Merging Unit) and also its communication aspect, especially the Process Bus’

Sampled Values service in the SAS. In order to make the readers familiar with

these topics, the terms related to the topic and the scope of this research is

introduced in this Chapter. As the IEC 61850 standard has been widely

accepted and adopted in the substation automation, it is important that the

testing tools keep up with this development [3].

1.2 Motivation

• NCIT logical model for measurement of current and voltage

• IEC 61850 9-2 based logical Merging Unit testing environment

• Quick Configuration

• Signal processing of all sensors - conventional or non-conventional

• Synchronization of all measurement with time stamped - 4 currents and 4

voltages

• Analogue interface - high and low level signals

• Digital interface - IEC 61850-9-2 or IEC 60044-8

2
Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1.1 illustrates substation automation with station and Process Bus. The

red encircled portion of the Figure 1.1 is the main task of the research work

where the Merging Unit is an interface between instrument transformers and the

Process Bus. Subsequently, the Process Bus is the interface between the

Merging Unit and IEDs.

Figure 1.1 Substation Automation with Station and Process Bus [15]

1.3 Research Goals and Objectives

The objective of this research is to have a logical Merging Unit which allows

running the simulations and testing on a PC which eliminates the need for any

vendor specific products, which are available at a high cost. The final goal of

this research is the development of a Merging Unit that compiles with the IEC

61850 9-2LE standard, guidelines, understanding of its operation within NCIT

3
Chapter 1: Introduction

and the Process Bus. Figure 1.2 shows a complete Process Bus solution with

logical Merging Unit.

Figure 1.2 Complete Soft/Logical Merging Unit Model Project

1.4 Research Methodologies and Techniques

The research methodology and techniques for this thesis work are as follows:

1. Describe the IEC 61850 standard and its significance especially IEC

61850 sub-clauses IEC 60044-8 and IEC 61850-9-2 about digital

communication and Sampled Values transmission over Ethernet link

2. Develop an understanding of IEC 61850 based SAS

3. Study the UCA Implementation Guideline for IEC 61850-9-2 (9-2 Light

Edition or 9-2LE) which specifies Sampled Value data sets that are

transmitted, sampling rates, time synchronisation requirements and

physical interface

4
Chapter 1: Introduction

4. Research method for converting Analogue measurement signals from

optical components to digital signals by the Merging Unit for digital

interface between process level and bay level according to IEC 61850-9-

2 LE guideline

These digital signals will have the information of primary currents and voltages.

The available literature in this area of research is dynamic and highly

informative.

1.4.1 Research Method

To achieve the requirements of this research, the following methodology and

techniques are implemented:

Task 1: Literature review to get maximum exposure of research and related

work

Task 2: Analysis of the currently available equipment (NCITs and Merging Unit)

and its application

Task 3: Experimental setup

Task 4: Modulation techniques

Task 5: Performance analysis, testing and model validation

Task 6: Results

5
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.5 Original Contribution of the Thesis

High significance of NCITs relative to other technologies including, Safety,

Dynamic range, Bandwidth, Environmental, Size, Cost and Compatible,

NCITs can be implemented in existing substations or old substations and

provide intelligent communication network to enable the real time monitoring

which is the most important factor for any country’s power sector. This research

is significant as this will look into implementation of NCITs in the Smart Grid

environment. The scope of this research is to parameterise the NCITs models

developed in the Simulink and the model of Merging Unit to test and protect

multi-bus electrical power system in Simulink.

1.6 General Limitations

As a general rule, cost, time factor and availability of technical apparatus bring

constraint to each project which somehow affects the quality of the research

work. Therefore, the constraint makes the expectation of the work more

reasonable and close to final result and finding.

1.6.1 Technical Limitations

This constraint includes the unavailability of real time simulator which restricts

this work to off-line simulations. The unavailability of IEC 61850-9-2 Process

6
Chapter 1: Introduction

Bus on the ABB, AREVA and SIEMENS IEDs provided in the electrical lab

prohibited the use of interoperability tests.

1.6.2 Time Constraint

The time factor plays an important role in any project. Due to this constraint

were not able to arrange Process Bus enabled-IED to perform test bed and

perform interoperability tests. Even though it was not in the tasks to compete in

priority list but it could be an interesting work to add up to the research work or

future works.

1.7 Organisation of the Thesis

Chapter 1 Summarises the introduction, motivation behind this study work, the

selected research methodology and purpose of research

Chapter 2 Summarizes literature review

Chapter 3 Covers the basic theory and modelling of the NCIT, the theoretical

background of signal processing and explains the existing modelling

of the Merging Unit

Chapter 4 Gives the experimental analysis and results

Chapter 5 Conclusion and future work

7
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The demand of electricity generation is day by day rapidly increasing, on the

other hand, the environmental and climate issues such as carbon dioxide

emission and green house gases are more of a concern to governments, Local

bodies and the common public as well. As a result, the clean energy and

renewable are preferred and many new green energy power plants are under

construction. Transforming the existing power plants as well as building new

green energy power plants with intelligent power network to meet not only future

demand of electricity, but also efficiently control and distribution of energy flow.

The Smart Grid is the vision of future power grid [4].

2.2 Smart Grid

Recent trend in the power industry across the globe is to use advanced state-of-

the-art communication techniques and information technologies in electric utility

to realize the concept of Smart Grid; it integrates new innovative technologies

and the action of all the participants throughout the power system for smart

generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical power as shown

in Figure 2.1. Having said that, it is also must be mentioned that Smart Grid

8
Chapter 2: Literature Review

implementation requires an intelligent communication network in order to enable

real time monitoring of valuable grid assets, improving the automation

functionalities and intelligence in the existing power network.

Figure 2.1 Smart Grid Concepts [4]

The Smart Grid also interface all the players in power grid which includes the

end user customer, industrial user, industrial plants, building automation system,

electric network and energy storage installation [5, 6]. Figure 2.2 explains

roadmap to Smart Grid.

9
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Figure 2.2 Roadmap to Smart Grid [36]

2.3 Substation Automation System

The electricity is generated by the power plant (e.g. Thermal plants in Australia).
The power generated needs to be delivered to the consumers. Substations are
a fundamental part in electrical energy transmission and distribution. The role of
a substation is to transfer and transform electrical energy by stepping up or
down the voltage/current. To do this, high voltage switching equipment and
power transformers are used. In early technology fuses are used to protect the
power transformers in the substation. As advancement in technology emerged,
electromechanical relays replaced fuses. Similarly, microprocessor technology
has seen the electromechanical relays replaced by IEDs. Furthermore, an
instrument transformer on process level that supplies the status of the primary
system to the secondary equipment has been added. In the substation, SAS

10
Chapter 2: Literature Review

provides monitoring, control, protection, communication and other automation

functions within the standard protocol IEC 61850 [7]. This integration not only
affects substation design but almost every system or component in it such as:
monitoring, protection and control by replacing hundreds of hardwired
connections with communication links, which leads to a more cost effective
copper-less substation [8].

