Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction and Motivation:.....................................................................................................2

Aims and Objectives:...................................................................................................................................2
Detailed Outline for project:........................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................................................5
Section 1: Equivalent Model of the Battery:............................................................................................6
Section 2: Challenges and path ahead in designing a Battery Management System:............................10
Discussion:.............................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................13
Chapter 4: Simulations:............................................................................................................................16
Chapter 5: Results and Findings:...............................................................................................................20
Chapter 6: Discussion and Analysis...........................................................................................................24
Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendations..........................................................................................27
References:................................................................................................................................................29

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 Li-ion Battery Management System

Chapter 1: Introduction and Motivation:

Climate change has posed many dangers and challenges in the recent past. To counter these
challenges researchers and scientists have started to find new energy solutions. The main focus
of such solutions is on the utilization of renewable energy resources available in abundance.
Additionally, the automotive sector, recently, has seen a complete transition towards electric
vehicles. Electric vehicles have many benefits along with their ability to produce low or zero
emissions. Electric Vehicles demand optimal battery management along with the best quality of
batteries to store the energy. However, their usage has not been so effective mainly because of
the many challenges and issues associated with the management of these new technologies.

In this work, a Li-ion battery, which can store energy and can be used in these applications, is
considered. In working conditions, the battery is required to be protected from high voltages,
critical operating conditions, etc. Monitoring of the battery performance and its management
becomes crucial in the successful and desired operation of the overall system in which the
battery is an integral part. Along with these problems the life span of the battery is also an
important design aspect. This work analyzes the problems associated with effective battery
utilization. A proper Battery Management System can solve the aforementioned issues associated
with the usage of Li-ion batteries, particularly in Electric Vehicles.

In this work, an electric equivalent circuit model of such a battery will be developed. Then,
based upon that model, effective battery management will be designed to solve the
aforementioned problem associated with the use of Li-ion batteries. In addition to solving these
problems an effective battery management system also performs many important tasks such as
measurement of the system temperature, voltage and current, state of charge (SOC), state of
health (SOH), precise determination of remaining battery life, management and control of charge
and discharge characteristics.

Aims and Objectives:

This work aims to achieve the following objectives:

 To design and analyze an equivalent electric circuit model of a Li-ion battery.

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  To utilize the equivalent electric circuit model of the battery to design an effective
Battery Management System.
 Validation of the analysis of the performance of the designed Battery Management
System with MATLAB-based simulation study.
 To show the improvement in the battery performance due to the designed Battery
Management System.

Detailed Outline for project:

Chapter 1: Introduction
The first chapter will cover the introduction and motivation for the project. This section will also
justify the need of doing this project and will lay out some objectives to achieve the results for
this project. Also, the timeline of the project will be planned in this part of the project.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

This chapter will be dedicated to the critical literature review, which will cover the research done
previously in the field of battery management and to find out what are the challenges faced by
researchers and how the challenges have been overcome, or what are plans to overcome them.
Also, will review the already existing Battery management systems.

Chapter 3: Methodology

The methodology chapter will cover the approach we are going to take to achieve the objectives
set up at the start of the project. The methodology will cover the different types of electronic
components available for the circuit design and at the same justification for selection will be
provided.

Chapter 4: Simulations:

The simulation chapter will be consisting of all the connections in the simulator. All the
components are configured in circuitry to perform incoherence. So. In this chapter one by one,
all the connections will be mentioned as they will be connected in Simulink software.

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Chapter 5: Results and Findings:

This part of the project will cover modeling of the circuit and various simulations to test if the
circuit is working as expected. The results will be presented for various simulations carried out.

Chapter 6: Discussion and Analysis

This chapter will cover the interpretation and analysis of the results received from MATLAB
Simulink simulations and compares the same with the theoretical results. Finally, the data and
results collected will be analyzed to see how efficient the suggested battery management system
is.

Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendations

Finally, the last chapter will focus on the improvements offered by the analysis and simulations
performed in this project. Some recommendations based on the understanding developed while
doing the project will recommend furthering improving the battery management system’s
efficiency.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
As discussed in the introduction of this project that electric vehicles offer a great opportunity for
people to shift from fossil fuel-based vehicles to cleaner and environment-friendly electric
vehicles. However, despite the many advantages offered by this promising technology, existing
electric vehicle technology lacks few essential aspects. And it is solely due to these shortcomings
that a new consumer feels a bit confused while making the much-needed transition from fossil
fuel-based vehicles to electric ones. One of the main such shortcomings is less charge storage
capacity of the existing batteries along with poor battery management used in currently available
electrical vehicles. There always remains a doubt in the minds of the users whether the battery
would be sufficient enough to make the trip without any unwanted recharging needs.

