PROJECT TITLE

A STUDY ON
“RECENT REFORMS
IN INDIAN ECONOMY”

SUBMITTED BY

Rohit Garg

M.B.A. (FINANCE)
SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
Reforms in an economy are infinite, they continuously evolve as per the need
of the time. In case of India’s economy, serious attempts are the need of the
time to improve the situation as 33% of population is still below the poverty
line, many people got died of Hunger even after 70 years of independence.
After 1991 reforms Indian government has taken many steps to improve
situation of economy especially in recent years like - ease of doing business,
easy credit, GST, steps towards vocationalization of education & skill
development to provide skilled labour, digitisation, formal employment
generation, quick clearance and approvals and so on.
But still there are some gaps which are a matter of concern like Corruption,
Fiscal Deficit, Current A/c deficit, Lack of co-ordination between various
authorities and between central and state governments, uncertain policies,
environmental degradation and disasters, Proper implementation of
programmes and schemes and so on.
By studying above issues with available data we can analyse the situation well
which can help to adopt a targeted approach to address these issues.
 OBJECTIVES

● To identify the issues associated with Indian economy

● To describe the recent actions taken by Indian government towards
economic reforms
● To analyse the effects on Indian economy due to these reforms
● To study the changed perception of foreign Investors towards Indian
market
● To identify further measures that can be adopted to further improve the
current situation
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Indian economy has been one of the most important economy of the world
from ancient times. India had the market share of over 25% of world trade
before British era. India was the biggest exporter of cotton cloth in the world.
Indian spices were very popular especially in western countries. But Indian
economy deteriorated heavily during British rule.
After independence in 1947 Indian government took several reform measures
in Indian economy like – Land reforms, 5-year plans, Promotion to Public
sector, Green Revolution, Nationalisation of Banks and the major one
Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG Reforms) in 1991 due to
balance of payment crisis. 1991 reforms lead to liberalisation of policy
decisions, simplifying laws and regulations for private industries,
disinvestments in public sector enterprises, adoption of floating currency
prices, easier FDI permissions, removal of trade restrictions (qualitative and
quantitative) and so on. With time VAT was introduced which recently
replaced by GST.

Today Indian Economy is based on 3 key sectors and 1 evolving sector which
have their own challenges :
Agriculture Sector
As per the ancient inscriptions and manuscripts which were discovered,
written by various scholars, poets and writers of ancient era, we found Indian
economy has always been heavily dependent on Agriculture. It is Primary
sector of the economy. Agriculture contributes to 17% of annual GDP and
employs 55% of workforce of india.

Issues- During British era, India’s agriculture-based economy started

deteriorating and within a century most of the farmers became indebted and
landless. Even today most of the small farmers are indebted and landless,
working as labourers in agricultural fields. Today farming is not a profitable
work due to:
 Exploitation of farmers by moneylenders
 Lack of credit availability by formal sector like banks
 Land degradation due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers
 Pests and crop diseases
 Natural calamities like cyclones in coastal areas, floods etc.
 Lack of Irrigation facilities and depleting groundwater

Actions by Govt.- Government has taken many actions in recent years to

overcome farm distress:
 Schemes like Kisan credit card, Priority sector lending (40%) norms by
RBI, opening of Micro finance institutions in rural areas etc.
 Watershed development to conserve rain water, dam building (big and
small) for irrigation under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana.
 Soil Health card scheme to measure quality of soil and to suggest crops
according to type of soil for better yield
 Increase of Minimum Support Price (MSP) recently upto 150% of
production cost for many crops
 Launch of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana for crop insurance.
 Promoting of organic farming
 Use of genetically modified seeds like BT Cotton
 Promoting micro irrigation techniques to save water.
  E-NAM portal to digitally connect farmers directly to the buyers intra
and inter-state to help them to get better prices for their produce.

Conclusion- Above measures helped many farmers but there are still gaps in
implementation of laws and schemes, lack of coordination between central
and state governments and various authorities. Frequent loan waivers and
natural disasters are further deteriorating economic condition of the farmers
and the country. Hence, infrastructure facilities and food processing chain
facilities should be provided to farmers to help to tackle food wastage and to
get better prices for farmers in future. Further employment in manufacturing
and service sectors should be increased to provide other employment
opportunities to farmers.

Industrial Sector
In a capitalistic country, growth of manufacturing sector is important for GDP
growth and employment. It includes- mining, electricity, construction etc.
Developed countries like USA, England, Japan etc developed due to growth of
their manufacturing sector. Today China is the biggest example to prove
importance of manufacturing sector today.
India’s manufacturing sector is at development stage contributing 31% of
annual GDP and employs 20% of total workforce of India.

Issues-
 Bureaucracy delays in government approvals for industrial setup,
corruption, environmental clearance, land acquisition etc.
 Due to increasing use of technology like 3D printing and automation by
increased use of bots, need for labour is decreasing and this became a
big stress for government today.
 Inequalities increasing because industrial sector growth is largely
concentrated in well connected regions where infrastructure and raw
materials are readily available.
 Labour laws in india and frequent strikes leads to difficulties.
Actions by Govt.- Government has taken many steps:
 Single window permission for investors
 Automatic approval of 100% FDI in more than 90% of sectors
 Permission via online platforms to reduce corruption
 Government is promoting MSME sector which is labour intensive
 Easy credit availability via MUDRA loans
 Merchandise export of India scheme (MEIS) for garment sector to offset
infrastructural inefficiencies

Conclusion- Actions taken by government has started giving results which is

proved by Ease of Doing Business ranking of World Bank in which in last 3 years
india came to 77th rank from 123rd. Trade war between USA and China has
opened vast opportunities for india to become a manufacturing hub in place of
china. Recently government of india has targeted 25% contribution to annual
GDP by industrial sector by 2025 which looks achievable with current speed of
reforms.

Service Sector
Service sector is the 2nd most labour intensive sector in india after Agriculture.
Service sector is a developed sector in india largely because of availability of
highly skilled professionals. It includes- Education, Health, Tourism, Banking
sectors etc. Service sector contributes to 52% of annual GDP and employs 25%
of total workforce of india.

Issues- Issues which india is facing with service sector are:

 Protectionism policies by developed countries reducing opportunities in
countries like india.
 Rapid technology development continuously creates challenges for
policy makers
 Data security of citizens has became a big threat today
 Cyber security became one of the biggest threats
 Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT) technology has
created a challenge for employment prospects in future for youth.
  Inadequate infrastructure facilities available especially in rural areas.
 Stiff competition from other countries like Vietnam, Phillipines, China,
etc.

Actions by Govt.- Government has taken many actions:

 Easy credit availability
 Easing private sector investment in infrastructure sector
 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana for skill development of labour
 To tackle cyber security challenges govt has created various agencies like
CERT-IN.
 Government is currently progressing towards Data Protection Law to
secure personal data of Indian citizens.
 Easy and quick approvals for FDI in service sector.

Conclusion- Despite various challenges service sector is the most rapidly

growing sector in india which has a potential to absorb labours released from
other sectors. Now the major challenge in front of Indian government is to
address the challenges introduced by latest technology and to remove
impediments in front of growth of service sector.

Quaternary Sector
Some economists divide economy into 4 basic sectors including Quaternary
sector. It is specialized tertiary activity and based on knowledge and skill. It
includes Intellectual activities of the economy like IT Sector, scientific research,
media etc.
This sector is evolving quickly with the latest technological development and
this sector has a huge growth potential in future or we can say that future will
depend on the growth of this sector.
Various reforms undertaken by government recently are:

Tax Reforms

a) Direct Tax - recently Indian government made a committee headed by

Arvind Modi to suggest a new direct tax law as the Income Tax Act 1961
became too old to address issues of handling modern business taxation.

b) Indirect Tax- Government introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) by

subsuming various other taxes like- excise duty, additional custom duty,
octroi tax, entertainment tax, VAT etc.
It is one of the biggest tax reforms in india. This tax united the country
into- one nation, one market, one tax. A GST Council has been made
with representation from both Centre and states to decide on tax.

GST lead to various benefits:

i. Elimination of Multiple Taxes- The biggest benefit of GST is an

elimination of multiple indirect taxes. All taxes that currently exist will
not be in picture. This means current taxes like excise, octroi, sales tax,
 CENVAT, Service tax, turnover tax etc will not be applicable and all that
will fall under common tax called as GST.

ii. Saving more Money- For a common man, GST applicability means the
elimination of double charging in the system. This will reduce the price
of goods and services & help common man for saving more money. It is
expected that price of FMCG products, small cars, cinema tickets,
electrical wires etc is expected to reduce.

iii. Ease of business- GST will bring one country one tax concept. This will
prevent unhealthy competition among states. It will be beneficial to do
interstate business

iv. Easy Tax Filing and Documentation- For a businessman, GST will be a
boon. No multiple taxes means compliance and documentation will be
easy. Return filing, tax payment, and refund process will easy and hassle
free.

v. Cascading Effect reduction- GST will be applicable at all stages from

manufacturing to consumption. GST will provide tax credit benefit at
every stage in chain. Today at every stage margin is added and tax is
paid on whole amount, in GST you will have tax credit benefit and tax
will be paid on margin amount only. It will reduce cascading effect of tax
thereby reducing cost of product.

vi. More Employment- As GST will reduce cost of product it is expected

that demand of product will increase and to meet the demand, supply
has to go up. The requirement of more supply will be addressed by only
increasing employment.
vii. Increase in GDP- As demand will grow naturally production will grow
and hence it will increase gross domestic product. It is estimated that
GDP will grow by 1-2% due to GST.

viii. Reduction in Tax Evasion- GST is a single tax which will include various
taxes, making the system efficient with very little chances of corruption
and Tax Evasion.

ix. More Competitive Product- As GST will address cascading effect of tax,
inter-state tax, high logistics cost it will make manufacturing more
competitive. This will bring advantage to businessman and consumer.

x. Increase in Revenue- GST will replace all 17 indirect taxes with single
tax. Increase in product demand will ultimately increase tax revenue for
state and central government. Goods and service tax is a boon for the
Indian economy and the common man. It is a welcome step taken by the
government.