2.4 IEC 61850

Early times multiple protocols exist for substation automation, which include

many protocols with custom communication links. Different vendor’s devices

Interoperability would be an advantage to/for user of substation automation

device. About 60 members of IEC project group from different countries worked

in IEC three working groups from 1995. After working on all the concerns and

objectives, they created IEC 61850 standard. With the goal set for substation

automation were:

1. A single protocol for a complete substation allowing for the modelling of

different data required for substation

2. Classification of basic services required transferring data so that the

complete mapping to communication protocol can be made future proof

3. Support of high inter-operability between systems from different vendors

4. A common method/format for storing complete data

5. Define complete testing required for the equipment which conforms to the

standard [9]

11
Chapter 2: Literature Review

To achieve Smart Grid vision outlined in the road map, the IEC 61850 is listed

as a relevant and recommended standard. IEC 61850 with the help of modern

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to facilitate communication

solution, Fibre optic or Registered Jack (RJ) cables, network switches and

routers are used to reduce the copper wire. Digital information is transferred in a

substation with the help of a microprocessor based device and automation

solution which was absent in the past, which was the main reason behind

holding back the digitisation of substation automation. Figure 2.3 shows digital

substation automation system.

Figure 2.3 Digital Substation Automation System [10]

12
Chapter 2: Literature Review

In order to address this matter IEC Technical Committee (TC-57) published the

standard entitled “Communication Networks and Systems in Substation” in 2003

[11].

2.5 Conventional Substation Architecture

The conventional substation architecture as illustrated in Figure 2.4 utilises too

much copper wire to connect conventional transformers with the protection

system.

Figure 2.4 Station Bus and Conventional Wiring [12]

As can be clearly identified this Figure only illustrates one bay case. It is easy to

picture and comprehend the complexity level of the connections with hundreds

of bays to protect. Studying the same case with IEC 61850 standard

implementation, it will be done by removing the conventional transformers and

13
Chapter 2: Literature Review

using non-conventional transformers, serial point-to-point connections according

to the standard for conventional switchgear. In this thesis the non-conventional

transformers are modelled and then IEC 61850-9-2 interface is implemented.

The architecture for IEC 61850 is also given in the Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5 IEC 61850 Substation Architecture [12]

2.6 Digital Substation

The future of substations are complete digital substations according to IEC

61850 implementation. To achieve information sharing and interoperability

between different vendor products based on IEC 61850 protocols e.g.

Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), Generic Substation Events (GSE)

and Sampled Value. The GSE control model is further subdivided into GOOSE

(Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) and GSSE (Generic Substation

14
Chapter 2: Literature Review

State Events). Digital substation comprise of intelligent microprocessor based

devices and networking IEDs. In comparison with the conventional substations,

communication interfaces and protocols are different in bay level and the station

level, but the major difference between the two is the Process Bus implemented

in the digital substation. The digital substation includes Merging Units, intelligent

primary devices and fibre optical connections. The fibre optical connections

replaced conventional CT/VT and copper cable wiring. Digital substation with

IEC 61850 standard, introduced GOOSE scheme which is the replacement of

old traditional binary input (BI) and binary output (BO). The digital binary input

and binary output are configurable and Ethernet switch is used to deliver

GOOSE and reduce the wiring in the substation. IEC 61850 also introduced

Sampled Value which makes the current/voltage sampling at primary side easier

and more reliable. The voltage and current signals captured on primary side,

converted to the digital signals and then delivered to the protection and control

devices via optical fibre [13]. Sample Value source (Merging Unit) throughout a

substation, time stamp each sample accurately that allow protection IEDs to use

Sampled Value data from several sources. The clear comparison between

conventional and digital substation is given in the Figures 2.4 and 2.5.

2.7 Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCITs)

NCITs integrate new innovative technologies and the action of all the

participants throughout the power system for the smart generation,

transmission, distribution and utilisation of electrical power. Smart Grid needs an

15
Chapter 2: Literature Review

intelligent communication network to enable the real time monitoring of valuable

grid assets for improving the automation functionalities and intelligence in the

existing power network. First Initiative of NCITs was taken by replacing CTs by

Rogowski coil used as an AC current sensor. Rogowski coil is connected to an

integrator circuit to obtain an output voltage proportional to the instantaneous

value of the current. New development of Smart Digital Optics (SDO) in NCITs

started a revolution in power protection. Optical current sensors are now

introduced based on Faraday Effect which does not require any oil or Sulfur

Hexafluoride (SF6) gas insulation and now both CTs and VTs can be

conveniently replaced by NCITs [1]. The Figure 2.6 shows the fundamental

principle of optical current sensor based on Faraday’s effect for measurement of

current.

Figure 2.6 Fundamental of Optical and Fibre-optic Current Sensor [8]

It is an interaction between light and a magnetic field in a medium. The

Faraday’s effect causes a rotation of the plane of polarisation which is linearly

proportional to the component of the magnetic field in the direction of

16
Chapter 2: Literature Review

propagation [8]. Calculations of measurement of current are made with the help

of phase shift angle. The Pockels effect is the linear electro-optic effect shown in

Figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7 Fundamental of Electro-optic Voltage Transducer [8]

Electro-optic effect is the change in the refractive index resulting from the

application of dc or low frequency, electric effect. Refractive index changes in

proportional to the applied electric field (Pockels Effect). Where refractive index

changes in proportion to the square of the applied electric field (Kerr Effect).

This effect can occur only in non-Centro symmetric materials (crystal materials)

[8]. Figures 2.8 and 2.9 shows the high significance of NCITs relative to other

technologies including:

1. Safety, as optical output poses no safety risk as compared to CTs

potential lethal voltage

17
Chapter 2: Literature Review

2. Dynamic range, optical sensors do not have the limitation magnetising

current and suffer saturation effects as in conventional CTs do and

remain accurate down to zero current

3. Bandwidth, the actual limit is more likely to be anti-aliasing filters in the

process of digitising the optical signals

4. Environmental, optical sensors do not require oil or SF6 insulation and

present very lower risk to environment

5. Size, small size and weight of the optical sensors reduce the requirement

of mechanical support and have flexibility in mounting the device

6. Cost, relative to conventional CTs, optical sensors can provide significant

cost reductions through reduced installation, maintenance and disposal

cost, bulk copper, spares inventory and structure requirement

7. Compatible, NCITs can be implemented in existing substations or old

substations and provide intelligent communication network to enable the

real time monitoring which is the most important factor for any country

power sector [1]

18
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Figure 2.8 Placement of Optical Sensors in Electrical Substation [10]

Figure 2.9 NCITs on Field Applied to 170kV live Tank Circuit Breaker [10]

19
Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.8 Merging Unit

NCITs appear to be reliable and can measure current and voltage in order to

simplify and compact the primary equipment, reduce environmental footprint

and most importantly hazards associated with Conventional Instrument

Transformers (CITs) [1]. Furthermore, NCITs are key components in the

application of relays, meters and bay computers, all of which are used to

measure, control and protect the operation of power networks. An accurate

transformation of a secondary quantity is essential to feed substation IEDs and

digital relays. To communicate with IEDs and digital relays digital interface is

required and NCITs only measure the high transmission voltage and current in

analogue signals [14].