Electric vehicles do not use fossil fuel as their primary energy source, instead work on
rechargeable batteries and hence have the potential to significantly decrease the effect of vehicles
used in transportation on the environment. However, apart from the benefits offered by these
vehicles the transition from fossil fuel-based vehicles towards complete electric or hybrid
vehicles is rather slow. One possible reason for this slow progress is the concerns many car
buyers have in their minds. These concerns are mainly related to safety, battery life, reliability
time taken to charge the battery, etc. These issues can be solved using an appropriate battery
management system. Therefore, BMS is the main focus of this literature review.

The primary objective of this chapter is to do a critical literature review. This is further divided
into two sub-objectives. The first of these objectives is to discuss various equivalent battery
models available in the literature and based upon this critical analysis decide which model would
be best suited for this project so that the desired specifications and objectives can be achieved.
The second objective is to discuss the main challenges encountered by various researchers while
designing the battery management system and possible solutions. The first section of this
literature review deals with the analysis of battery models while the second section primarily
focuses on the challenges in designing a battery management system and possible solutions for
electric vehicles.

Section 1: Equivalent Model of the Battery:

An accurate equivalent battery model is of utmost importance because the Battery Management
System (BMS) which is used in all-electric vehicles to monitor the overall performance of the

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battery, mainly monitors two parameters. These parameters are namely, State of the Charge
(SOC) and State of the Health (SOH). The main problem associated with these variables is that
these variables are not directly measurable by the sensors so they are required to be estimated or
inferred by utilizing various model-based estimation algorithms (Plett, 2004). Apart from that,
there is also a need to manage a balance between the complexity and accuracy of a particular
battery model. If the selected battery model is complex the results would be accurate but it is
possible that the analysis would not be easy to comprehend. On the other hand, if the selected
battery model is comparatively less complex then the results might not be acceptable in a
practical scenario. Thus, the best solution for this problem is to choose a battery model which is
accurate enough and is not unnecessarily complicated. Therefore, many battery models which
has been already used in the literature are critically analyzed here and based upon this analysis a
decision would be taken for the selection of a battery models which would then be used in this
project.

In the existing research it is quite evident that there are two main categories from which a
suitable equivalent battery model can be decided. These two categories are:

1. Electrical equivalent circuit model (Plett, 2015)

2. Electrochemical models (Thomas, 2002)

Electrochemical models which are known to capture almost all the dominant characteristics of all
the battery cells achieve comparatively high accuracy. However, their analysis involves partial
differential equations, that too, with a large number of unknown variables. This increase in the
complexity of this electrochemical model of battery often leads to harsh calculations which
makes the simulations, or in some cases, hardware implementation very complex. Hence, it can
be concluded that electrochemical based battery models are not desirable for the application of
battery management in electric vehicles. The best choice would be use lumped battery models.
Lumped models which comparatively have a smaller number of parameters would be a sensible
choice while deciding the best model for the battery in electric vehicles.

While considering many aspects of these two choices for the battery model, the best suited one is
Electrical equivalent circuit model which offers relatively more simplicity and adequate close
approximation in its design and usage. It is shown in (Balasingam, 2014) that various

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approximations of the Li-ion battery can be designed depending upon the load. Utilization of an
adequate approximation can significantly reduce the complexity involved with Li-ion batteries
and can also provide almost accurate results. Due to this reason many researchers have used this
equivalent model in their design in the recent past and the results are found to be significantly
good. Therefore, in this project also Electrical equivalent circuit model of a Li-ion battery will be
utilized.

In this Literature review, primarily four popularly used equivalent battery models will be
analyzed. These models are namely, the Rint model (Plett, 2004), the RC (Resistance,
Capacitance) model, the first order RC model and Second order RC model.

The equivalent electric circuit for the Rint model is shown in the figure 1 below. In this figure,
Vo shows the open circuit voltage, R1 is used to show the internal resistance of the battery. Open
Circuit voltage and the internal resistance both are the functions of the State of the Charge
(SOC).

Figure 1. Equivalent Electric Model of the Rint Model for the battery used in electric vehicles.

The RC model is shown in figure 2. This model was proposed by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory and consists of two capacitors and three resistors as can be seen in figure 2.
The first order RC model is also shown in figure 3. If a parallel RC circuit is added to the Rint
model shown in figure 1 the first order RC model shown in figure 3 can be achieved. The
additional RC circuit in the first order RC model is utilized to assess the dynamic response of the
battery.

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If another RC circuit is added to the first order RC circuit model then the second order RC circuit
model for the battery can be designed which is shown in figure 4. The resistance R3 shown in
figure 4 describes the concentration polarization. The capacitor C3 shown in figure 4 of the
second order RC model of the battery represents the electrochemical polarization.