Demonetisation

A major achievement of demonetisation has been that it has the government

in tracking black money. The government claimed that large sums of black
money were kept hidden by tax evaders and demonetisation has helped it
uncover the huge amount of unaccounted cash. According to estimates made
by RBI during the demonetisation drive, people had deposited more than
rupees 3 lakh crores worth of black money in the bank accounts.

A major reason behind demonetisation was that a big part of black money was
being used for funding terrorism, gambling, in inflating the price of major
assets classes like real estate, gold and other social evils. Demonetisation is
acting as an effective countermeasure against such activities. Now all such
activities are expected to get reduced for some time. If the claims are correct
then it should take years for people to generate that amount of black money
again and hence in a way it helps in putting an end this circle of people doing
illegal activities to earn black money and using that black money to do more
illegal activities.

Another expected benefit was that due to people disclosing their income by
depositing money in their bank accounts, the government will get a good
amount of tax revenue which can be used by it towards the betterment of
society by providing good infrastructure, hospitals, educational institutions,
roads and many facilities for poor and needy sections of society.

Another major objective of the government achieved through demonetisation

was to push the Indian economy towards becoming cashless. The government
succeeded in encouraging people to use digital means for making transactions.

Economy has witnessed close to 20% decline in currency in circulation, number

of taxpayers has considerably increased and a large number of shell companies
have been identified.

Digitisation

By implementing digital payment methods, like Digital Point of Sale (DPOS),

Unified Payment Interface (UPI), mobile wallets, Mobile Point of Sale (MPOS)
etc., our country is moving towards creating a digital economy that will benefit
the people and the government in various ways. Some of the primary
advantages that government witnesses from the digital economy are:

1. Removal of Black Economy: When the transactions are made digitally,

they can be easily monitored. Any payment made by any customer to
any merchant will be recorded. This way, there will be no means for
illegal transactions to occur. By restricting the cash-based transactions
and using only digital payments, the government can efficiently expel
the black economy.
2. Increase in Revenues: This is one of the most obvious and common
benefits of the digital economy. When the transactions are digitized,
monitoring sales and taxes becomes convenient. Since each transaction
is recorded, the customers will get a bill for their purchase, and the
merchants are bound to pay the sales tax to the government. This, in
 turn, increases the revenue of the government – thus resulting in growth
of the overall financial status of the country.
3. Empowerment to People: One of the biggest advantages of moving
towards digital economy is that it gives an empowerment to the citizens.
When the payments move digital, each and every individual is bound to
have a bank account, a mobile phone, etc. This way, the government can
easily transfer the subsidies directly to Aadhaar-linked bank accounts of
people. In short, people no longer have to wait to receive the incentives
and subsidies that they are bound to receive from the government. This
feature is already in place in most cities. One example of that would be
the LPG subsidy that government gives to the common people. This
subsidy payment is done via bank transfers these days.
4. Paves the way to e-governance: The quicker, safer, and more efficient
alternative to traditional governance, e-governance will be the ultimate
outcome of the digital economy. From birth certificate to death
certificate, everything is available online – thus it is convenient for
people to access the information they need on the go. Digital economy
will definitely pave a way to e-governance, where delivery of all
government services would be done electronically.
5. Creation of new jobs: The digital economy has a lot of potentials to
enhance job opportunities in new markets as well as increasing
employment opportunities in some of the existing occupations in the
government. This way, the unemployment rate in the country is bound
to decrease.

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)

The enactment of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, is an
important reform for India and its implementation has to be meticulously
done. India does not have a great track record on the implementation of laws.
IBC presents an opportunity to alter that image and exhibit that India can
deliver prompt and effective implementation. While the government has
chartered the course of its implementation with great zeal, the onus to make
IBC successful now rests with other key stakeholders—the judiciary,
adjudicating authority, insolvency professionals, lenders and borrowers. Each
stakeholder must play an enthusiastic and constructive role in potent
implementation of IBC and ensure that IBC matures commensurately with
economic developments in the country.

Following are the key features of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code:

1. Resolution of Insolvency:

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 lays down the separate insolvency
resolving procedures for companies, individuals as well as partnership
companies. It is possible to initiate the procedure either by the creditors or the
debtors. The code lays down a maximum time period for completing the
insolvency resolution procedure for individuals and corporates. In the case of a
company, the procedure must be fully completed in one hundred and eighty
days, which can later be stretched by ninety days only when a large percentage
of creditors permit or agree. On the other hand, in the case of start-ups (aside
to the partnership companies), small organizations as well as other
organizations (having less than Rs 1 crore worth of assets), the resolution
procedure would be fulfilled within a period of ninety days of initiating the
required that can be further stretched by as many as 45 days.

2. Regulator of Insolvency:

The Code lays down that the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
shall oversee the proceedings related to insolvency in the nation and also
regulate all the organizations that have been registered by the board. The
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board shall consist of ten members, which would
also include the representatives of the Law and Finance ministries as well as
the RBI (Reserve Bank of India).

3. Licensed Insolvency Professionals:

The management of insolvency procedure shall be done by licensed insolvency

professionals. They would also exercise control on the debtor’s assets at the
time of the insolvency procedure.

4. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Adjudicator:

The Code has introduced two distinct tribunals for overseeing the procedure
resolving insolvency, for companies and individuals. These are (i) the National
Company Law Tribunal for organizations and Limited Liability Partnership
companies; as well as (ii) the Debt Recovery Tribunal for overseeing insolvency
resolution for individuals as well as partnership firms.

5. Procedure:

An insolvency plea is given to the authority that adjudicates (in corporate

debtor’s case it is NCLT) by operation or financial creditors or the corporate
debtor. The plea can be accepted or rejected in a maximum time period of
fourteen days. In case the plea gets acceptance then the tribunal will have to
quickly appoint an IRP or Insolvency Resolution Professional for drafting a plan
of resolution within a period of 180 days (that can be extended by ninety
days). Following this, the court would initiate the process of resolving
corporate insolvency. For that particular period, the company’s directors shall
remain suspended whereas the promoters shall have no say in the company
management. The Insolvency Resolution Professional can seek help of the
management of the company for handling everyday operations. In case the
CIRP is unable to revive the organization, then the process of liquidation shall
be initiated.

6. Amendments:

Certain individuals are prohibited from providing any plan of resolution in case
there are any defaults. Hence, wilful defaulters, management or promoters of
company in case there is any non-performing outstanding debt for more than a
year, as well as directors who have been disqualified cannot submit any plan.
Apart from this, the bill also places a restriction on the selling of a defaulter’s
property to any such individuals at the time of liquidation.

IBBI has been at the forefront of creating the architecture of the new
insolvency law. It has set the bar high right from the start and must constantly
raise the standards so that the market is vying to match its pace rather than
the reverse of it. Global standards demand that the insolvency regulatory body
should be independent from the government. IBBI should have expert
independent directors on its board. The advisory committee cannot be a
substitute for the role independent directors play.
As a regulator operating in the financial sector, IBBI should be rubbing
shoulders with other financial sector regulators and work closely with
institutions under the domain of the ministry of finance. The regulator will
need to have a robust surveillance system. There are already murmurs in the
market about the incompetence of a few insolvency professionals in
performing their duties.

Insolvency professionals

Such professionals sit at the heart of the insolvency system. Non-availability of

adequate number of skilled and trained insolvency professionals is fast
becoming a matter of concern. The complexity of insolvency demands that
insolvency professionals are appropriately qualified and possess skills to
balance commercial reality with legal requirements to preserve the
entitlements of stakeholders. Equally important are personal qualities, such as
integrity, impartiality and independence. It is important that insolvency
professionals are able to operate independently, free from the threats and
pressures of frivolous complaints, constant nagging by creditors or debtors,
and uncertainties around payments of legitimate fee and expense.

It is critical that IBBI evolves a more stringent mechanism for licensing

insolvency professionals. In fact, insolvency professionals working on high-
profile cases should transfer knowledge and experience to other professionals
in the market by participating in seminars and workshops.

Debtors

Businessmen will need to swiftly reconcile with the new “credit in control”
insolvency system. The promoters of the 12 big accounts in respect of
insolvency proceedings that have been commenced lately, and of other
companies, should offer full cooperation in handing over the management,
control of affairs and assets to resolution professionals. The promoters
sincerely interested in revival of enterprises should not see their displacement
as a threat, but as an opportunity to focus on putting together a resolution
plan free from distraction of managing the business. The debtors commencing
insolvency process should take creditors in confidence before filing insolvency
proceedings. The directors and officers have to be mindful of liabilities arising
from wrongful, fraudulent and preferential transactions in the pre-insolvency
period.

Lenders

IBC envisages a “creditor in control regime,” with the creditor committee

comprising of financial creditors being an important stakeholder, in a way the
most important one. Since each decision of the committee is carried through
70% vote in the value of its members, responsibility rests on secured and
unsecured financial creditors to ensure, together with resolution professionals,
absolute fairness of the process and decision-making. The creditors must
ensure faster decision-making process as compared to the joint lender forum.
They should recognise that good quality professionals will come at a price and
should be willing to pay market-based fees.

India must aspire to compete with the best insolvency system on the strength
of its unique characteristics. Its success can make the country an attractive
choice of jurisdiction for resolving insolvency. All stakeholders must make the
success of IBC a common goal and national aspiration.

The very recent case of ‘Essar Steel’ which gave lenders almost 85% of their
money lent is this act’s biggest success till date.

Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)

Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) refers to an environment that is conducive for

the efficient running of a business enterprise and facilitates simple,
transparent and time bound procedures and compliances. India has come a
long way in improving its EoDB measures, especially in terms of simplification
of rules and procedures for the smooth flow of administrative processes and
improving transparency.

The World Bank ranks countries on EoDB on the basis of 10 indicators such as
starting a business, getting electricity, registering property, paying taxes,
trading across borders, dealing with construction permits etc. India
leapfrogged 30 spots and joined the top 100 club in the World Bank’s Doing
Business rankings in 2017, primarily on account of improvements in paying
taxes, resolving insolvency and protecting minority investors.

India now aspires to be among the top 50 attractive destinations for doing
business and the Government has been undertaking a series of reforms in
recent times to improve the overall regulatory environment and the business
climate of the country. Led by the Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the EODB effort
represents a mission-mode approach involving all ministries and departments
as well as state governments.
The overall mission includes measures such as greater digitisation, single
applications, introduction of SPICE forms, segregation of outdated laws and
regulations and simplification of processes, among many others that are
contributing to making business procedures faster and simpler.