The absence of a digital interface standard did not allow NCITs into IEC61850

high voltage transmission sector. New International Standard IEC 61850-9-2

first released in 2004 [1], which has given new exposure to digital interface

standard for connection of NCITs to high voltage transmission domain in order

to protect the equipment and revenue meters. Merging Unit is being introduced

as shown earlier in Figure 1.1 which is best defined as; Interface Unit that

accepts multiple analogue CTs/VTs (optical or conventional) in addition to

binary input and produce multiple time-synchronised serial unidirectional multi-

drop digital point-to-point output to provide data communication via logical

interface 4 and 5 [16]. Interface 4 is defined for Current Transformer (CT) and

Voltage Transformer (VT) instantaneous data exchange (especially samples)

20
Chapter 2: Literature Review

between the process and bay levels, whereas Interface 5 is defined for control

data exchange between the process and bay level. The “Process Bus” is

defined in the IEC 9-2 LE (LE is the Light Edition) transmits not only position

information but also Sample Values and trip commands [1, 17]. Existing Merging

Units have the following functionalities [16]:

• Signal processing of all sensors - conventional or non-conventional

• Synchronisation of all measurement with time stamped - 4 currents and 4

voltages

• Analogue interface - high and low level signals

• Digital interface - IEC 61850-9-2 or IEC 60044-8

2.9 NCITs, Merging Unit and IEC 61850-9-2

The communication network in substation automation network is divided into

three levels, station level, bay level and process level. Switchgears equipment,

actuators and sensors are on process level. Communication network between

process level and bay level is called Process Bus [18]. Figure 2.10 shows three

level hierarchies of SAS in IEC 61850.

21
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Figure 2.10 Three Level Hierarchies of SAS in IEC 61850 [19]

In general IEC 61850 the bay level specified in IEC 61850-8 is being widely

used; IEC 61850 Process Bus part 9-2 standard has been implemented in some

pilot installations. Introducing the Process Bus is obviously of great benefit,

great reduction of copper wire, digitised information system, implementation

procedure with automated testing makes it easier [20]. As aforementioned,

Process level contain circuit breaker, current and voltage transformers and

these devices exchange information with bay level equipment, then Merging

Unit was eventually introduced [21]. Merging Unit was first defined in IEC

60044-8 and is shown in Figure 2.11.

22
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Figure 2.11 Merging Unit Definition in IEC 60044-8 [21]

The architecture of Merging Unit is shown in Figure 2.12, the first block contains

analogue filtering which requires the NCITs signals to decide and cut off

unnecessary frequency, and then the signals pass through the ADC (analogue

to digital convertor) in order to convert signals to digital form. DSP (digital signal

processing) block removes the noise from the signal and performs digital

filtering of the signal.

Figure 2.12 Architecture of Merging Unit [22]

23
Chapter 2: Literature Review

This process causes the delay in the phase, which can be compensated by

using synchronisation pulse from GPS clock or some cases internal clock. The

delay in the phase can be realised in the Figure 2.13.

Figure 2.13 Phase Delay in the Signal [22]

The Merging Unit generates Sampled Value traffic that is fed into the Process

Bus network so that bay level devices such as IEDs can collect the

measurement. The Process Bus Sampled Value service is based on Data link

layer [23]. Table 2.1 explains OSI Layer Communication Model.

24
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Table 2.1 The Seven Layers of the OSI Model [24]

Layers Function

1. Physical Transmission of an unstructured bit stream

over the physical medium

2. Data Link Reliable transmission of frames over a single

network connection

3. Network End-to-end communication across one or more

sub-networks

4. Transport Reliable and transparent transfer of data

between end points

5. Session Control structure and management of sessions

between applications

6. Presentation Data representation (encoding) during transfer

7. Application Information processing and provision of

services to end users

The OSI layer model is divided into lower and higher layers, Physical, Data link

and Network are lower layers and the rest of layers are the higher ones. It is

lower layers responsibility to transfer the data between end systems while the

higher layers are to provide services to user of the end system [24]. The

information flow between OSI layers is presented in Figure 2.14.

25
Chapter 2: Literature Review

Figure 2.14 Information Flow and Encapsulation [24]

The encapsulation of data should be from top layer down to Data link layer, so

all the headers are to be added in each layer [25]. The allowed time-critical

packet communication delay such as Process Bus communication GOOSE and

Sampled Value is 3 to 4ms. The studied results in reference [26] show that

Sampled Value delay time with sample rate 1920-4800Hz are within the range

by using 100 Mb/s optical fibre communication speed.

2.10 Conclusion

The research is based on protection through Process Bus with NCITs and

Merging Unit. The goal is to have educational purpose-built or used as a

Process Bus concept demonstration tool, to test the protection IEDs before they

can operate in a real system. The field engineers need a calibrating relay as a

setting tool in order to perform troubleshooting. To evaluate the protection logic

26
Chapter 2: Literature Review

through Process Bus, there are several options, such as Omicron and Doble

test tools and also physical Merging Unit from any vendor but all of them are

either expensive or inflexible for educational purposes. However, to develop an

industrial level Merging Unit testing tool is too ambitious for the scope of this

thesis. The proposal of real-time digital simulators together (opal RT) with

MATLAB Simulink NCITs and Merging Unit modules are taken into account

because of feasibility and manageability with respect to limited time.

27
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus

Power System

3.1 Introduction

This Chapter includes the modelling of NCITs in Simulink, use of Opel RT

Simulink Merging Unit model and Multi-bus power system Simulink model

through following steps:

1. Theoretical background about CITs and NCITs for the reader to

understand the difference and functionality of both

2. Developed modules of NCITs are presented. These modules are not real

models for CT/VTs but give the ideal realization of CT/VTs

3. Theoretical background of Merging Unit is presented for the reader to

understand importance of Merging Unit and also the main functionality of

Merging Unit

4. Opel RT Simulink Merging Unit model is presented

5. Introduction to the overall power system and its different components in

addition to the modelling of a multi-bus power system in Simulink

SimPowerSystems simulations

6. Developed power system modules in Simulink is presented

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Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

3.2 Conventional Instrument Transformers VS NCIT

Current transformers (CTs) play key roles as they produce the access to the

high currents in a power system through replica on the secondary side with

reduced level. IEDs detect the fault within time limits and isolate them; therefore

these devices are totally dependent on instrument transformer measurement

values. Problem with conventional current transformers is saturation in CT core

because of non-linear excitation in high fault currents. This result in the

measured value of current on the secondary side is no longer accurate

according to the turn’s ratio, which leads to triggering of wrong event [27]. The

replacement for the CITs is NCITs, also known as Electronic Current

transformer (ECT) and Electronic Voltage Transformers (EVT), which play an

important part in Smart substation. Electronic transformers use the electronic

technology to measure current and voltage of power system and deliver these

measurements to protection relays and control system. Employing ECT has

advantages of no saturation effect, no flammable materials such as oil, simple

insulation structure and immunity to electromagnetic interference gives NCITs

an edge on CITs [28].