Figure 2. Equivalent Electric RC Model for the battery used in electric vehicles.

Figure 3. Equivalent Electric First Order RC Model for the battery used in electric vehicles.

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Figure 4. Equivalent Electric Second Order RC Model for the battery used in electric vehicles.

It is obvious that a more accurate battery model would provide an accurate measurement of
parameters to the Battery Management System. The battery models described above which are,
Rint model, RC model, first order RC model and finally the Second order RC model, are the
widely used battery models but the main problem with these models is that the estimation of
parameters provided by these models is not accurate enough. A method known in the literature as
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIC) is based on the electrochemical properties of the
battery and has been proved to provide the most accurate results and estimations but the
complexity involved with this method is too high that it overshadows the benefits offered by this
method (Mauracher, 1997). Therefore, a new method based on the impedance property of the
battery is proposed in (Xu, 2013) which is expected to provide comparatively improved results
and estimations. This impedance model is shown in figure 5 below. In this diagram, Voc denotes
the voltage of the battery V1 and V2 denotes the voltages of the resistor R1 and ZARC whereas
V3 shows the voltage of the Warburg.

Based upon this analysis, the impedance model is best suited to get accurate estimations and this
method is not as complicated when compared to other available methods. Therefore, in this
project the equivalent electrical model of the Li-ion battery will be formulated using this method.

9
Figure 5. Equivalent Electric Impedance Model for the battery used in electric vehicles.

Section 2: Challenges and path ahead in designing a Battery Management System:

A battery management system primarily focuses on three core issues which are safety, efficiency
and reliability (Plett, 2015). The structure of a typical Battery Management system used in
electric vehicles is shown in figure 6 below. This battery management system consists of a CAN
module, Dc/DC module, Battery Voltage Measurement Module and Battery Current
Measurement Module etc.

Figure 6. Structure of a Battery Management System used in Electric Vehicles.

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It is known that Li-ion batteries suffers from thermal runaway which can occur due to many
conditions, although, the main factors which cause thermal runaway in Li-ion batteries are over-
voltage and the need for fast charging. The short life of a battery used in electric vehicles is also
a concern that needs to be addressed. Thermal runaway adds to the safety issues of Li-ion
batteries which needs to be solved (Abada, 2016). Also, efficiency of these batteries is also
affected by many factors (Taylor, 2012). One such issue is energy wasted in the form of heat in
the process of fast charging the batteries which decreases the efficiency of the design. To
increase the efficiency of the electric vehicles is also an important issue that needs to be
addressed (Hussein, 2011). It is clearly proved in the existing literature that these batteries also
have reliability issues. One such example is that the individual cells in a Li-ion battery are prone
to get imbalanced over time which might cause reliability and safety issues for the overall system
(Dey, 2016). Therefore, there is an urgent need to address and find a solution for these issues
(Kang, 2020). Moreover, the existing battery management technology is not adequate enough to
accurately estimate the state of the health of a battery which is an important measurement in a
properly designed battery management system.

Additionally, another important challenge for the battery management system comes while there
is a need to reuse a battery (Ahmadi, 2016). Generally, the characterization of the batteries used
in electric vehicles is done in specially designed laboratories, therefore, most of the designed
batteries are only effective for first-time use (Plett, 2015). The existing battery management
systems do not adequately process the changes made in the electrochemical characteristics of a
battery used for a certain time. Therefore, the reuse of a battery creates problems in the system.
Moreover, to address the issue of cell misbalancing over time, a cell balancing circuitry will be
used.

Therefore, to solve the existing issues described above in the currently used battery management
system, the following solutions will be considered and implemented in this project. To solve the
thermal runaway problem in Li-ion batteries, optimal charging algorithms will be used. This
issue has been in focus in the recent research done in this field. A compromise between the
magnitude of the charging current and time consumed in the charging of the battery has to be
made in the existing methods (Chen, 2006). For the safety and in ensuring the long life of the
battery the low current is used in the charging but it takes a long time to charge (Cope, 1999).

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But if the charging time is reduced by increasing the magnitude of the current, it raises safety
concerns and significantly reduces the battery life span. In such a case, optimal charging
algorithms might come out to be very helpful. Based upon this analysis it is decided that in this
project to address this issue a properly designed optimal charging algorithm will be used.

The main reason to shift from traditional vehicles towards electric ones is to utilize the
renewable energy sources more effectively so that the effect of the pollution on the environment
can be decreased. But used batteries in electric vehicles are also, in a sense, a type of resource
which can be renewed. Therefore, in this project, the results from the research done in the recent
past will be utilized so that a system could be developed which efficiently uses the used batteries.
However, the research in this field in still in the early stage (Heymans, 2014).