Trading across borders has been a major focus in the last few years, which
occupied a low rank of 146 in the World Bank rankings. Single Window
Interface for Facilitating Trade (SWIFT), reduction in paperwork and a shift to a
paperless compliance system, improved customs clearances under the
integrated Risk Management system, boosting Direct Port Delivery and
building an effective Port Community System are some of the recent initiatives
that have been undertaken in this area. Additionally, India has actioned the
WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) which has further encouraged
reforms. These measures would help to bring down the transaction costs
involved in exports and imports and are expected to reflect a better ranking
next year.

Registering property in India takes 8 procedures and 53 days compared to only

2 days in New Zealand. The Government has proactively taken up several
reforms, especially at the state level to remove procedural delays and speed
up processes in this area. Defining clear timelines for processing applications
for land allotment, a model sale deed format for registration of property,
improving efficiency of land banks and digitization of land records are some of
the initiatives that have been undertaken in recent times. Delhi and
Maharashtra, along with many other states are introducing Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) which would help in greatly accelerating the
process.

The lack of a well-defined system for dispute resolution had created many
bottlenecks in the area of enforcing contracts. Recent reforms such as the
National Judicial Data Grid – a monitoring tool to identify, manage and reduce
pending cases, introduced by the central government; establishment of
dedicated Commercial Courts at the district level by several states for
facilitating speedy resolution of commercial disputes as well as
implementation of e-courts, e-payments, e-filings, e-summons etc. would
greatly increase the efficiency of enforcing contracts.

Significant improvements have been brought about in Paying Taxes as well

with reforms such as electronic payment of tax and easing of compliances with
corporate income taxes playing a major role in the latest improved rankings.
With the introduction of the transformational Goods and Services Tax (GST),
the rankings are expected to improve further with GST placing all taxpayers
and authorities on a single online platform.

Resolving insolvency has also seen many improvements with the simplification
of insolvency proceedings and fast tracking of processes after the
implementation of the landmark Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.
The issue of bad loans and Non- Performing Assets (NPAs) have also been
effectively addressed since IBC’s implementation.

The process of Dealing with Construction, currently ranked 181, also witnessed
positive developments wherein states have directed efforts to reduce time and
cost for obtaining permits and have also introduced the provision of deemed
approval. Inspections are being integrated and are risk-based to expedite the
approval process.

While India’s remarkable performance in the Doing Business Rankings is an

outcome of these rigorous infrastructural, legislative and administrative
reforms undertaken by the Central Government, it is important to note that
the states have also proactively undertaken measures to improve their
business climate.

Going beyond Delhi and Mumbai, the Indian Government under the Business
Reforms Action Plan (BRAP) has included all Indian states in the EoDB mission.
Currently, there are 7 states, namely Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Telangana that have achieved
100% success. As many as 18 states have achieved over 90% success in
addressing the procedures identified by the DIPP.

The efforts of both the central and state Governments in improving the
business climate in the country are indeed commendable and it can be
expected to gain further momentum going forward.

Make in India

Government of India launched the Make in India initiative on September 25,

2014, with the primary goal of making India a global manufacturing hub, by
encouraging both multinational as well as domestic companies to manufacture
their products within the country. Led by the Department of Industrial Policy
and Promotion, the initiative aims to raise the contribution of the
manufacturing sector to 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the year
2025 from its current 16%. Make in India has introduced multiple new
initiatives, promoting foreign direct investment, implementing intellectual
property rights and developing the manufacturing sector.

It targets 25 sectors of the economy which range from automobile to

Information Technology (IT) & Business Process Management (BPM), the
details of each can be viewed on the official site (www.makeinindia.com).

It also seeks to facilitate job creation, foster innovation, enhance skill

development and protect intellectual property. The logo of ‘Make in India’ – a
lion made of gear wheels – itself reflects the integral role of manufacturing in
government’s vision and national development. The initiative is built on four
pillars which are as follows:

1. New Processes: The government is introducing several reforms to create

possibilities for getting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and foster
business partnerships. Some initiatives have already been undertaken to
alleviate the business environment from outdated policies and
regulations. This reform is also aligned with parameters of World Bank's
'Ease of Doing Business' index to improve India's ranking on it.

2. New Infrastructure: Infrastructure is integral to the growth of any

industry. The government intends to develop industrial corridors and
build smart cities with state-of-the-art technology and high-speed
communication. Innovation and research activities are supported by a
fast-paced registration system and improved infrastructure for
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) registrations. Along with the
development of infrastructure, the training for the skilled workforce for
the sectors is also being addressed.

3. New Sectors: ‘Make in India’ has identified 25 sectors to promote with

the detailed information being shared through an interactive web-
portal. The Government has allowed 100% FDI in Railway and removed
restrictions in Construction. It has also recently increased the cap of FDI
to 100% in Defence and Pharmaceutical.
 4. New Mindset: Government in India has always been seen as a regulator
and not a facilitator. This initiative intends to change this by bringing a
paradigm shift in the way Government interacts with various industries.
It will focus on acting as a partner in the economic development of the
country alongside the corporate sector.

Since the launch of Make in India in September 2014, FDI inflows of USD 77
billion including a equity inflows of USD 56 billion has been received for the
period October 2014 to March 2016. This represents about a 44% increase in
FDI Equity inflows over the same corresponding period.

‘Zero defect zero effect’ is a key phrase which has come to be associated with
the Make in India campaign. In the words of Prime Minister Narendra Modi,
“Let’s think about making our product which has 'zero defect'… and 'zero
effect' so that the manufacturing does not have an adverse effect on our
environment".5 Thus, sustainable development in the country is being made
possible by imposing high-quality manufacturing standards while minimising
environmental and ecological impact.

Start-up India

Start-up India is a flagship initiative of the Government of India, intended to

build a strong ecosystem that is conducive for the growth of start-up
businesses, to drive sustainable economic growth and generate large scale
employment opportunities. The Government through this initiative aims to
empower start-ups to grow through innovation and design.

Several programs have been undertaken since the launch of the initiative on
16th of January, 2016 by Hon’ble Prime Minister, to contribute to his vision of
transforming India into a country of job creators instead of job seekers. These
programs have catalysed the start-up culture, with start-ups getting recognized
through the Start-up India initiative and many entrepreneurs availing the
benefits of starting their own business in India.
The 19-Point Start-up India Action Plan envisages several incubation centres,
easier patent filing, tax exemptions, ease of setting-up of business, a INR
10,000 Crore corpus fund, and a faster exit mechanism, among others.

India has been very active in creating a healthy start-up ecosystem, and the
growth in the number of start-ups is increasing year on year. In fact, it is
among the top five start-up communities in the world.

Seventy-two percent of the founders are less than 35 years old, which makes it
an unprecedented pool of younger people. Even with the young
entrepreneurs, India ranks in the top five nations solving social issues with
innovative solutions.

Hence, looking at the external environment of the start-ups there have been a
considerable number of pros than cons.

The huge growth of incubators and accelerators: India has the 3rd highest
number of starters and incubators in the world, after China and the US. The
number of start-ups and incubators grew by 40 percent in 2016-17. Of these,
30 academic incubators were established under the government’s ‘Start-up
India, Stand-up India’ initiative.

The emergence of Tier-II and Tier-III cities: While metro cities like Bengaluru,
Delhi NCR, Pune and Mumbai continue to lead the start-up juggernaut, Tier-II
cities too have not been far behind, thanks to availability of talent, State
government initiatives, local investor confidence and infrastructure support.
They are quickly becoming hubs of growth of key industries such as Logistics,
Agri tech, Fintech and SaaS, giving access to more number of entrepreneurs,
enabling micro-entrepreneurship in rural areas and leading to creation of more
value.
Technology as a boon: As the innovations make customers lives easier, the
advances in the technology (like artificial intelligence and machine learning,
blockchain, storage and Computing as a Service and robotics) itself is making it
easy for entrepreneurs to take a big leap in product development, leading to
accelerated development cycles and better business opportunities to chase.

Increasing government support: The Indian government has floated at least

50+ sector specific and sector agnostic schemes for start-ups, which include
Single Point Registration Scheme (SPRS), Bank Credit Facilitation Scheme,
scale-up support to establishing incubation centres, Pradhan Mantri Mudra
Yojana (PMMY) etc. They also recently amended the new General Financial
rules, where the government will give priority to products from Indian start-
ups in official procurement. Some of these initiatives are a great boost to the
start-ups, speeding up things for them.

Employee attrition: A worrisome problem is attrition. Earlier, larger

corporations were the ones fighting this problem, where good talent were
leaving the firms to chase their dreams of becoming an entrepreneur or
working for a dream start-up. But, now, the employability rating of the people
working in start-ups has been found to be best suited in certain areas of
management jobs in larger companies, which also can afford higher paying
salaries.

Bootstrapping for longer: Due to the drying up of funds because of unrealistic

valuations and many me-too companies from last year, start-ups were forced
to bootstrap for longer, which has pushed them to put their expansion plans
either on hold or deferred. The first 6 months of 2017 witnessed a lesser
number of deals in the Indian tech start-up ecosystem compared to previous
two years. But is expected to be back on track of high investment rates (both in
terms of number of deals and size of the deal), which will help the start-ups
come out of the impedances.

Impact of GST on start-ups and other tax liabilities: Many start-ups have
received tax notices due to the change in valuations during the period between
2014 and 2015. They want to treat funding received over and above the fair
market value of a start-up as its income and not capital. This has been forcing
start-ups to pay more tax. Also, it is affirmative that GST has increased the ease
of doing business and reduced the tax burden and logistics cost, but it has also
raised other issues like input tax credit, reverse charge mechanism and is
particularly harsh on certain sectors.

The Indian start-up ecosystem has been maturing with a lot of virtue, to be
more strong and valuable. Though entrepreneurs are passing through a phase
mixed with both benefits and impedances from the external environment, they
are producing unrivalled products and services for the market. This has been
observed by the funds who will be keen to funds more start-ups in 2018.
Continuing this way for another 3-4 years would definitely lead the Indian
start-up ecosystem to the apex of global innovations on all fronts.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)

Public-private partnerships offer several benefits:

 They provide better infrastructure solutions than an initiative that is

wholly public or wholly private. Each participant does what it does best.
 They result in faster project completions and reduced delays on
infrastructure projects by including time-to-completion as a measure of
performance and therefore of profit.
 A public-private partnership's return on investment or ROI, might
be greater than projects with traditional, all-private or all-government
fulfilment. Innovative design and financing approaches become available
when the two entities work together.