3.3 Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers

NCITs nowadays, have achieved high performance in control and protection

regarding substation automation. Rapid development and achievements in

29
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

electronics and information technology, has led to substations being more

compact and digital data transmission is transported from process level. NCITs

have proven its performance in worse condition of temperature, mechanical

vibrations and electromagnetic compatibility [29]. The designs of NCITs are

based on IEC 60044-8 and IEC 60044-7 respectively. The digital output

interface of NCITs is based on IEC 61850-9-2. The detected current

measurement is achieved by Faraday’s effect while voltage measurements

achieved by Pockels effect. Both measurements are transmitted to Merging Unit

as optical digital signals. Therefore, the primary equipment and substation

system wiring can be simplified by utilising optical fibre for communication of

data and procedural commands [30].

3.4 Simulink Model of ECT/EVT

On the transmission level the values of current and voltage are very high.

Instrument transformers step down the voltages/currents for monitoring and

protection purposes. Instrument transformers usually transform the high-tension

side to 110/220 V and 1/5 A depending on the measuring systems configuration.

In this research, the voltage and current are stepped down to 110 V and 1 A.

Once measurements are stepped down it further scales down with respect to

ADCs requirements for Merging Unit to work properly on these measurements.

Figure 3.1 shows the Simulink model used for both ECT/EVT.

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Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.1 ECT/EVT Model

The given Simulink models have two gain blocks and one saturation block, the

gain block on the In1 is used to step down ratio of the incoming currents and

voltages from main transmission line. The next step is the saturation block

which provides a lower and upper limit to the measured values. Reason for

saturation limit is to block any extra high current and voltage at the time of

abnormal or fault conditions. The last step is the second gain block which uses

further scaling down, if required for Merging Unit to convert AC signal to digital

signal. The second gain can be parameterised according to the given or

required condition to make the model flexible for any input measurement vales.

3.5 Merging Unit

Merging Unit plays an important role in digital substations. It exchanges the

message between process level and the bay level (secondary equipment) of the

substation automation. Merging Unit collects multi-channel analogue signals

output from ECT and EVT, converts the analogue signal from ECT/EVT (NCITs)

to digital signal and transmits these signal with the aide of IEC 61850 protocol to

protection and control devices [21].

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Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Much research has been already done and others are still ongoing by different

researchers and vendors on Merging Unit. The cases studied in reference [32]

(which is based on GE equipment) and reference [26], both project utilised

physical Merging Unit in their experimental setup. Figure 3.2 shows a physical

Merging Unit experimental setup.

Figure 3.2 Physical Merging Unit Experimental Setup [26]

In presence of physical Merging Unit and professional tools shown in Figure 3.2,

detailed IED protection function evaluation has been given in reference [26].

Physical Merging Unit is not feasible as in some cases large amount of Merging

32
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Units are needed to test, which will be costly and inflexible for educational

purposes. Software models and simulation of Merging Unit are preferred even in

large scale test, when large amount of Merging Units are needed for testing

purposes.

3.6 Design and Function of Merging Unit

Literature studies reveal, different researchers suggesting different designs for

the Merging Unit with pretty much similar functionality. The work done in

reference [21] is used as reference point for understanding the design and

function of Merging Unit. The Merging Unit design comprises of three major

parts Data Acquisition and Processing function, Synchronizing function and

Packet transmission as shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 Function Model of Merging Unit [21]

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Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Merging Unit after converting NCIT 4 current and 4 voltage analogue signals

into digitized form with an output rate of 4 kHz according to IEC 61850 standard

in Data Acquisition and Processing function. Merging Unit sends the information

in form of Sampled Values or also known as Sample Measured Values (SMV).

These Sampled Value service is based on Data link layer on Process Bus [23],

where Data link is reliable for transmission of frames over a Single network

connection [24] within OSI layer communication model. The Ethernet based in

IEC 61850 is the same for conventional and commercial networking. Standard

communications mapping for Sampled Values is specified in IEC 61850-9-2.

Sampled Value requires VLAN frame tagging (VLAN ID, or VID) which is

commonly referred to as ‘802.1Q tagging’ according to IEEE 802.1Q-2005

standard. VLAN tags provide additional information to network switches about

which virtual network a frame belongs and priority CoS (Class of Service) is

assigned to the frame [33].

The Merging Unit, throughout a substation time stamps each Sampled Value

accurately; in turn this allows protection IED to use Sampled Value data from

several sources. IEC 61850-9-2 LE specifies an optical 1 pulse per second

(1pps) timing signal with ±1μsec accuracy for this purpose [34]. A standard

802.1Q tagged Ethernet frame is depicted in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Generic 802.1Q Tagged Ethernet Frame [33]

34
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

IEC 61850-9-2 and 9-2LE has its own overhead which define Sampled Value

payload with not only ASN.1 encoding but also other fields, identify the source

of the sampled data and time stamp [33]. Figure 3.5 shows Sampled Value

protocol overhead [33].

Figure 3.5 Sampled Value Protocol Overhead [33]

IEC 61850-9-2 is a Multicast protocol; so specific destination addresses are

used. IEC61850-9-2 recommend that destination MAC address in the range 01-

0C-CD-04-00-00 to 01-0C-CD-04-1F-FF be used for Sampled Values [33]. The

measurement data contains the measured values. Fixed scaling is used to

convert primary quantities to integers like current × 1000 and voltage × 100.

Sampled Value source for protection mode transmit waveform data 80 times per

nominal cycle, which is 4000Hz for 50Hz power system and each frame of

Sampled Value data contains one reading making 4000 frames per second

transmitted for each three phase set [14, 15]. Figure 3.6 shows the Sampled

Values measurement data.

35
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.6 Sampled Values Measurment Data [33]

3.7 Simulink module of Merging Unit

These above reference points Data Acquisition and Processing function,

Synchronizing function and Packet transmission, which are explained

methodically, explained the basic building blocks for the development of

Merging Unit. The studied Merging Unit in the reference [21] used the FPGA

(Field Programmable Gate Array) but the Merging Unit for this research was

developed in Simulink. The ECT/EVT models are connected with Merging Unit

and then Merging Unit will be connected through network switch with Process

Bus and test like Merging Unit accuracy, correctness, speed and limitation will

be done. Simulink module of Merging Unit model is shown in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7 Simulink Based Merging Unit Model

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Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Table 3.1 explains the significance of each bit.