Discussion:
Based upon the above analysis, a battery management system which has the properties shown in
the figure 7 is decided to be used in this project. An advanced Battery Management System
which will be considered in this project so that the drawbacks of existing BMS which fails to
fully optimize the battery performance in electric vehicles can be countered (Balasingam, 2018).
This BMS mainly has three components which are, BFG (Battery Fuel Gauge), OCA (Optimal
Charging Algorithm) and CBC (Cell Balancing Circuitry). As the name of these additional
components suggests, BFG will estimate the state of charge and state of health and will
accurately show it on a gauge. OCA will be responsible to optimally charge the batteries. While,
CBC will balance the imbalance in the cells connected in series. Thus, this advanced BMS will
definitely improve the performance of the overall system.

This advanced battery management system has the potential to provide the much-needed
solutions to the existing challenges in this field (Balasingam, 2018). This has three main
components, Optimal charging algorithm, battery fuel gauge and cell-balancing circuitry as
depicted in figure 7.

The equivalent model of the battery used in an electric vehicle also plays an important part in a
simulation-based study. Therefore, as mentioned in the literature review, an impedance model of
the Li-ion battery will be considered and implemented din this project. This model has been
proven to be more effective as compared to the other available battery models.

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Figure 7. Advanced Battery Management System.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
The primary objective of this project is to utilize the benefits of a properly designed Battery
Management System (BMS) so that the performance of not only the batteries used in Electric
Vehicles but also the overall system can be improved. To show the effective implementation of
an advanced battery management system (shown in figure 7) an accurate equivalent model of the
Li-ion battery is also required. As the project aims to prove the findings using a Simulation-
based study which will be performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, an equivalent electrical
model of Li-ion battery becomes essential. Therefore, the first task will be to formulate an
electrical equivalent model of a Li-ion battery which will be used in an electric vehicle. To
further improve the analysis and design process the equivalent battery model will also consider
the temperature as a parameter that is missing in many battery models. Due to this reason, there
is always a discrepancy in actual and the estimated data because the temperature is the parameter
that causes safety issues in electric vehicles. If the temperature of the battery cells is increased
beyond a certain limit (this may be due to overcharging or other factors) then the safety of the
entire system gets compromised.

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As mentioned in the Literature review, an impedance battery model will be used in this work.
This impedance model of the battery is shown in figure 8 below. This equivalent model has
additional circuitry as compared to other available battery models in the literature. Due to the
presence of this additional circuitry the results obtained using this model are good as compared
to the other available models (RC model, first order RC model and second order RC model).

Figure 8. Equivalent Electric Impedance Model for the battery used in electric vehicles.

A Battery Management System needs to measure certain parameters associated with the real-
time performance of the battery to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the electric vehicle
therefore, this equivalent model of the battery will then be used to measure the battery
performance in terms of these parameters (state of the charge, state of the health, etc.). State of
the Charge indicates the charge-discharge operation whereas State of the Health talks about the
remaining life of the battery (Kozlowski, 2003). There is another parameter called SOL (State of
Life) which suggests the time when the battery must be replaced so that any cause of fire or
explosion in battery might be avoided. Accurate Battery Model is also another important factor.
All these parameters will be calculated using the equivalent Li-ion battery model.

The charge storing capacity of the battery before and after the implementation of BMS will be
calculated and from this analysis the effectiveness of BMS will be established. To show the
effectiveness of the advanced battery management system a simulation study on
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform will be performed. The problem of thermal runaway normally
observed in batteries used in electric vehicles will be taken into account and by utilizing an
appropriate strategy which is to use fast charging more optimally will be implemented. In

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addition, for the safety and in ensuring the long life of the battery the low current is used in the
charging but it takes long time to charge, therefore, optimal charging algorithm will be used to
charge the battery in this simulation-based project.

The simulation study will show the improvement in the performance of battery and overall
system. To compare the obtained results using the impedance-based Li-ion battery model (as
shown in the literature review) a comparison with the mostly used battery model that is RC
equivalent model will also be performed.

For understanding, an analysis of the health of the battery and the safety and reliability of the
battery management system is designed. This system of battery management has some inputs
from the battery in the form of data and some outputs in the form of instruction to the system.
The inputs to the battery management system are the value of the voltage present at each cell of
the battery, the temperature of each cell individual and the current being delivered to the battery
cells. The output for the BMS system is the state of charge, state of health at the parent time
which is decreasing with the time and it also informs about the faults and the status indicators
about the battery (Szumanowski & Chang, 2008). The state of charge of each cell is analyzed
that how much voltage is reaming and while charging how much charging is done and how long
would it take to fully charge .the state of health of the battery is also analyzed by the BMS over
time like the performance of the battery tat current time relative to the battery timing when it was
new. It provides the info ratio about the percentage of the health of the battery (Chatzakis et al.,
2003). If it shows that the battery health is 80 % then 20% of the battery is heath is destroyed
over time and the performance of the battery is 80 % relative to the full capacity of performance
when the battery was newly installed. If the temperature is increasing or and high voltage is feed
to any cell due to any fault in the charging system them these can cause damage so the mange
system of the battery provides the indicator about the status of the battery health and safety and
detects faults which can cause any damage (Cheng et al., 2010).