 Risks are fully appraised early on to determine project feasibility. In this

sense, the private partner can serve as a check against unrealistic
government promises or expectations.
 The operational and project execution risks are transferred from the
government to the private participant, which usually has more
experience in cost containment.
 Public-private partnerships may include early completion bonuses that
further increase efficiency. They can sometimes reduce change order
costs as well.
 By increasing the efficiency of the government's investment, it allows
government funds to be redirected to other important socioeconomic
areas.

 The greater efficiency of P3s reduces government budgets and budget

deficits.
 High-quality standards are better obtained and maintained throughout
the life cycle of the project.
 Public-private partnerships that reduce costs potentially can lead to
lower taxes.
Easy access to credit

Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) is a scheme for providing loans up to

10 lakh to the non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises. These loans
are classified as MUDRA loans under PMMY. These loans are given by
Commercial Banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks, Cooperative Banks, MFIs and
NBFCs. The borrower can approach any of the lending institutions mentioned
above or can apply online through this portal. Under the aegis of PMMY,
MUDRA has created three products namely 'Shishu', 'Kishore' and 'Tarun' to
signify the stage of growth / development and funding needs of the beneficiary
micro unit / entrepreneur and also provide a reference point for the next
phase of graduation / growth. This will further lead to employment growth and
ultimately the economic growth.

Infrastructure

Over the years, the speed of road construction had become the benchmark for
India’s infrastructure creation. Now, government has set in play a new
integrated infrastructure programme, which involves building of roads,
railways, waterways and airports.

The centre has also been trying to leverage roads, railways and waterways to
bring India’s logistics costs down to 8% to make the economy competitive.
Since long, India has been grappling with high logistics costs of 14% (as a
percentage of cost of the product), which make exports uncompetitive vis-à-vis
those of China, where logistics costs add up to just about 8-10%.

With several large conglomerates and infrastructure companies weighed down

by debt, the onus of creating infrastructure was on the centre.

Government did not lack ambition as was evident when the road construction
target of 45km per day was set for the current financial year, from 27km
achieved per day in 2017-18. The average rate of highway construction was
also raised from 14km per day, with the pace of land acquisition improving.

In the process, the government has revived the highway sector, which was
reeling under stress and lack of private investment. The road ministry took a
raft of measures, including terminating projects, de-risking them and
introducing the hybrid annuity model (HAM), wherein the government
provides 40% of the project cost to the developer to start work, while the
remaining investment has to be made by the developer.

Analysts are, in fact, enthused by the work done. “Ordering and construction
of National Highways has increased to all-time highs of 17,055 km and 9,829
km, respectively, in FY18," Bank of America Merrill Lynch wrote in a 20 April
report. “Funding is not an issue in the near-term; and the pace and process of
land acquisition has improved."

Given the need for resources to boost its ambitious infrastructure programme,
the government is also exploring an independent financial institution to cater
exclusively to the roads and highways sector. The roads ministry also
introduced an asset monetization model in India, referred to as the toll
operate transfer (ToT), which is now expected to provide a template for other
infrastructure sectors.

The government has also set ambitious plans, such as the Sagarmala (ports)
and Bharatmala (roads), to improve its transport infrastructure. While the total
investment for the Bharatmala project was pegged at Rs10 trillion—the largest
ever outlay for a government road construction scheme—the country has
envisaged Rs8 trillion of investment until 2035 under the Sagarmala
programme.

The civil aviation policymakers have also taken several steps to boost airport
capacity and improve regional connectivity to meet the rising demand for air
travel. It also planning to ease rules on cancelling air tickets.

This, at a time, when India’s civil aviation market is growing at 19% over the
last four years, and projected to be the third largest in the world by 2025, after
the US and China.

To put the required physical infrastructure in place, the Airports Authority of

India has set a capital spending target of over Rs20,000 crore till FY22.

Over 70 un-served or under-served regional airports are being developed

under the regional connectivity scheme with various concessions to airlines.
This, along with a project to step up capacity under the NextGen Airports for
Bharat (NABH) Nirman, is expected to help increase the number of air
passengers from 265 million in 2017 to about one billion in 10-15 years.
Skill Development

Skills and knowledge are the driving forces of economic growth and social
development for any country. India is blessed with 65% percent of its youth in
the working age group. As per the National Policy for Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship 2015, it is estimated that the average age of the population
in India by 2020 will be 29 years as against 40 years in USA, 46 years in Europe
and 47 years in Japan. In next 20 years, the labour force in the industrialized
world is expected to decline by 4%, while in India it will increase by 32% which
creates a need and opportunity to provide its workforce with required skill sets
and knowledge to enable them to contribute substantially to the economic
growth of India.

The skill ecosystem in India is undergoing major reforms and policy

interventions as India embarks on its journey to become a Knowledge
Economy. The skill gap study by the National Skill Development Corporation
(NSDC) for the period of 2010-2014 reports that over 109.73 million additional
skilled manpower will be required by 2022 across different sectors.

In the last two years, the government has taken a host of initiatives to
channelize the efforts and provide impetus to the Skill Development
ecosystem. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion

To steer and coordinate the current skilling initiatives with quality deliverables,
the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) was created in
November 2014 to drive the ‘Skill India’ agenda in mission mode.

Key interventions taken up by the government during the last two years have
resulted in the number of trained Indians growing by 36.8% from 0.76 crores in
FY 2014-15 to 1.04 crores in FY 2015-16. These trainings were done through
Central Government Programs and NSDC associated training partners in the
private sector.

Creation of NITI Aayog

The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was
formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on January 1, 2015. NITI Aayog is
the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both
directional and policy inputs. While designing strategic and long term policies
and programmes for the Government of India, NITI Aayog also provides
relevant technical advice to the Centre and States.

The Government of India, in keeping with its reform agenda, constituted the
NITI Aayog to replace the Planning Commission instituted in 1950. This was
done in order to better serve the needs and aspirations of the people of India.
An important evolutionary change from the past, NITI Aayog acts as the
quintessential platform of the Government of India to bring States to act
together in national interest, and thereby fosters Cooperative Federalism.

At the core of NITI Aayog’s creation are two hubs – Team India Hub and the
Knowledge and Innovation Hub. The Team India Hub leads the engagement of
states with the Central government, while the Knowledge and Innovation Hub
builds NITI’s think-tank capabilities. These hubs reflect the two key tasks of the
Aayog.

NITI Aayog is also developing itself as a State-of-the-Art Resource Centre, with

the necessary resources, knowledge and skills, that will enable it to act with
speed, promote research and innovation, provide strategic policy vision for the
government, and deal with contingent issues.

Jan-Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) Trinity

The JAM trinity stands for Jan-Dhan Yojana, Aadhaar, Mobile number trio as
the identification modes to transfer various benefits to the lower sections of
the society. The JAM trinity helps the government to avoid leakages and
intermediaries in supplies as the Aadhaar helps to directly identify
biometrically the under privileged citizen coupled with the Jan Dhan bank
accounts and mobile numbers carries the funds to its deserved beneficiary. To
facilitate the JAM various measures have been adopted like opening of bank
accounts around 196 million along with the issuing of 167 million Rupay cards.
By the end of the year 2015 nearly a billion citizens possess the Aadhaar card.
Thus the Aadhaar card literally becomes the mettle for the Direct Benefit
Transfer system. The JAM trinity however would increase the prices for goods
for the average consumer as the prices would not be subsidised. Despite this
increase in prices, it would eventually lower the burden on the tax payer as
leakages would be plugged for the government. This would in turn reduce the
fiscal deficit for our country and thereby improve India’s credit rating.

Promotion of renewable energy

The Government has revised its target of renewable energy capacity to 175
GW by end of 2022, making it the largest expansion in the world and providing
plenty of opportunities for investors. The target capacity is as shown below:

The UN Environment Program’s (UNEP) ‘Global Trends in Renewable Energy

Investment 2016’ report ranks India among the top ten countries in the world
investing in renewable energy. The Government is also committed to Clean
Energy and is driving efforts to achieve 40% power installed capacity from non-
fossil-fuel-based energy resources and reducing emissions by 33- 35% of its
GDP by 2030.

The New & Renewable Energy sector has witnessed the highest ever-solar
power and wind power capacity addition over the last two years since April
2014.

Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion Key achievements in the sector

during the last 2 years are:
  The world's largest 648-MW solar power plant was commissioned in
Tamil Nadu on September 21, 2016.
 A 157% increase in solar power capacity addition (4132 MW) during the
last two years (FY2014-15 & FY 2015-16).
 Highest ever wind power capacity addition of 3300 MW in 2015-16.
 34 solar parks of aggregate capacity of 20,000 MW have been
sanctioned for 21 states. INR 356.63 crores has been released to Solar
Energy Corporation of India for the projects.
 31,472 solar water pumps were installed in 2015-16; this is higher than
total number of pumps installed during the last 24 years since 1991.
 501 MW grid connected solar rooftop projects have been installed in the
country.

Challenges which the government facing are:

NPA’s in Public Sector Banks (PSB’s)

Non-Performing Assets has become a very serious issue in recent years.
Explained below:

 More than Rs. 7 lakh crore worth loans are classified as Non-Performing
Loans in India. This is a huge amount.
 The figure roughly translates to near 10% of all loans given.
 This means that about 10% of loans are never paid back, resulting in
substantial loss of money to the banks.
 When restructured and unrecognised assets are added the total stress
would be 15-20% of total loans.
 NPA crisis in India is set to worsen.
 Restructuring norms are being misused.
 This bad performance is not a good sign and can result in crashing of
banks as happened in the sub-prime crisis of 2008 in the United States of
America.
 Also, the NPA problem in India is worst when comparing other emerging
economies in BRICS.
Reasons:

 Diversification of funds to unrelated business/fraud.