Table 3.1 Quality Attributes of Dataset

Attribute Default
Bit Attribute Name Value
Value Value

0-1 Validity Good 00 00

Invalid 01

Reserved 10

Questionable 1 1

2 Overflow TRUE FALSE

3 Out of range TRUE FALSE

4 Bad reference TRUE FALSE

5 Oscillatory TRUE FALSE

6 Failure TRUE FALSE

7 Old data TRUE FALSE

8 Inconsistent TRUE FALSE

9 Inaccurate TRUE FALSE

10 Source Process 0 0

Substituted 1

11 Test TRUE FALSE

Operator
12 TRUE FALSE
blocked

13 Derived TRUE FALSE

V, I, QA and Stop are four input vectors used to specify the Sampled Value to

be multicast during the RUN phase of the model. There is fifth input, which is

clock but this only appears in the block if the External Clock is selected from the

37
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

parameters setting. The two vectors V (Va, Vb, Vc, Vn) and I (Ia, Ib, Ic, In) are the

three phase voltages and currents measurement.

The QA is an eight-element vector (each element represents a 16 bit value)

which is used to input the quality attributes of the current/Voltage dataset (QVa,

QVb, QVc, QVn, QIa, QIb, QIc, QIn).

The input “Stop” is a flag enabling which start the transmission of Sampled

Values per nominal line cycle, Stop value “0” means enabled and Stop value “1”

means disabled.

The only output is the error status “Err” which return the following values as

shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Merging Unit Error Status

The block completed the send operation

0
successfully.

-1 The driver didn't initialize properly.

-2 The block stop input flag is enabled.

The send operation could not be completed (error

-3
returned by the Ethernet driver).

Could not communicate with the interface

-14
specified by the Ethernet adapter parameter.

38
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Parameters detail of Merging Unit model is explained in Figure 3.7a.

Figure 3.7a Parameters Detail of Merging Unit Model

3.8 Simulink modelling of Power system

In order to test the developed product of Merging Unit and ECT/EVT the next

task was to model a power system, which can give the simulated values to

check the flexibility and dynamics of the Merging Unit. The next task is to model

a power system in Matlab/Simulink SimPowerSystems toolbox.

SimPowerSystems toolbox is a dedicated tool for modelling and simulating the

39
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical power. It

contains built-in models of three phase electric voltage source, transmission

line, load and transformers. The Merging Unit block represents a sample

Merging Unit model in IEC 61850 architecture. It performs a time coherent

combination of the current and voltage data. Merging Unit combines the

currents and voltages from three phases and additionally also the currents and

voltages neutral in one dataset that include the Logical Nodes (LN) TVTR

(voltage transformer) and TCTR (current transformer) for transmission with the

Sampled Value service to all subscribing IEDs. The Merging Unit version follows

the recommendations of the UCA International Users Group and it is published

in the user convention IEC 61850-9-2LE (Implementation Guideline for Digital

Interface IEC 61850). Especially, Sampled Value dataset is composed of four

ECTs/EVTs transmitted using 80 or 256 sample per cycle. The Merging Unit

block input data is computed by the sample rate and also nominal frequency of

the block [35]. The reason of using Simulink SimPowerSystems is because it is

compatible with the OPAL-RT Real Time Simulator and can be used to further

test the overall system in the real time environment.

3.9 Power System Modelling In SimPowerSystems

The single line diagram of the power system, which was modelled in the

SimPowerSystems, is shown in the Figure 3.8.

40
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.8 Single Line Diagram of Test System

Figure 3.8 illustrates how various power system components are connected

together to form a power system model. These components and their respective

parameter setting details are discussed in subsequent sections.

3.10 List of SimPowerSystems Blocks Used

The used components are presented in the following list and are explained

subsequently.

1. Three phase Programmable Voltage Source

2. Three phase Pi Model For Transmission Line

3. Three phase Series RLC Load

4. Three phase two winding transformer

5. Voltage Regulator

6. Three phase Discrete Sequence Analyser

7. Power GUI (Graphical user interface) Block

41
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

3.11 Three phase Programmable Voltage Source

In Simulink SimPowerSystems library, it contains various electrical sources

which are based on modelling a certain power systems requirement. The three

phase programmable voltage source is used in this thesis. Figure 3.9 shows the

block used in the model.

Figure 3.9 Three Phase Programmable Voltage Source Block

The output of three phase programmable voltage source is as follows:

1. “N” in electrical term represents Neutral. It connects either neutral or

ground. In this case it connects to external ground

2. “A B C” represents three voltage phases with programmable frequency,

phase, amplitude and harmonics

42
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

The Figure 3.10 shows the block parameters detail of three phase

programmable voltage source.

Figure 3.10 Block Parameters Detail of Three Phase Programmable Voltage

Source

3.12 Three Phase PI (π) Section Line

Three phase PI (π) section line block implements a balanced transmission line

with parameters lumped in a PI (π) section line. Three phase PI (π) section line

43
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

block from SimPowerSystems library is used to connect bus 2 to bus 3. Three

phase PI (π) section line block Figure 3.11 is shown.

Figure 3.11 Three Phase PI (π) Section Line Block

The parameters of terminals of both end of the transmission line will implement

a PI (π) section. Details are shown in Figure 3.12.

44
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.12 Parameters Detail of Three Phase PI (π) Section Line

3.13 Three Phase Series RLC Load

Three phase RLC load is also selected from SimPowerSystems library, which

provide constant impedance through series combination of resistance,

inductance and capacitance. The block diagram is shown in the Figure 3.13.

45
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.13 Three Phase Series RLC Load Block

Parameters detail can be seen in Figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14 Parameters Detail of Three Phase Series RLC Load

46
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

3.14 Three Phase Transformer Two Winding

The SimPowerSystems library shown in Figure 3.15, demonstrates different

kind of transformers. The model required for this project is a three phase

transformer with two winding. The purpose of simple three phase two winding

transformer is to step down the voltage from 100 kV to 33 kV.

Figure 3.15 Three Phase Transformer Two Winding Block

Terminals “A B C” which are three phase input represents primary side of the

transformer and terminals “a b c” which are three phase output represents the

secondary side of transformer. Parameters setting especially step down

configuration can be seen in Figures 3.16 - 3.18.

47
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.16 Three Phase Transformer Two Winding Advance Parameters Detail

Figure 3.17 Three Phase Two Winding Transformer Parameters Detail 1

48
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.18 Three Phase Two Winding Transformer Parameters Detail 2

3.15 Three Phase Fault

To design a system to study the transient stability, voltage stability and Merging

Unit performance during different system condition, the electric fault helps to

understand system behaviour and also the behaviour of peripheral devices

attached to the system. Three phase fault block is placed between buses 2 and

3 to mimic transmission line fault in the system in order to test the functionality

of the newly developed Merging Unit. Figure 3.19 shows the three phase fault

block provided in the elements category of SimPowerSystems library.