This simulation battery management system is consists of battery cells, charging, discharging
and controlling systems. For the controlling system of BMS, a processor is used in the circuit
which collects the data from each cell and after processing an analysis the date according to the
algorithms provided. The charging system is constructed to charge the battery when it is deleted
a switching system is connected with the source of charge which turns on and off the charging

15
procedure. The same switching mechanisms are adjusted with the load when the load is applied
the switch is turned on the wise it is off. A cell balancing system is also utilized to charge and
discharge the cells of a battery at an equal rate on this balancing stem is also can be turned son
and of manually. Switchers are used to either allow the voltage or the instruction to pass or stop.
Some multiplexers are also used which decide according to the inputs at a specific time. Displays
are used for monitoring the values of the charging state, voltage of the cell and the voltage
provided by the battery. The scope is used for the graphical presentation of the voltage and
current of the cells and the rise and fall of the graph indicate the charging and discharging of the
cells. A power GUI is also placed in the simulation to provide the frequency input to the whole
circuitry to operate at a certain frequency.

Chapter 4: Simulations:
Using the Simulink in Matlab software the simulation of battery management system contains
the following components:

 2 scopes
 3 battery cells
 7 Displays
 Resistive load
 Charging source
 3 Multiplexers
 3 Constant inputs
 5 Switches
 3 Multiplayers
 Power GUI
 BMS processor
 Inputs

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  Outputs

Three lithium-ion battery cells are used for the simulations. These cells are connected with
charging and is charging mechanisms and also with the monitoring seems. A cell balancing
system is connected with the charging and discharging system with is used to balance the
charging and consumption of all cells equally. For the state of charging and discharging and
voltage of the cell, a monitoring system is connected. A processing box for the battery
management system is also connected using inputs and outs instruction and data ports. All the
sections of the battery management system work coherently with each other for the proper
desired outputs. Some switches are also used to provide the battery management system the
manual information about the charging and discharging state of the battery and also to turn on
and off the cell balancing system.

First of all the voltage source is connected with the cells along with a switch. That switch is
connected with a display that shows the power input from the voltage source and constant input.
If the input to the switch is provided 1 then the switch is working and if 0 is provided to the
switch then the switch is in the off state. This power input is then connected directly to the cell
balancing system. This balancing system also has a constant input. If the input of 1 is given then
the balancing system is on and working and if 0 is given to the manual input then the balancing

17
system is disabled and the charging and discharging work without maintaining equal voltage in
all the cells. This balancing system has an input from the processor providing the instructions
from the battery management processor. This manual input of 1 or 0 and input from the
processor is passed through a multiplier. That multiplier decides whether the output to the switch
would be one or zero the other input to the switch is from a resistor. The resistor is connected
from the positive terminal of the cell to the negative terminal of the cell. All the switches are
connected to each sells and all the cells are connected in a configuration the negative terminal of
one cell is connected to the positive of the other cell. Then the will has some outputs one is the
output which is connected to the processor of the battery management system.

There are two displays attached to each cell, one cell provides the monitoring of voltage of each
cell. It provides the information of each cell voltage at any given time. Then the display provides
the state of charging if the cell is charging or discharging and at what rate the cell is getting
power from the source or the rate of depletion of voltage to the load. A scope is also attached to
all the cells which show the status of the cells with graphs if the cells are charging then the
graphs of each cell are rising and vice versa. If there is an unbalance in the power of any cell
then it is clearly shown in the graph that e graph line is not behaving in the desired way. Cell
performance is continuously monitored by the graph and also the displays. These displays inform
about the battery conditions and the power consumption during use and the charging state.

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Then the cells are connected to the output load which can be a motor for the electric vehicle or
any other device acting as load. Here a resistor is connected to the betray management system as
a load. A switch mechanism is also connected to the path of cell circuitry and the load. If the
load is to be activated when the switch is on otherwise it is in the off state. This switch just like
the witch from the input power source is connected to an input that provides manually. If the
manual input receives 0 as input the output load is disconnected as the switch is in the on-off
state. If 1 is received at manual input the load is connected to the battery cell and they are
consuming power from the battery and the switch is at on state. A power GUI is also connected
in the simulation the provision of a specific frequency at which the whole circuitry is working.