 Lapses due to diligence.
 Busines losses due to changes in business/regulatory environment.
 Lack of morale, particularly after government schemes which had
written off loans.
 Global, regional or national financial crisis which results in erosion of
margins and profits of companies, therefore, stressing their balance
sheet which finally results into non-servicing of interest and loan
payments. (For example, the 2008 global financial crisis).
 The general slowdown of entire economy for example after 2011 there
was a slowdown in the Indian economy which resulted in the faster
growth of NPAs.
 The slowdown in a specific industrial segment, therefore, companies in
that area bear the heat and some may become NPAs.
 Unplanned expansion of corporate houses during the boom period and
loan taken at low rates later being serviced at high rates, therefore,
resulting in NPAs.
 Due to mal-administration by the corporates, for example, wilful
defaulters.
  Due to mis governance and policy paralysis which hampers the timeline
and speed of projects, therefore, loans become NPAs. For example the
Infrastructure Sector.
 Severe competition in any particular market segment. For example the
Telecom sector in India.
 Delay in land acquisition due to social, political, cultural and
environmental reasons.
 A bad lending practice which is a non-transparent way of giving loans.
 Due to natural reasons such as floods, droughts, disease outbreak,
earthquakes, tsunami etc.
 Cheap import due to dumping leads to business loss of domestic
companies. For example the Steel sector in India.

Impact:

 Lenders suffer a lowering of profit margins.

 Stress in banking sector causes less money available to fund other
projects, therefore, negative impact on the larger national economy.
 Higher interest rates by the banks to maintain the profit margin.
 Redirecting funds from the good projects to the bad ones.
 As investments got stuck, it may result in it may result in unemployment.
 In the case of public sector banks, the bad health of banks means a bad
return for a shareholder which means that the government of India gets
less money as a dividend. Therefore it may impact easy deployment of
money for social and infrastructure development and results in social
and political cost.
 Investors do not get rightful returns.
 Balance sheet syndrome of Indian characteristics that is both the banks
and the corporate sector have stressed balance sheet and causes halting
of the investment-led development process.
 NPAs related cases add more pressure to already pending cases with the
judiciary.

A few years back government made Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Act
2016 which became a big step in resolving NPA issues.

Resources, Environment & Climate change

The 1991 reforms agenda did not include concerns about natural resources
and environment. The situation has changed substantially since, and it is
increasingly being realised that the core developmental activity is contingent
upon the resources and the ecosystem services provided by nature. Yet, often,
conservation and environmental priorities are still viewed as “anti-
development”. However, the expansion of knowledge and scientific
understanding at the interface of nature, economy, and society since the 1980s
and ‘90s started changing this perception in the developed world. The
extensive development of science in this domain also led to the understanding
of the bidirectional causality between ecosystem and the economy. Following
the Club of Rome’s prediction of “apocalypse” in their The Limits to Growth
thesis, the human response to the “approaching doomsday” has been
characterised by extensive research, gradual knowledge accrual through global
assessments, and conventions. The Earth Summit of 1992 adopted the
Brundtland Commission Report’s definition of “sustainable development”, and
opened the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) for signature. The
millennium development goals (MDGs), eventually succeeded by the
sustainable development goals (SDGs) inherently acknowledged the important
role of ecosystem and urged humanity to take “take urgent action to combat
climate change and its impacts”. It has become even more imperative to take
urgent actions after the COP at Paris in 2015. As far as setting the Agenda 2.0 is
concerned, therefore, environment and natural resources are important, as
well as the actions on global climate change.
India is one of the most vulnerable country to climate change. Briefly
summarising the existing literature on the causes and the characteristics of
expected climate changes in India over the coming years, this paper discusses
the ways in which these changes might affect the lives of the poor. Rising
temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and an increased frequency of
floods and droughts are likely to have serious effects on rural populations in
the absence of policies that actively help these households adjust to their
changing geography. Survey data from villages affected by the Kosi flood of
2008 is used to speculate on how households and governments are likely to
respond to unexpected weather events. The flood in Bihar rendered much of
the land in the area uncultivable and resulted in large-scale unemployment.
The state, while effective in providing immediate relief to flood victims, has
done little to help the rural population adapt to their changed geography.

Disasters
India has suffered economic losses of $79.5 billion due to natural disasters
during the last two decades, according to the United Nations (UN).
Major natural disasters can and do have severe negative short-run economic
impacts. Disasters also appear to have adverse longer-term consequences for
economic growth, development and poverty reduction. But, negative impacts
are not inevitable. Vulnerability is shifting quickly, especially in countries
experiencing economic transformation - rapid growth, urbanization and
related technical and social changes.

In the Caribbean and Bangladesh there is evidence of both declining sensitivity

to tropical storms and floods and increased resilience resulting from both
economic transformation and public actions for disaster reduction. The largest
concentration of high risk countries, increasingly vulnerable to climatic
hazards, is in Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks emanating from geophysical hazards
need to be better recognized in highly exposed urban areas across the world
because their potential costs are rising exponentially with economic
development.

Natural disasters cause significant budgetary pressures, with both narrowly

fiscal short-term impacts and wider long-term development implications.
Reallocation is the primary fiscal response to disaster. Disasters have little
impact on trends in total aid flows.

Parallel Economy

Black money is the income illegally obtained or not declared for tax purposes,
Black money is a socioeconomic evil. The existence of rapidly growing black
money in our economy has grave and disastrous consequences. The major
effects of black money are discussed below:

1. Dual Economy- The increase in the amount of black money in India over a
period of time lead to the perpetual growth of economic dualism which
consists of Parallel economy (black money economy) operating side by side
with the Official or Reported economy on the country.

The black economy represents not less than one fifth of the aggregate
economic transactions. There is also interaction between the reported and
unreported activities such that it is difficult to identify black money from the
white money economy. Such a Parallel Economy will ruin the entire economic
development of the country.
2. Under-estimation- A large underground economy and growth of black
income lead to under-estimation of the true size and incorrect picture of the
economy by the officially complied national income data.

Since unreported economy is apparently excluded from the official records of

the Gross National Product, the estimates of savings and consumption of
nations to the national income and measurement of other macroeconomic
variables would be biased and misleading for accurate policy making and
planning considerations.

3. Loss of Revenue to the Government- Black money is largely attributed to

tax evasion. Its direct impact is the loss of the Government revenue. Since the
Government fails to get sufficient tax revenue due to large-scale tax evasion, it
is forced to resort to high taxation and deficit financing which again carry their
ill-economic effects.

4. Undermining the Equity- When the Government resorts to progressive

direct taxation to maintain equity in the distribution of the tax burden, the tax
evasion and growth of black money affect the very concept of social justice by
not allowing the desirable reduction in inequalities of incomes. Again, when
underground activities like smuggling etc. could not be taxed, the Government
will impose higher taxes on officially sanctioned activities.

Further, the tax evasion will also equally enjoy the public services without
paying the due contribution; to that extent also social enquiry is undermined.
The honest have to bear high tax burden to make up for the deficit in revenue
caused by the tax evasion of black money makers.

5. Widening the Gap between the Rich and the Poor- Growth of the black
economy causes regressive distribution of income in the society. When the
black money grows faster, rich becomes richer and the poor become poorer.
By way of concentration of income and wealth in few hands, the black money
widens the gap between the rich and the poor.

6. Lavish Consumption Spending- Black money is disposed off by lavish

spending on travels and tours, entertainment, ostentatious articles, financing
of extravagant elections etc. This has also lead to many social evils and
deteriorated the values of life of the common people.

7. Distortion of Production Pattern- The black money has altered the choice
coefficients in the market in favour of luxuries, which lead to the diversification
of productive resources from essential goods to the non-essential goods.
8. Distribution of Scarce Resources- Black money holders are always in a
position to put their prior claim over the scarce goods in the market due to
their readiness and ability to pay more, thereby depriving the honest and poor
people from their legitimate share. This obviously reduces the net economic
welfare of the Indian society at large.

9. Deteriorate the General Moral Standards of the Society- Black money is

largely responsible for the deterioration of general moral standards of the
society. Black income generation implies a deviation from the accepted norms
in society and from the point of view of the society is unethical.

Socially, we can say that the structure and ethos of a society undergoes a
massive change. Social values of honesty, hard work, thrift and simplicity get
eroded. Even the political institutions and organizations lose their credibility as
they also gradually become a part of the entire system of black income
generation.

10. Average Effect on Production- As a consequence, the consumption pattern

is titled in favour of the rich and elite, at the cost of encouraging production of
articles of mass consumption. A rise in overall consumption leaves fewer
resources for investment in priority areas, having an adverse effect on
production.

Fiscal Deficit
Fiscal deficit is the difference between the government’s expenditures and its
revenues (excluding the money it’s borrowed). A country’s fiscal deficit is
usually communicated as a percentage of its gross domestic product (GDP).

Considering that the Indian economy is growing between 7 to 7.5 percent in

recent years, fiscal deficit is definitely a challenge to the economy. According
to the World Bank, growth in India is projected to rise to 7.3 percent and 7.5
percent in FY2019 and FY2020, respectively.

Causes of fiscal deficit:

Government spending, inflation and lower revenue are among some of the
main factors that point to fiscal deficit. The cynical nature of fiscal deficit does
not only jeopardize the growth of the country but also the government’s
economic management abilities.

In an ideal financial system, which has a balanced fiscal deficit, the cost of
expenditure is low while production and growth is advancing. But when there
is an increase in fiscal deficit it means that the government is spending too
much while it is earning less. Hence, it is important that the government keeps
its expenses under control.

One way the government earns money, is through taxes. For example, if the
government lowered taxes or provided tax concessions to a particular group of
people, then it would earn less, leading to an increase in fiscal deficit. And
that’s one of the reasons why you will find the government giving a face-lift to
the tax structures. In the same context, cutting of custom duty and excise duty
will lead to declining revenues.

Like India, many developing countries are making an effort to resolve big fiscal
deficits. On the bright side, for India, among other sources of revenue, foreign
investments and inflow of remittance s from Indians living overseas has helped
avoid very high deficits.

Fiscal deficit does not come about only in case of creating less revenue and
spending more money. Another major reason for a growing fiscal deficit can be
slow economic growth or sluggish economic activities.

Tax-GDP Ratio

India needs to increase its tax-GDP ratio, and spend more on health and
education, the Economic Survey 2018.