49
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.19 Three Phase Fault Block

“A B C” terminals represents the three breakers inside the block, A B C are

connected to the ground. Figure 3.20 shows the parameter detail of three phase

fault block.

50
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.20 Parameters Detail of Three Phase Fault block

3.16 Three phase VI Measurement Blocks

Three phase VI measurement block is used to monitor and measure voltage

and current in the system. Three phase VI measurement block often used as

bus in the system and gives same output as the input to bus; it is available in

the measurement category of SimPowerSystems library. Figure 3.21 show three

phase VI measurement block.

51
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.21 Three Phase VI Measurement Block

Three phase VI measurement block measures the three phase instantaneous

voltage and current in system. Measurement can be either phase to phase or

phase to ground.

1. Terminals “A B C” are the input terminals of three phase

2. Terminals “a b c” are the output terminals of three phase

3. Vabc and Iabc output contain three phase voltage and current

measurements in a single vector form

Both Vabc and Iabc will be fed into the NCITs model to get the measurements

values. Figure 3.22 gives the parameter detail for three phase VI measurement.

52
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.22 Parameters Detail of Three Phase VI Measurement

3.17 Power GUI Block

The most important environmental block is the Power GUI block for the Simulink

models. Power GUI block provides multiple functions and is almost required in

each and every model for starting the system. Details of power GUI block are

explained in Figure 3.23.

53
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.23 Power GUI Block

Parameters Detail of Power GUI Block is shown in Figures 3.24 – 3.26.

Figure 3.24 Power GUI Configuration Settings 1

54
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.25 Power GUI Configuration Settings 2

55
Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.26 Power GUI Analysis Tools

3.18 Fully Modelled Power System

Power system model comprises of 100 kV programmable voltage source, 4-

buses, 1-100/33 kV step down transformer, 10 km transmission line, three

phase fault is applied between buses 2 and 3 and at bus 4 load is 10MW. Figure

3.27 shows the complete power system model.

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Chapter 3: Models of NCITs, Merging Unit and Multi-Bus Power System

Figure 3.27 Three Phase Power System Model in Simulink

The reasons of modelling power system in this research are to test the NCITs

and Merging Unit for different scenarios by simulating the power system

described in Figure 3.27 under different parameter settings. The NCITs can be

connected to any bus or at all buses to obtain the appropriate measurements,

also it must be connected to the Merging Unit by optical fibres, transporting

proprietary protocol signals. However the power system will be simulated under

different parameter conditions to test the actual NCITs and Merging Unit

performance.

57
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and

Discussion

4.1 Introduction

The experimental analysis and results are presented in this Chapter. The

purpose of the experimental work is to prove the IEC 61850-9-2 Process Bus

interface developed in Chapter 3 and the goal of the project defined in Section

1.3 (Figure 1.2) can be achieved. In this Chapter, NCITs and Merging Units are

placed in developed power system at the different nodes to get the three phase

voltage and current measurements. After the measurements have been

collected then these measurements are sent on to the Ethernet port in the form

of Sampled Value stream. Sampled Value stream from Merging Unit will be

captured through Wireshark software as it demonstrates the evaluation

procedure and results. Wireshark is an open source network packet analyser,

which tries to capture network packets and display that packet data. This is a

measuring and capturing tool used to examine what is going on inside the

network traffic.

4.2 Experimental analysis

The aim of the experimental analysis work is to prove that the Process Bus

interface behaves like real Process Bus and the Merging Unit also behaves like
58
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

the real Process Bus communication equipment so it can be used to test or

illustrate the Process Bus concept with the help of NCITs. IED should operate

normally with the measurement from the Process Bus interface. The criteria of

normal operation is the measurement of NCITs will be sent from the Merging

Unit in the form of Sample Measured Values and it will be received by the

protection equipment on the Bay level normally according to the configuration.

Wireshark software has been used in this research to capture the Sampled

Value from Merging Unit to confirm and validate that the Process Bus interface

works. If the test is successful then it can be concluded that, on simulating the

Process Bus Sampled Value service through Process Bus Interface (Merging

Unit) as the real Process Bus communication device.

The purpose of experimental work is to prove the protection function can

behave normally with the real time Process Bus testing environment and the

performance of the protection function with Process Bus testing environment.

However the performance of the protection function with Process Bus network is

out of scope in this research since the lab equipment is limited. In this research,

unavailability of Process Bus IEDs, mapping of Sampled Value signal to IED

and also further test for GOOSE are not accomplish, stop bit for both the

Merging Units will not be obtained and also Circuit Breaker (CB) trip signals will

not be studied, since the lab has no professional tool for measuring response

time of all devices. Therefore, calculation and result of the response time is not

recorded in this research. Rather, the focus of this research was to pass the

59
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Merging Unit information into Sampled Value stream on Process Bus network

under both normal and abnormal condition.

4.3 Experimental Setup

The first step is to setup the simulation model so that the measurement can feed

into NCITs also check the scope result of NCITs measurements with normal and

in fault conditions. While the second step, is to arrange four current and four

voltage signals from NCITs and feed them into the Merging Unit.

Finally, the last step is capturing Sampled Value message from the Merging Unit

through Wireshark software under both normal and abnormal conditions to

confirm the operation of real Process Bus interface.

4.3.1 Managing Signals to NCITs

As described in Section 3.18, and where the full Simulink model of power

system is given in Figure 3.27, depicting the model simulation of a four-bus

three phase power system. The three phase power with phase to ground fault is

applied at bus 2. The measurements of buses 2 and 3 are coming from three

phase VI measurement blocks 2 and 3 respectively. The measurements from

both blocks contain vectors of three current and voltage values in Iabc_1, Iabc_2,

Vabc_1 and Vabc_2. To place the NCIT in the system, three NCIT models are

required for single measurement or in general six NCIT models for one bus.

Figure 4.1 shows the arrangement for single signal transformation for NCIT.

60
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.1 Arrangement of ECT/EVTs for NCITs

As shown in Figure 4.1, the arrangement is for a single signal either Iabc or Vabc.

To simplify the circuit, convert the three NCIT model in subsystem model as

shown in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 Subsystem of ECT and EVT

Each signal of current and voltage is given in a vector form e.g. Iabc contains all

three phase current information and Vabc contain all three phase voltage

61
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

information but into one vector signal. To separate each signal, DEMUX block is

used to split vector signals into scalars or smaller vectors. DEMUX is included in

the commonly used blocks section of the Simulink library. Figure 4.3 is the

complete arrangement of Bus 2 measurement signals to NCITs.

Figure 4.3 Bus 2 Signals Arrangement to NCIT

The same procedure (MUX and DEMUX) are repeated for Bus 3 signals

arrangement, which is shown in Figure 4.4.