The most important part of the simulation which acts as the brain for the simulation which is the
main decision-maker is a battery management system (BMS) processor. This processor has six
terminals connected to it in this simulation. Three terminals are inputs from the cells which
provide the information about the state of the cell and the other three terminals are outputs from
the processor. The outputs are connected to the cell balancing stem which is further connected to
the charging and discharging systems. The processor instructs the balancing system about the
increasing charge for one cell and decreasing for the other to balance the consumption or the
charging of any of the cells. The processor monitors the health of the cell and continuously
provides instruction to the system by receiving input from each cell in real-time. A built-in
processor is used and the parameters are provided manually according to the requirements. The
instructions for each cell charge-discharge mechanism are provided individually and the input is
also collected individually from each cell. The processor has a role of a decision-maker. The cell

19
which is selected for the simulation are lithium-ion cells with specific permeates like the related
capacity of each cell is 2.6 Ah and the nominal voltage for each cell is 3.7 volts. The initial state
of charge is also fed manually and the battery response time is also provided manually which is
30 seconds for this case.

Chapter 5: Results and Findings:

In this simulation after the connection of all components, the initial values are set for all the
cells. Random vales of initial voltage are set for all three sells. These values are set inside the
coding of the MBS processor function. This function is controlling all the operations of the
battery management system. Here are 3 controlling bits to be set for three different
functionalities in BMS. All the bits are connected to the switches which turn the functionality on
or off. The first bit is for the charging system to be connected to the cells. The second bit is to
connect the load or discharging system to be connected with the cells. This bit is to turn on the
mechanism of cell balancing which makes the charging or discharging in such a pattern that all
the cells have the same amount of energy stored in them at any instant of time.

Here for the first scenario first bit was set to be 1 which attaches the charging stem to cells and
set all other bits to zero. In this case, the cells are only charged and the no discharging of cell
balancing system is attached. So the voltage of all the cells increases due to connection with the
power source .the current of the cells rises for some movement and then becomes stable for the
rest of the operation. As we can see in the graph current line rose and the stabled at a fixed value
and the SOC all three lies of cells kept on rising.

20
In the second scenario, the charging system was disconnected by enring 0 in the input box and
the only discharging system was activated by providing 1 to the input. In this setting, the voltage
of the system dropped until the load was connected to the cells. The current kept on decreasing
as the voltage dropped in the cell the current also dropped with time. In the graph, the current
line is declining more sharply than the voltage drop in the cells. Voltage lines are declining but at
a very slow rate.

In the third scenario, both charging and discharging systems are attached to the cells. Here the
cells are getting power from the source and also providing power to the load connected to it.

21
Here the current of both input charging system and output discharging system is increased in the
start and then became stable wand then remain constant as both switches are at on position. Here
in the graph, we see two current lines one for input current flow and the other current line for
output current flow. The state of charge (SOC) for all three cells is increasing even in this case
as the input power supply has a larger value and the output load has a smaller value. Here the
input power supply is 100 volts and the output load is 30 ohms. This difference in input and
output at the same ty makes the state of charge of all the cells rising as can be seen by the graph.

As the cell balancing is not turned on yet the voltage of each cell is randomly charging and
discharging. So the voltage at each cell is not matching with the other cell. Some have more
voltage than the at any certain period. Here I the simulation circuitry three displays are attached
to the cells which shows the voltage measurements at any time. If the cell is charging then the
voltage value is rising and if the cell is discharging by providing energy to the load then the
voltage value is decreasing as can be observed by the displays.

22
If both the switches connected to the source and the load area are turned off by giving 0 value to
the inputs then the cells are no getting any power from the power source and aven not providing
any energy to the load which is a resistor in this case. so the cells are neither getting voltage nor
losing then the voltage across the cells remains unchanged. As the switches are tuned of then
there is no flow of current as the circuit is broken between the cell and the consumption or power
source. The stare of charge is also unchanged as the charging in the cell is not changing.

when the cell balancing is turned on, whether in the condition of only charging state or only
discharging state the value of the voltage remains the same. The balancing system utilizes more
power from the cells which have more voltage and provide more charging to the cell which have
less power and keep the voltage of all cells at a unique value. This balancing is done through the
function which is receiving inputs from the cells and instructing the cell balancing stem which
turns on and off the charging or discharging of any individual cell.