The country’s tax to GDP ratio is around 16 per cent and is well below the
emerging market economy (EME) and OECD averages of about 21 per cent and
34 per cent, respectively.

“India’s overall tax to GDP is about 5.4 percentage points, less than that of
comparable countries. India spends on an average about 3.4 percentage points
less vis-a-vis comparable countries on health and education,” as per the report
tabled by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in Parliament today.

Pointing out that in India, roughly 5.5 per cent of earning individuals are in the
tax net, Jaitley said the pre-Budget statistic gives an idea of the gap that the
country needs to cover to become a full tax-paying democracy.

Taxes and expenditures should be viewed not just from a fiscal but also from
an institutional perspective, it added.

For that reason, the survey noted that the implementation of the Goods and
Services Tax (GST), while highly desirable and necessary, will have limited
impact in furthering the broader objective of citizen participation, state
building and democratic accountability.

Higher Interest Rates

The Central Bank usually increase interest rates when inflation is predicted to
rise above their inflation target. Higher interest rates tend to moderate
economic growth. They increase the cost of borrowing, reduce disposable
income and therefore limit the growth in consumer spending. Higher interest
rates tend to reduce the rate of economic growth and inflationary pressures.
Higher interest rates have various economic effects:

1. Increases the cost of borrowing- With higher interest rates, interest

payments on credit cards and loans are more expensive. Therefore this
discourages people from borrowing and spending. People who already
have loans will have less disposable income because they spend more on
interest payments. Therefore other areas of consumption will fall.

2. Increase in mortgage interest payments- Related to the first point is the

fact that interest payments on variable mortgages will increase. This will
have a significant impact on consumer spending.

3. Increased incentive to save rather than spend- Higher interest rates

make it more attractive to save in a deposit account because of the
interest gained.

4. Higher interest rates increase the value of a currency- due to hot

money flows, Investors are more likely to save in British banks if UK rates
are higher than other countries. A stronger Pound makes UK exports less
competitive – reducing exports and increasing imports. This has the
effect of reducing aggregate demand in the economy.

5. Rising interest rates affect both consumers and firms- Therefore the
economy is likely to experience falls in consumption and investment.

6. Government debt interest payments increase- Higher interest rates

increase the cost of government interest payments. This could lead to
higher taxes in the future.

7. Reduced confidence- Interest rates affect consumer and business

confidence. A rise in interest rates discourages investment; it makes
 firms and consumers less willing to take out risky investments and
purchases.

Corruption
Almost all Developing nations have the problem of corruption and the main
reason behind this, is the feeling of insecurity among individuals as developing
nations does not able to provide all its citizen with social security and all basic
facilities like standard primary education, health facilities etc. People does not
have faith in government policies for their secured future so that want to earn
as much as possible through any means which include corruption to ensure a
better future for themselves as well as their children. Power goes into the
hand of wrong people with criminal backgrounds, with no education and moral
values specially in developing nations like India because voters are easily
manipulated in the name of religion, caste and regionalism further
Deteriorating the situation.
Unequal distribution of wealth is a result of corruption which if not controlled,
results into the downfall of the nation.

Effects of corruption on Economy:

1. Decrease in foreign investment: There are many incident where in

foreign investments which were willing to come to India have gone back
owing to heavy corruption in the government bodies.

2. Delay in growth: Due to desire to mint money and other unlawful

benefits, the official who need to pass the clearances for projects or
industries delay the process. A work which can be done in a few days
gets done in several months time. This leads to delay in investments,
starting of industries and also growth. Even if started, company growth
hinders as every work linked to officials get delayed due to need to
provide bribes or other benefits
 3. Lack of development: Many new industries wiling to get started in
particular region change their plans if the region is unsuitable. If there
are no proper roads, water and electricity, the companies do not wish to
start up there. This hinders the economic progress of that region.

4. Differences in trade ratio’s: Some countries have inefficient standard

control institutes. Or in other word these standard control institutes are
corrupt that they can approve low quality products for sale in their
country. Hence you can see countries manufacturing cheap products
dump them in big markets. These countries can manufacture cheap
quality products but cannot dump in countries with strict standard
control institutes. They can do so only in countries with chances of
corrupt officials in standard control. One best example is China products
which can’t be just dumped into Europe and US markets. But can be
done in Indian and African markets. So there arises trade deficit that
these countries cannot manufacture their own products at cheaper price
than those exporting to them. So if corruption is minimized than these
countries will have less trade deficits in-terms of exports and imports
with other countries and their economies can prosper.

Land Acquisition

In land acquisition in India the major problem is insufficient compensation paid

by govt. As per land acquisition act 2013 govt. Pay market price multiplied by
factor then 100% solatium(extra). But still it is not equal to actual market price
of that land. Because govt. Determine market price as per old sale deeds or
stamp value which is very less for example If somewhere market price of land
is 6 lakh rupees but when sale transaction happens people shows it for registry
that sale price is 1 lakh for reducing registry charges so govt is taking that 1
lakh rupees as market price. And factor most of case remains 1 so after getting
100% solatium farmers are able to get only 2 lakh rupees in place of 6 lakh.

The other problem is if you are living in your house and suddenly someone
comes and says I want 1 floor of you are house or whole house in 1 lakh rupees
While the market value of your house is 6 lakh rupees Then will u be ready to
accept that offer even u know that this is the house that your father purchased
for you by their lifetime savings.

So main problem is inadequate compensation plus emotional attachment with

their livelihood.

Issues in Land Acquisition:

1. Not just an asset: In Indian villages, land is not just an asset or a factor of
production. It is in most cases, a source of livelihood. Acquiring land
without arrangement of alternate livelihood often means a family does
not have any source of income after the initial compensation money is
over.

2. Below market price acquisition: Government land acquisition is usually

done in prices below market standard. And even if market price is paid,
it increases many times after the agricultural land is converted in
industrial or other purposes. This can leave the former land holder
aggrieved to have received a much lower price.

3. Agriculturally Fertile Lands: Most fertile lands have historically given

birth to prosperous settlements which are well connected and have
much better infrastructure. Incidentally, this is also the land that
industry usually wants. Acquiring these agriculturally productive lands
and converting them into non-agricultural uses have produced much
resistance.

4. Tribal Rehabilitation: In India, mining resources are generally found in

forested lands home to tribal population. For them, land and associated
forests represents a way of life encompassing all aspects of existence.
Even with perfect rehabilitation, tribal communities might end up feeling
socially and culturally alienated.
 5. Environmental Concerns: General purposes, for which land is acquired,
often end up being more environmentally harmful than its previous use.
This has raised concerns from environmentalists against land acquisition
on the grounds of ecological destabilization.

Logistics Sector

The backbone of the Indian economy is Logistics Sector, providing efficient and
effective flow of goods services on which another sector depends. The
logistics industry in India is growing rapidly, it is the combination of
infrastructure and technology updating, which defines whether the logistic
industry is able to help its customers reduce their cost and risk in logistics
sector and provide efficient services.

The logistics industry continues to witness growth due to the growth in retail,
e-Commerce and manufacturing sectors. The Global Logistics sector was
expected to grow 10-15% in the period 2019-20. The Logistics industry will be
expected to reach over $4 Bn by 2022.

Challenges Faced By Logistic Industry in India:

 The challenges faced by the industry today are the lack of integration in
transport networks, information technology, and warehousing &
distribution facilities.
 Rules and Regulations differ at different stages, are imposed by regional,
national and local authorities.
 Trained manpower is necessary for both Third party logistics sector as
well as the manufacturing and retailing sectors, which is very weak at a
practical level, i.e., IT, driving and warehouse as well as at a higher
strategic level.
 Logistics sector requires high manpower and lack of training institutions
cause effective outputs
 Poor management and facilities are the reason for heavy loss, damage
and deterioration of stock, mainly in the perishables sector. Proper
refrigerated storage and containers and maintenance is must
Poverty & Unemployment

Unemployment and poverty are the two major challenges that are facing the
world economy at present. Unemployment leads to financial crisis and reduces
the overall purchasing capacity of a nation. This in turn results in poverty
followed by increasing burden of debt. Now, poverty can be described in
several ways. As per the World Bank definition, poverty implies a financial
condition where people are unable to maintain the minimum standard of
living.

Poverty can be of different types like absolute poverty and relative poverty.
There may be many other classifications like urban poverty, rural poverty,
primary poverty, secondary poverty and many more. Whatever be the type of
poverty, the basic reason has always been lack of adequate income. Here
comes the role of unemployment behind poverty. Lack of employment
opportunities and the consequential income disparity bring about mass
poverty in most of the developing and under developed economies of the
world.

Lack of effective aggregate demand of labour is one of the principal reasons for
unemployment. In the less developed economies, a substantial portion of the
total workforce works as surplus labour. This problem is particularly prevalent
in the agricultural sector. Due to excess labour, the marginal productivity of
the workforce may be zero or even negative. This excess pool of labour is the
first to become unemployed during the period of economic or social crisis.

When a capitalist economy undergoes some dynamic changes in its

organizational structure, it results in structural unemployment. This type of
unemployment may also emerge if the lack of aggregate demand continues for
a substantially long period of time. In case of frictional unemployment,
workers are temporarily unemployed. There may be cases of hidden
unemployment where workers restrain themselves from working due to
absence of appropriate facilities.

It is true that unemployment and poverty are mostly common in the less
developed economies. However, due to the global economic recessions, the
developed economies are also facing these challenges in the recent times. The
US subprime crisis and its wide spread impacts have played a major role in
worsening the situation.
In India, the problems of unemployment and poverty have always been major
obstacles to economic development. Underemployment and unemployment
have crippled the Indian economy from time to time. Even during the period of
good harvest, the Indian farmers are not employed for the entire year.
Excessive population is another major problem as far as Indian economy is
concerned. Regional disparity is also crucial in this context. A part of the urban
workforce in India is subjected to sub-employment. Mass migration from rural
to urban regions is adding to the problems of unemployment and poverty in
India.