62
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.4 Bus 3 Signals Arrangement to NCIT

Figure 4.5 is the NCIT based power system model. Both buses are feeding

signals into ECTs and EVTs.

63
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.5 The NCIT Power System Simulink model

To check the power system and ECTs and EVTs, the simulation is run for 30

seconds and the waveform of the current with fault is applied at Bus 2 is shown

in Figure 4.6.

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Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.6 Bus 2 Three Phase Current Waveform

Simulation runs for 30 seconds with fault initiating at 15 seconds and finishing at

25 seconds. The fault is applied to the system for a total period of 10 seconds.

From the waveform, it can be observed that the normal operating current is

170A (RMS) and during the fault, the current reaches up to 2000A (Peak value).

The next step is to check if the Merging Unit sends the fault current information

into Sampled Value Stream to Process Bus network.

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Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

4.3.2 Arrangement of Signals to Merging Unit

A detailed study is done in Section 2.8 and the Simulink model description is

given in section 3.7. Merging Unit combines the currents and voltages from

three phases and additionally also the currents and voltages neutral in one

dataset that include the Logical Nodes (LN) TVTR (voltage transformer) and

TCTR (current transformer) for transmission with the Sampled Value Service to

all subscribing IEDs [35]. To configure the Merging Unit into the power system,

following two steps are done, as shown in subsequent section.

4.3.3 Managing NCITs Signals According to Merging Unit

As explained earlier, Merging Unit combines the currents and voltages from

three phases and additionally also the currents and voltages neutral in one

dataset. The Simulink Merging Unit model described in earlier section requires

single vector input for three phase current and voltage signals. NCITs signals

are Ia, Ib, Ic and Va, Vb, Vc. To combine three phase current or voltage signals

into single vector form, the MUX block is used, which is readily available in

Simulink library. In Figure 4.7, three voltage signals Va1, Vb1 and Vc1 and three

current signals Ia1, Ib1 and Ic1 are coming from NCITs from Bus 2, but the

fourth input of both the MUX are constant which are labelled as Vn1 and In1.

Vn1 and In1 represent neutral CT/ VT signal. This arrangement is the

recommendations of the UCA International Users Group and is published in the

66
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

user convention (Implementation_Guideline_for_Digital_Interface_IEC_61850)

IEC 61850-9-2LE. Sampled Value dataset is composed of four ECTs/EVTs

transmitted using 80 or 256 sample per cycle. Value of neutral is placed zero to

get ideal condition of power system. Figure 4.7 explains the steps needed

before feeding the measurements into the Merging Unit 1.

Figure 4.7 Managing NCITs Signals for Merging Unit 1

Output of MUX is the single vector forms of ECT and EVTs, which includes four

currents values and four voltage values. Same step is repeated for the Merging

Unit 2 current and voltage input signals, which can be seen in Figure 4.8.

67
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.8 Managing NCITs Signals for Merging Unit 2

4.3.4 Connecting Merging Unit to System

Once the NCITs signals are converted into a single vector form, then the next

step would be feeding signals into one of the Merging Units. Thus, a comparison

study will conduct the following steps in order verify the correct functionality of

the Merging Unit:

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Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

First, both the voltage and current measurement signals are connected to

Merging Unit. The QA (quality attributes) is an eight element vector (each

element represents a 16 bit value) used as the input quality attributes of the

current/voltage dataset. In this case, Constant block is used to control the

attributes. The input “Stop” is a flag enabler which starts the transmission of

Sampled Values per the nominal line cycle. The “Stop” input is the output from

“Err” output for other Merging Units. In this case Merging Unit 1’ Stop input is

the Merging Unit 2’ Err output and Merging Unit 2’ Stop input is the Merging Unit

1’ Err output. Normally, “Stop” should operate with GOOSE message the

Merging Unit has subscribed to in order to stop the operation. Figure 4.9 gives

detailed configuration of Merging Unit 1.

Figure 4.9 Merging Unit 1 Configuration

To check the Merging Unit 1 configuration and its working sample test run to

see if Sample Value can be captured from Wireshark software. Simulation is run

for 10 second and Wireshark also runs simultaneously in Microsoft windows

environment without any specific target, it means Wireshark will capture all the

69
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

data packets on Process Bus network. Sampled Value received and captured

with the “svID: OPAL_MU001” by Wireshark can be seen in Figure 4.10.

Figure 4.10 Window Environment Wireshark Sampled Values Capture.

Purpose of this test in Microsoft Windows environment is to confirm that similar

task can also be performed in Window environment, as other researchers prefer

to use the Linux. Linux is an open source operating system. Linux is a Personal

Computer (PC) version of UNIX operating system. UNIX was designed to fulfill

the various demands of researchers and students. Linux inherits many features

of UNIX, such as the speed, efficiency, scalability and flexibility [35].

70
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

The same test was also run in Linux flavoured version OS (Operating system)

called Ubuntu with the same setting of simulation, except this time Wireshark is

configured by filtering “SV” packets on Process Bus network. Wireshark only

captures Sampled Value on Process Bus network. The captured Sampled Value

by Wireshark can be seen in Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11 Linux Environment Wireshark Sampled Value Capture

71
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Wireshark captured packets of Sampled Value as shown in Figure 4.11 have

time difference or time delays, but these delays are not always 250µs. Also by

sending 4000 samples the total time should be within 1 second, which explains

why the errors are increasing. After 10 seconds, the packet with “smpCnt=3999”

on the time when it was captured is about 9.997866s. “smpCnt” starts from “0 to

3999” and loops back to initial 0, it means that more than 2 milliseconds errors

already accumulated. These inaccuracies indicate jitters because the code is

not running in high priority. According to the IEC 61850-9-2 LE this algorithm is

still accurate enough to make the bay level protection devices recognise the

Sampled Value Stream and read the data correctly.

Same steps are taken to configure Merging Unit 2. Figure 4.12 shows both the

Merging Units and its configuration.

Figure 4.12 Configuration of Merging Units 1 and 2

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Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

4.4 Complete System Integration

This Section provides a detailed procedure for testing the different protection

functions, using the developed models with the following steps:

1. The NCIT model is connected to the developed power system. ECT and

EVT models are connected to different nodes of power system in order

to convert high voltages and currents analogue to the low level voltages

and currents

2. ECTs and EVTs are connected to the Merging Unit to convert analogue

signals to digital signals form and also transmit the digitize data to

Ethernet port

3. The Sampled Value stream is fed to the Process Bus network

4. The results are demonstrated

The complete developed power system is shown in Figure 4.13.