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Chapter 6: Discussion and Analysis
The electric vehicle is a need of the era and all the electric equipment require power to operate.
In the case of a vehicle, the motor of a vehicle cannot be kept connected to stationary power
sources, they are constantly moving on the roads. So there is a need for the power source which
is attached to the vehicle and goes where ever vehicle goes. So batteries are attached to the
electric vehicles which provide the electric equipment with the voltage and current. So the
batteries are the most important part of any vehicle. More and more advancements are being
made on the capacity and performance of the batteries. The batteries are being more efficient,
more the battery has power stored in it for the vehicles can travel farther. As the batteries are
expensive so they need to work for a long period. So the batteries should be managed to perform
for the long term and work safely. So the battery management system is developed which
ensures the safety, durability and adequate performance of the battery. In the battery
management system, the battery health is monitored by extracting the data from the cells of the
batteries.

Batteries are connected to a management system that continuously observes the health and state
of charge and discharge of the battery. This electronic system manages the rechargeable cells,
collect the data of each cell of the battery and provide the instruction to charging and discharging
systems. A processor is installed which acts as a brain to the whole management system and
provides the instructions about the performance of tasks. The BMS collects data on the
temperature of each cell and if any cell is overheating that indicates any fault in that cell. It
continuously observes the voltage on each cell of the battery and as a whole battery and provides
information to the driver about the remaining changing of the battery and how long the battery
will be giving power before being depleted. The battery management system performs the task of
cell balancing which make all the cells to charge and discharge all the cell at the same time and
the potential stored in the cells remains same. It keeps the battery from being depleted fully and
indicates the driver when the battery is low and needs charging.

The battery management system is very essential for the batteries. This management system
keeps the battery safe and increases the performance and life of the battery. It provides the
services of analysis of battery health and performance. During the charging and discharging is
monitor the temperature and voltage of a single cell dynamically. It distinguishes and assigns the
charging current limits and the discharging current limits. If the charging current limits are
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exceeded this system turns off the charging process and saves the battery from any damage.
Same with the discharging limits, if acceded them the battery stop providing the power to save
the circuitry of the electric vehicle. This management system instructs about the cut off levels of
the battery like when the charging is full then it stops the charging process and when the battery
is at a certain low-level or indicate the low battery sign and cut off the provision of power to the
electric equipment attached to the battery as a load.

In the project, a battery management system is constructed which performs all the required tasks
of a management system. This management system has three cells connected with the charging
power source and a discharging system having loaded. This system is monitored by a processor
which receives inputs from the cells about the voltage, current, state of charging ad temperature
and analyzes the data. The analysis of data is performed based on the codding provided to the
processor. In this coding, the conditions are set and the instruction is in place for any possible
scenario. Like if the temperature of the battery is increasing then it means that there is some fault
in it then the instruction can be cutting off the charging or discharging of the battery. If the cell
limit of the voltage is reached the processor provides the instruction that the charging should be
cut off. If cell balancing is required that it balance the voltage level in each cell of the battery.
like in this model of BMS the there are three cells and if cell 3 has more voltage value and the
other two cells have less value of the voltage then this management system may cut out the
charging of cell 3 and allow the other two cells to charge. I the case of discharging the cell 3 will
be activated for the provision of the power to the load and the other two cells will be
disconnected from the load until the voltage of all the cells is balanced. The BMS designed have
switches that can be turned on and off manually. As the real vehicle is driving and consuming
power from the battery same scenario can be created in the simulation by turning off the load and
turning off the charging system. The charging state can also be monitored by turning off the
consumption load and only connecting the cells of the battery with the charging system.

The current, voltage and state of charging are monitored by the scopes and that display screens in
the simulation of the battery management system. The scopes show the graphs of the state of
charging (SOC) and three lines in the graph indicate the state of charging of each cell. The scope
also shows the graph of the current of input from the charging system and the current going
towards the load. There a balancing system attached with each cell and this system is firstly

25
controlled by an input bit. If one is entered the balancing stem is turned on otherwise it is
disabled. Secondly, the balancing system is controlled by the processing function which provides
the switches attached to the cell to leat the current pass from or to the cells. If one cell has less
voltage than other cells and cell balancing is activated then the switch will be turned on for
charging and turned off for discharging. This switching activity balances the voltage in the cell.
so the consumption or charging of any cell is matching with all other cells.

For the simulation, there are different states of the operation. Either the electric vehicle is
charging, discharging, or staying idle. If the battery is being changed by the power supply it is
being monitored by the BMS, it continuously updates the charging status and disconnects when
the battery is full. While the electric vehicle is being driven then the battery power is used and
the BMS calculates the battery usage and the remaining voltage stored in the battery. when
staying ide and the battery is being used nor it is charging. All these scenarios are analyzed in
this project, here the charging system is activated manually then the voltage of the cells is
increasing. If the balancing system is on then it is increasing equally in all three cells of the
battery. The current flow from the energy source is gradually increased when the charging is
started then it becomes stable at a certain value and remains constant until the battery is full. In
the other state when the vehicle is moving and the motor of the vehicle is consuming power from
the cells of the battery then the voltage of cells is decreasing with time and consumption of
power. The current flowing toward the load is decreases over time as the voltage of the cells
drops so the current follows until all the power of the battery is depleted.