Low HDI (Human Resource Development)

Human development is very important in terms of living conditions in different
countries. The statement “any society committed to improving the lives of its
people must also be committed to full and equal rights for all” is true. The UN
considers three factors to calculate human development in a country. These
factors cover many aspects of a country, including social development in a
country. Income, education, and healthy living are considered to be the most
important factors in human development, which help to rid populations of
poverty, and support human rights.
People in poverty are usually denied rights, which include civil, political,
economic, social, and cultural rights. Human rights are directly related to
human development. Discrimination against the poor is generally ignoring or
denying their freedom of expression. Labour or communication rights, for
example, may not be agreeable for the poor, which could mean unacceptable
terms. Thus, the poor will become poorer, while the rich can thrive off of their
cheap labour. This creates a larger gap in income distribution in a country. The
larger the gap, the more unequal a country is. Without basic labour rights or
freedoms, they may not be able to access social or economic rights. In addition
to rights, a higher income generally means higher standards of living. This
includes clean water and food, adequate shelter, good communications, and a
method for transportation. A less developed country lacks these, while a
higher developed country, with a higher human development index, essentially
contains all of these. Second, education is another important factor in
determining human development. Education determines the future of a
country. Without good education, children cannot make the country progress
and advance when they grow up. This would be the reversal of human
development.
India at 130 out of 189 countries in the latest human development rankings
2018 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). India’s HDI
value for 2017 is 0.640, which put the country in the medium human
development category. Between 1990 and 2017, India’s HDI value increased
from 0.427 to 0.640, an increase of nearly 50 percent – and an indicator of the
country’s remarkable achievement in lifting millions of people out of poverty.

Movements in the HDI are driven by changes in health, education and income.
Health has improved considerably as shown by life expectancy at birth, which
has increased by almost seven years globally, with Sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia showing the greatest progress, each experiencing increases of
about 11 years since 1990. And, today’s school-age children can expect to be in
school for 3.4 years longer than those in 1990.

Between 1990 and 2017, India’s life expectancy at birth too increased by
nearly 11 years, with even more significant gains in expected years of
schooling. Today’s Indian school-age children can expect to stay in school for
4.7 years longer than in 1990. Whereas, India’s GNI per capita increased by a
staggering 266.6 percent between 1990 and 2017.

Economic Inequalities

Economic inequalities are most obviously shown by people’s different

positions within the economic distribution - income, pay, wealth. However,
people’s economic positions are also related to other characteristics, such as
whether or not they have a disability, their ethnic background, or whether they
are a man or a woman. While the Equality Trust recognises the importance of
these measures, the focus of our work is specifically the gap between the well-
off and the less well-off in the overall economic distribution. This is reflected in
the choice of terms and statistics in this section.

There are three main types of economic inequality:

 1. Income Inequality- Income inequality is the extent to which income is
distributed unevenly in a group of people. Income is not just the money
received through pay, but all the money received from employment
(wages, salaries, bonuses etc.), investments, such as interest on savings
accounts and dividends from shares of stock, savings, state benefits,
pensions (state, personal, company) and rent.

Measurement of income can be on an individual or household basis – the

incomes of all the people sharing a particular household. Household income
before tax that includes money received from the social security system is
known as gross income. Household income including all taxes and benefits is
known as net income.

2. Pay Inequality- A person’s pay is different to their income. Pay refers to

payment from employment only. This can be on an hourly, monthly or
annual basis, is typically paid weekly or monthly and may also include
bonuses. Pay inequality therefore describes the difference between
people’s pay and this may be within one company or across all pay
received in the UK.

3. Wealth Inequality- Wealth refers to the total amount of assets of an

individual or household. This may include financial assets, such as bonds
and stocks, property and private pension rights. Wealth inequality
therefore refers to the unequal distribution of assets in a group of
people.

According to a recent report by OXFAM- India's top 1% of the population now

holds 73% of the wealth while 67 crore citizens, comprising the country's
poorest half, saw their wealth rise by just 1%.
 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Research Design:
‘Exploratory’ and ‘Descriptive’ both research designs used in this report.

Study Area:
The study is limited to research and analysis of Indian economy. Necessary
data of different foreign institutions (IMF,World Bank,UNO), news updates
from newspapers, magazines and regular published editorials from various
writers analysed.

Data Collection:
Secondary data collection is used. Data taken from Journals, Articles,
Newspapers, Magazines, Websites, Official sources of government and
international institutions etc.

Analytical Tools:
Authentic sources or websites used to confirm data of various financial
institutions & of government of India. Latest facts and data are included as per
availability.
DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
Data and graphs of international Institutions and researchers, credit rating
agencies etc. Various topics and critical analysis of each one separately as per
scholar’s views.
Many International institutions praised recent reforms in Indian economy and
released some reports, facts and figures and also gave some suggestions for
further reforms for better growth prospects in future:

World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution provides loans to

countries of the world for capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the
International Bank for reconstruction & development (IBRD), and the
International development association (IDA). The World Bank's most recent
stated goal is the reduction of poverty. India is the largest recipient of loans
from world bank.

India is in a period of unprecedented opportunity, challenge and ambition in its

development. Already the world’s third largest economy in purchasing parity
terms, India aspires to better the lives of all its citizens and become a high-
middle income country by 2030, well before the centenary of its
independence.

Long-term GDP growth has become more stable, diversified, and resilient. Over
the next few years, India is expected to grow at well over 7 percent per year,
with progress being buttressed by dynamic reforms in the macroeconomic,
fiscal, tax and business environments.

In recent years, the country has made a significant dent in poverty levels, with
extreme poverty dropping from 46 percent to an estimated 13.4 percent over
the two decades before 2015. While India is still home to 176 million poor
people, it is seeking to achieve better growth, as well as to promote inclusion
and sustainability by reshaping policy approaches to human development,
social protection, financial inclusion, rural transformation, and infrastructure
development.

Global Economic Prospects Report 2019 by World Bank- India’s GDP is

expected to grow at 7.3% in 2018-19 and 7.5% in following two years. The
growth rates are attributed to an upswing in consumption and investment.
India would continue to be the fastest growing economy in the world.
 India’s Current GDP Growth (US $)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization
headquartered in USA working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure
financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and
sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

According to ‘World Economic Outlook’ report of IMF- India’s ability to achieve

rapid, sustainable development will have profound implications for the
world. India’s success will be central to the world’s collective ambition of
ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, as well as for
achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Indeed, the world
will be only able to eliminate poverty if India succeeds in lifting its citizens
above the poverty line.

For international trade and the health of the global economy too, India’s
growth will be an ever more important. In addition, the carbon footprint India
leaves as it propels its high growth will have a significant influence on the
planet’s ability to keep global warming within the 2-degree threshold.

On crucial issues ranging from managing scarce water resources, to

modernizing food systems, to improving rural livelihoods, to ensuring that
megacities become engines of sustainable economic growth and inclusion,
India’s development trajectory will have a major influence on the rest of the
world.

At the same time, India’s growing economic and political stature and the
relevance of its experience, know-how and investments for the development
efforts of other nations well-position the country to play a greater leadership
role in the global arena.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasted a growth rate of 7.3 per
cent for India in the current year of 2018 and that of 7.4 per cent in 2019.
Important reforms have been implemented in recent years, including the
Goods and Services Tax, the inflation-targeting framework, the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, and steps to liberalise foreign investment and make it easier
to do business. Renewed impetus to reform labour and land markets, along
with further improvements to the business climate.
World Economic Forum (WEF)
The World Economic Forum headquartered in Switzerland is an independent
and impartial International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. Its
objective is to improve the state of the world. It does not promote any
political, commercial or personal interests, nor does it use the names of its
participants for promotional purposes.
India will continue to be the fastest growing major economy in the world, with
7.5% GDP growth predicted in the next two years. It is already one of the most
sought-after foreign-investment destinations and is expected to become the
third largest consumer economy by 2025. A young demographic base, growing
income levels, expanding (globalized) middle-class and stable democracy has
propelled India into the league of major global economic powers.

According to ‘Global Competitiveness Report 2018’ by WEF- India is the most

competitive country in south asia. It has improved across most pillars of
competitiveness, particularly infrastructure, higher education and training and
technological readiness reflecting recent public investments in these areas. The
report has lauded India’s efforts in Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) sector as it can boost internet economy.
RBI
The central bank in its latest Annual report predicted a strong growth
trajectory of the country's economy. Infrastructure holds the key to unleashing
the impulses of faster growth. In the road sector, the key targets are awarding
works for around 20,000 km length of national highways; and developing ring
roads around 28 major cities under the Bharatmala project. A large-scale
adoption of digital modes of payments was done in 2017-18. A huge young
population of average age 29 years which is still decreasing is a big factor for
better economic prospects in future on the other side countries like China are
struggling with their ageing population.

Many international credit rating agencies also praised efforts of indian

government for betterment of india’s economy.
Moody’s
Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") has ‘Upgraded’ the Government of
India's local and foreign currency issuer ratings to Baa2 from Baa3 and changed
the outlook on the rating to stable from positive in 2017. India’s rating has
been upgraded after a period of 13 years. India’s sovereign credit rating was
last upgraded in January 2004 to Baa3 (from Ba1).
Recognised major economic and institutional reforms undertaken by
Government of India. These reforms include introduction of path breaking
Goods and Services Tax (GST); putting in place a sound monetary policy
framework; measures taken to address recapitalisation of public sector banks
and a number of measures taken to bring formalisation and digitalisation (The
JAM agenda) in the economy - demonetization, the Aadhaar system of
biometric accounts and targeted delivery of benefits through the Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) system.
Moody’s have also rightly recognized the Government’s commitment to macro
stability which has led to low inflation, declining deficit and prudent external
balance and Government’s fiscal consolidation programme which has resulted
in a reduction of fiscal deficits from 4.5% of GDP in 2013-14 to 3.5% in 2016-17
and its consequential sobering impact on general government debt.
Government intends to stay the course on fiscal consolidation in the medium
term.
 RESULTS
&
DISCUSSIONS
Post-independence reform initiatives have done a great job for Indian
economy but still there are many areas which have to be addressed seriously.
On one hand, India is receiving accolades for a sustained growth rate and on
the other, it is still a low-income developing economy. Even today, nearly 25
percent of India’s population lives below the poverty line. Also, there are many
human and natural resources which are under-utilized.