73
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.13 Complete Power System Model

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Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

4.5 Experimental results and Analysis

Subsequent section presents the results and analysis conducted for the

simulations after following the experimental procedures in previous simulation

case:

1. Run the first test simulation to check if NCITs are getting the measured

values and converting high voltages and currents values to low level, also

detecting the fault applied in the power system

2. Run second simulation test to check the Merging Unit sending sampled

vales stream on to Process Bus network

Both simulation tests were successful, the results and analysis have also been

provided in subsequent sections. The final simulation test is carried out with

complete power system model, where both Merging Units send the Sampled

Value Stream to Process Bus network. The initial task is to verify if both Merging

Units are on the Process Bus network and sending Sampled Value messages to

the network. The “tcpdump” command is used to confirm the connectivity of the

Ethernet interface of both Merging Units.

The tcpdump command, is used to capture the header of Ethernet packets of

Sampled Value messages received by a specific interface to verify they have

been sent onto the Process Bus network. The Figure 4.14 shows a screen shot

75
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

of successfully detected Sampled Value packets received from both Merging

Units.

Figure 4.14 tcpdump output

4.6 Sending Sampled Value Stream from Two Merging Units

One of the major advantages of the logical Merging Unit environment is that, it is

easy to set up the scenario with multiple Merging Units in a single system. It will

be very expansive and inflexible if physical Merging Units were set up such as in

Figure 3.2 (physical Merging Unit experimental setup). In order to assess the

performance of sending out multiple Merging Units, Wireshark software is used

to capture Sampled Value messages and evaluation related to the Process Bus

network communication interface is reported.

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Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

The principle of process level protection is introduced in Chapter 2 according to

UCA International Users Group and it published in the user convention IEC

61850-9-2LE (Implementation_Guideline_for_Digital_Interface_IEC_61850). In

particular, Sampled Value dataset comprises of four CTs/VTs transmitted using

80 or 256 sample per cycle. The Merging Unit block input data is computed by

the sample rate and also the nominal frequency of the block. The line differential

protection scheme needs measurement form both side of the transmission line

so two Merging Units are required to measure both sides. The final simulation is

run and Wireshark capture of Sampled Value stream is shown in Figure 4.15.

77
Chapter 4: Experimental Analysis, Results and Discussion

Figure 4.15 The Wireshark Capture of Send Sampled Values of Both Merging

Units

Successfully captured Sampled Value Stream from both Merging Units, shows

the time difference between two Sampled Value packets of both Merging Units

is about 4µs. According to the line differential protection under normal operation,

these several microseconds do not affect functionality. Due to limited access to

measurement tools, communication and protection scheme with the bay level

IEDs are not performed, which may be very interesting, and this is mentioned in

the future work section (Section 5.3).

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

5.1 Introduction

During the course of this research, new ideas cropped up. However, due to the

time limitation and lack of access to measurement tools, only some of the new

ideas have been studied but those unimplemented interesting ideas have been

proposed for future work in this Chapter (Section 5.3).

5.2 Conclusion

Simulink module of NCITs are developed and tested. Simulink model of logical

Merging Units are also tested, the Process Bus network communication

interface for logical Merging Unit testing environment has been developed. To

finish the research in a manageable way, iterative research pattern has been

applied. Simulation power system has been developed to evaluate the capability

of this Process Bus interface. The evaluation results shows that the Merging

Units process the NCITs measurements and the Process Bus network capture

the Sampled Value messages from communication interface and protection

function operate correctly. Instead of purchasing the expensive physical

Merging Units testing equipment, electrical engineering students, researchers

and electric utility integration engineers can just use this soft Merging Unit

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

testing environment for basic testing and demonstrating the Process Bus

technology concept and also interface the Process Bus with bay level which is in

high demand by the industry. The beauty of the whole environment is that it can

be easily run on any PC with normal processing power which is ideal for

electrical students and researchers. The only software required is MATLAB

which is a commonly used and accessible software tool. The OS (operation

system) should be Linux which is free open source for anyone and also a

commonly used OS among researches. But the best part is that, it also be run

on Windows platform which is also considered an achievement in this research.

Some interesting ideas have been implemented to make the Process Bus

testing environment able to simulate the Process Bus more accurately and

provide more functions.

5.3 Future Work

The Process Bus technology has been around for a couple of years but still is

not largely adopted by the electrical protection industry. Only few countries have

implemented Process Bus for few selected stations. Therefore, there is a large

space for the developing testing tool. Even big branded companies in the

protection testing tools industry, especially in Australia do not offer Process Bus

interface testing environment and only few of them are offering Sampled Value

strictly capturing tools to monitor the Process Bus interface. The Process Bus

simulation interface has been developed in this research and is a part of the

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

Process Bus testing environment. This Process Bus soft Merging Unit testing

environment is simple and cannot reach industry level testing accuracy and it

cannot act as a professional testing tool but it does have a potential to improve

in order to become a professional mature testing tool. Also further study and

improvement on this environment will make it a valuable testing tool in an

educational setup. Some suggestions for the continuous work are given in

subsequent sections.

5.4 Time Synchronization

The Sample Value traffic is time critical communication so, the time

synchronization between Process Bus devices is important. It is observed in this

research that, there are different data sets from several Merging Units that need

to be sent out, this result in time difference between each data set about several

microseconds (around 4µs). The standard IEC 61850-9-2 and results presented

in Chapter 4 shows that the protection function can operate normally and 4µs is

acceptable. Hence, in two Merging Unit case, time synchronization between

both Merging Units is not necessary. However, synchronization between

Merging Unit and switch is not required. The IEDs support IEEE 1588

synchronization protocol. The IEEE 1588 synchronization implementation is

highly suggested for future work to improve the testing environment.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

5.5 Interoperability

The interoperability is one very big advantage of IEC 61850 standard which

ensures that IEDs from different vendors can work together in a single

environment. Since the ABB, Siemens and Areva IEDs which are present in our

lab are not up to date IEDs, and they do not support Process Bus function, the

interoperability of Process Bus with bay level IEDs devices has not been

evaluated in this research.

It is suggested to test a few IEDs from different vendors to be connected to

Process Bus and configured with Process Bus protocol enabled. Each IED

should be configured with different protection function and subscribes different

measurement from the Merging Unit testing environment. Some interlocking

function could be setup by GOOSE. The operation status of single or mixed

IEDs protection system can be investigated and documented.

5.6 Stand Alone Merging Unit.

The evolution of Electronics and Microcontroller in electrical engineering in the

near future will get more complex but will perform standalone function. In

process level, Merging Unit only sends Sample Value and only takes trip

information from bay level devices to stop its function. A Merging Unit with the

82
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

capability of not only sending Sample Values but also receiving Sample Values

and also capability of sending and receiving GOOSE messages to communicate

with bay level and self-protect with capability of CB trip functionality could be

investigated. These are only possible with the help of microcontrollers. Initially

Merging Unit itself is not compatible with all these functions and there may be

need of other small microcontroller based circuits which works with the Merging

Unit and perform standalone function and if there are proper measurement tools

and IEC 61850 open source technology to develop the system, single

standalone Merging Unit can be developed.

83
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