To monitor and manage battery performance and safety Battery management system is crucial. It
controls the charging a discharging of the battery and also provides the balancing to the battery.
The model prepared in the project is depicting all the qualities of a BMS. In this project, the
voltage and current flow are observed and also the state of charge. the cell believing is done by
the code provided to the function in the Matlab. That code decides which cell needs to be
charged or discharge at moment and which cell has to stop performing any of these two actions.
BMS ensures the safety of the battery and monitors the performance and provides information
about the health of the battery. It collects data over time and after analyzing that data the
calculation and decisions are made. This electronic system designed in this project manages the
battery of an electric vehicle which is rechargeable. The battery is containing 3 cells which can

26
be increases or decreased according to the requirements. The designed BMS monitors the state of
charging and the overall health of the battery. It collects and calculate the secondary data and
report that for the analysis. This management system controls the environment of the battery like
the temperature of the battery and the working conditions and also balances the power in all the
cells individually.

Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendations

The lithium-ion battery is used in this project which is managed by the BMS. The BMS system
which is developed is fully functional and performing according to the requirements. It is
performing accurately and providing the measurements of the voltage-current and state of
charging of each cell individually. The temperature data of the cell is also fed to the function of
BMS which is operating the whole management system. Based on the information of each cell
the cell balancing is performed passively for the whole pack of the battery. This balancing
system reduced the change in the voltage of one cell to the other on the state of charging (SOC).
This balancing system is useful in increasing the battery capacity as all the cells of the battery are
utilized evenly. The design was prepared in a way that allowed the different implementations of
the charging system and the algorithm of the balancing which was pre-coded in the processor.
The technique of state of charge estimation is not easily implemented in any other typical BMS
available commercially. It took a lot of work and study of the literature from different books and
research papers to fully get the accurate knowledge of this specific system of battery
management. Along research and observation was undertaken before reaching this level of
expertise to get this project functional and also reliable to be used in the electric vehicles. I
between the processes of development of this project there were many hurdles like lack of wide
knowledge or previous work on this topic. So unpredictable scenarios came up during the
research and development of this project work. So the problems were resolve in order by
removing the problems one by one and reaching the final desired solution. The progress of the
project was made by deep learning and experiment in the different situations in the Simulink
software and running different simulations.

Most of the problems cannot be addressed in the simulations. In the hardware, there is some
problem like a ground loop or noise which cannot be analyzed or visualized in the Simulink

27
software properly.in the simulation, all the connections are made at once and never fail during
the operation or working of simulation but in the real world, any of the components or the wiring
of the Battery management system can fail at any time causing the problem. The connection of
the BMS and the PC at the vehicle is also a challenge as they should be compatible with each
other. There is no generic solution to the hardware problems which never shows up in the
simulations. In the simulation, we can set any value to the battery cells or the power source and
load to our model but in the hardware, the large amount of electric power can be ravenous and
can harm if not handled with care. The short circuit can happen in the hardware causing any
damage which is not likely in the simulations. So the simulation is good for the research and
development of the design but for the hardware, precautions and safety measures must be taken.
A during simulation some factor of tolerance must be considered for the hardware scenario.

I this project a functional block of the battery management system (BMS) is developed with the
various blocks working together. These blocks consisted of processor function blocks which
performed the data evaluation and also gave instruction to this management system.it performed
the thermal managements of each cell and the complete battery as a whole. The balancing block
controlled the equal charging and discharging of all the cells at any given time. The estimation of
the battery was also dined by this system which indicated the potential present in the battery at
present. This helps in the enhancement of the performance and increasing the lifetime of the
battery. Simulink is a great platform to analyze and observe the behavior of the electric
components. The model of BMS was created in Simulink which helps in the construction
analysis of BMS. It worked according to the desired requirements, analyzing and performing all
operations necessary for a BMS.

This work of battery management improving and developing more advanced technology will
continue to make BMS more and more efficient and effective. The derived model of this project
should be validated and implemented in electric vehicles to improve the performance and
monitoring of batteries. This model created in this created have of course some kind of
limitations as it cannot be the most advanced model in the coming future. The more complex and
complicated model can be prepared with the collection of data for more parameters of the battery
and analyzing further the functionality of the battery. The more sophisticated and complex model
of the BMS can help in the utilization of different kinds of dynamics of the battery consisting of

28
the cells made up of Lithium-ion .as the science never stop developing so this technology must
be improved. In the future, it can help in increasing the life of the battery and maybe help in
avoiding the decrease of the health of the battery over time which leads to a decrease in the
lifetime of a battery.

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