The Economic Issues in India:

Being a poor country and one of the fastest growing economies in the world,
there are some unique economic issues in India as explained below:

1. Low per capita income- Usually, developing economies have a low per-
capita income. The per capita income in India in 2017-18 was
Rs.1,12,835/-. In the same year, the per-capita Gross National Income
(GNI) of USA was 35 times that of India and that of China was 5 times
higher than India.
Further, apart from the low per-capita income, India also has a problem
of unequal distribution of income. This makes the problem of poverty a
critical one and a big obstacle in the economic progress of the country.
Therefore, low per-capita income is one of the primary economic issues
in India.

2. Huge dependence of population on agriculture- Another aspect that

reflects the backwardness of the Indian economy is the distribution of
occupations in the country. The Indian agriculture sector has managed
to live up to the demands of the fast-increasing population of the
country.
According to the World Bank, in 2017, nearly 47 percent of the working
population in India was engaged in agriculture. Unfortunately, it
contributed merely 17 percent to the national income implying a low
productivity per person in the sector. The expansion of industries failed
to attract enough manpower either.

3. Heavy population pressure- Another factor which contributes to the

economic issues in India is population. Today, India is the second most-
populated country in the world, the first being China.
 We have a high-level of birth rates and a falling level of death rates. In
order to maintain a growing population, the administration needs to
take care of the basic requirements of food, clothing, shelter, medicine,
schooling, etc. Hence, there is an increased economic burden on the
country.

4. The existence of chronic unemployment and under-employment- The

huge unemployed working population is another aspect which
contributes to the economic issues in India. There is an abundance of
labour in our country which makes it difficult to provide gainful
employment to the entire population.
Also, the deficiency of capital has led to the inadequate growth of the
secondary and tertiary occupations. This has further contributed to
chronic unemployment and under-employment in India.
With nearly half of the working population engaged in agriculture, the
marginal product of an agricultural labourer has become negligible. The
problem of the increasing number of educated-unemployed has added
to the woes of the country too.

5. Slow improvement in Rate of Capital Formation- India always had a

deficiency of capital. However, in recent years, India has experienced a
slow but steady improvement in capital formation. We experienced a
population growth of 1.6 percent during 2000-05 and needed to invest
around 6.4 percent to offset the additional burden due to the increased
population.
Therefore, India requires a gross capital formation of around 14 percent
to offset depreciation and maintain the same level of living. The only
way to improve the standard of living is to increase the rate of gross
capital formation.

6. Inequality in wealth distribution- According to Oxfam’s report in 2018,

the gap between the rich and the poor in the world is huge and is
increasing. In the world, 1% rich people own the same wealth as the 50%
of people at the bottom, who form the poorest half of humanity.
In India, merely 1 percent of the population grabbed 73 percent of the
total Indian wealth generated in 2017.
7. Poor Quality of Human Capital- In the broader sense of the term, capital
formation includes the use of any resource that enhances the capacity of
production.
Therefore, the knowledge and training of the population is a form of
capital. Hence, the expenditure on education, skill-training, research,
and improvement in health are a part of human capital.
To give you a perspective, the United Nations Development Program
(UNDP), ranks countries based on the Human Development Index (HDI).
This is based on the life expectancy, education, and per-capita income.
In this index, India ranked 130 out of 188 countries in 2014.

8. Low level of technology- New technologies are being developed every

day. However, they are expensive and require people with a
considerable amount of skill to apply them in production.
Any new technology requires capital and trained and skilled personnel.
Therefore, the deficiency of human capital and the absence of skilled
labour are major hurdles in spreading technology in the economy.
Another aspect that adds to the economic issues in India is that poor
farmers cannot even buy essential things like improved seeds, fertilizers,
and machines like tractors, investors, etc. Further, most enterprises in
 India are micro or small. Hence, they cannot afford modern and more
productive technologies.

9. Lack of access to basic amenities- In 2011, according to the Census of

India, nearly 7 percent of India’s population lives in rural and slum areas.
Also, only 46.6 percent of households in India have access to drinking
water within their premises. Also, only 46.9 percent of households have
toilet facilities within the household premises.
This leads to the low efficiency of Indian workers. Also, dedicated and
skilled healthcare personnel are required for the efficient and effective
delivery of health services. However, ensuring that such
professionals are available in a country like India is a huge challenge.

10. Demographic characteristics- According to the 2011 Census, India had a

population density of 382 per square kilo-meter as against the world
population density of 41 per square kilo-meter.
Further, 29.5 percent was in the age group of 0-14 years, 62.5 percent in
the working age group of 15-59 years, and around 8 percent in the age
group of 60 years and above. This proves that the dependency burden of
our population is very high.

11. Under-utilisation of natural resources- India is rich in natural resources

like land, water, minerals, and power resources. However, due to
problems like inaccessible regions, primitive technologies, and a
shortage of capital, these resources are largely under-utilized. This
contributes to the economic issues in India.

12. Lack of infrastructure- The lack of infrastructural facilities is a serious

problem affecting the Indian economy. These include transportation,
communication, electricity generation, and distribution, banking and
credit facilities, health and educational institutions, etc. Therefore, the
potential of different regions of the country remains under-utilized.
 SUGGESTIONS /
RECOMMENDATIONS
Under Macro-Economic Reforms
Control Current Account Deficit, need to find balance between growth and
inflation, increase tax revenues by broadening tax base, reforms in
management of public sector banks.

Social Sector Reforms

Reduce wealth and income inequality, increase minimum wages, promote
gender equality, manage migration from rural India, create a new social order
for non-conflicting growth of capital.

Trade and market reforms

Industry and bureaucratic reforms, need to promote free trade agreements
with other countries with keeping in mind the welfare of domestic industries,
need timely review of obsolete laws and regulations, encourage new
generation entrepreneurs by creating opportunities

Agricultural reforms
Encourage the formation of co-operatives, integrate the agricultural market
with measures like E-NAM, rationalise the supply chain, creation of food
processing facilities at various levels, increase agricultural investment for
welfare of rural India.

Industrial reforms
Need reforms in labour laws which should also take care of social security of
labours, raise minimum wages as per market norms and ensure its proper
implementation.
Land reforms
Ensure proper implementation of land acquisition laws, need to drastically
reduce land acquisition time period with proper rehabilitation and
compensation for displaced people

Energy reforms
Need to ensure 24x7 availability without fluctuations, need to curb
transmission and distribution losses by using latest technology and by stopping
electricity theft, need to focus more and more on renewable energy sources
which are environment friendly at an effective cost. Research and
development must be promoted in this sector to utilise available Thorium
directly into Nuclear power plants instead of imported Uranium.

Environmental reforms
Need to adopt mitigation and adaptation measures because even after
fulfilling ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ (NDC) it is not necessary we will
become safe from climate change as climate change is a global phenomenon
and every country must contribute to it. India need to make better disaster
management systems, improve legal framework for forest management, need
to adopt water conservation methods.

Judicial reforms
Increase the institutional capacity of lower courts, Enforce speedy trials and
judgement, setup arbitration tribunals for mediation and quick settlement.

Legislative reforms
Need to adopt long term policies rather short term just to win next elections,
need to allow specialists and professionals to aid legislators, need to stop
frequent changes in laws and policies that affect business in the country.
Financial sector reforms
Need better and effective coordination between various authorities and
regulators. Ideal would be RBI taking care of all payment and settlement
systems and a Unified financial agency takes care of all other financial products
by merger of existing entities like SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA.
LIMITATIONS AND
SCOPE OF FUTURE
RESEARCH
As the subject of the project is quite vast and we can find tonnes of material,
data, statistics which sometimes becomes too technical in nature. But I
restricted myself to general topics which are more commonly used and keeps
in news.
I tried my best to make this project reader friendly which can be easy to
understand and can provide a broad overview of the subject.
Authentic data is used from websites of various institutions. Finding latest data
and statistics sometimes caused difficulties, a lot of time consuming. So, I
restricted myself only to the important institutions, reports, index etc.
Further research in future could be done on- climate change and depleting
resources. How to make best use of renewable energy resources? These issues
are still not addressed very well by economists due to lack of availability of
data. This issue is going to be the most important one in the near future. By
analysing these issues and data we can modify our development path
according to it to save our planet earth and human civilisation.
CONCLUSION
There is no doubt that the Indian economy recorded plenty of achievements
over the last 27 years. If the size of an economy provides the first impression of
a country’s political and economic strength, then India has indeed grown since
1991. The nominal GDP that stood at INR 5,86,212 crore in 1991, was pegged
at INR 1,67,73,086 crore in 2018, representing a 22-fold increase. In dollar
terms, India’s GDP crossed the $2.7-trillion mark in 2017-18. Currently, the
country is ranked ninth in the world in terms of nominal GDP. India is projected
to be the second largest economy in the world by 2050. Further, once rebuked
for its “Hindu rate of growth”, a term used to refer to low rate of economic
growth, India has emerged as the fastest growing economy in the world.
Especially, between 2005 and 2008, the economy clocked the nine-percent
mark annually, when the hypothesis of “overheated” economy came to the
fore. With the Indian government revising the GDP growth figures and China
slowing down, India is now being billed as the fastest growing major economy
in the world, with a growth rate of 7.1 percent in 2017-18.

“No power on earth can stop an idea whose time has come,” stated then
Finance Minister Manmohan Singh while presenting the Union Budget in July
1991, quoting novelist Victor Hugo. But the economy can no longer bank on
the ideas of 1991, but needs to move forward. Moreover, different times have
brought to the fore an evolving set of challenges.

It must be noted that while economic growth is important and needs to be

treated as the necessary condition for economic well-being, it is not sufficient
for human well-being. Unfortunately, even today, the policy core suffers from
the dogma of “growth-fetishism”, and looks at well-being through a
reductionist lens, like in 1991. The paradigm must now change, as evidence is
mounting that economic growth is not a panacea. Rather it can emerge with its
own negative externalities of wealth concentration in a few hands, corruption
under crony capitalism, and environmental pollution for over-reliance on
unclean technology. The concerns of equity and sustainability therefore are
important.

Hence, in-short we can say the current path on which Indian economy is
moving may make India biggest economic power in the world in future. But the
only need is- ‘it must be inclusive’ only then it can insure welfare of all its
people.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Hindu Newspaper
The Indian Express Newspaper
Press Information Bureau
Economic Survey 2018
Annual Budget
Frontline Magazine
Geography and You Magazine
Down To Earth Magazine
NCERT Books of Economics
Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh
Official Websites of Financial Institutions
Internet/Web Browsing
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