Running head: ROBOTICS 1

Robotics

Student Name

Course Name

Instructor Name

December 24, 2020

ROBOTICS 2

Abstract

Robotics is a scientific discipline specializing in the design, development, and use of

mechanical robots in engineering and technology. Robotics is the intersection of science,

science, and design that creates devices that replace (or replicate) human behavior, called robots.

Robots have often been intrigued by pop culture. From R2-D2. From Optimus Prime. WALL-E.

Usually, all the over, humanoid robot designs sound like a parody of the real thing. Still, they are

more forward-thinking than we understand? Intellectual and structural capabilities are gained by

robots that do not put the possibility of an R2-D2-like device out of reach in the future. As

technology advances, the range of what is regarded as robotics also does so. 90% of all robots

were found manufacturing cars in automotive factories in 2005. These robots mainly consist of

mechanical arms assigned to weld or screw other parts of a vehicle. We have currently seen an

evolved and extended concept of robotics that involves the creation, production, and use of bots

that navigate the harshest environments on Earth, robots that support police officers, and even

robots that help in almost every area healthcare. The automotive sector is still relatively new, but

incredible progress has already been made. Robots can be seen performing things humans could

not dream of doing, from the lowest reaches of the seas to the highest heights of deep space. This

paper describes the concept of robotics in the modern world.

ROBOTICS 3

Table of Contents

Abstract............................................................................................................................................2

Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................4

1.1. Background/Introduction..................................................................................................4

1.2. Problem Statement............................................................................................................5

1.3. Relevance and Significance..............................................................................................6

1.4. Research Questions...........................................................................................................6

Chapter 2 - Review of the Literature...............................................................................................7

Chapter 3 - Approach/Methodology..............................................................................................13

Chapter 4: Findings, Analysis, and Summary of Results..............................................................14

Chapter 5: Conclusions..................................................................................................................18

References......................................................................................................................................21

Appendices....................................................................................................................................23
ROBOTICS 4

Robotics

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1. Background/Introduction

Robotics research has also sought solutions to applied robotics' technological

requirements for the past 45 years. Research themes in the robotics field have been influenced by

the evolution of application areas and their complexity. Human needs have driven this evolution

in the early 1960s placed industrial robots in the factory to free the human operator from

dangerous and hazardous tasks. New criteria were introduced by introducing industrial robots

into other production processes, calling for more flexibility and intelligence in industrial robots.

Today, beyond the conventional robotic manufacturing industry (i.e., cleaning, demining,

building, ship repair, agriculture) and the aging world in which we live, the development of new

needs and markets involves field and service robotics care the latest market and human social

requirements. To contribute to hazardous situations, military and police governments use robots,

but they also play an essential role in the medical field. And over half of the work in the

automotive sector is carried out by robots. Intelligent industrial robots should be able, as humans,

to quickly sense their environment, think and determine things, and respond to tasks and

unexpected incidents. In other words, without human intervention, they need a fast, multi-layer

connection, from knowledge to operating unilaterally. Finally, AI's computational capabilities

have primarily shown that solving a single task is perfect while, on the opposite, being

proportionally less effective while managing a more significant number of potential outputs.

Therefore, the multi-purpose robot aims to be regarded as unreal.

On the contrary, researchers and entrepreneurs go for robotics specializing in a single

mission, if not a single subtask. In the circumstances such as defusing bombs and removing
ROBOTICS 5

hazardous waste, they are often used. The robot is becoming a part of life now, as industrial

robots are commonly used in industrial applications[ CITATION Pag17 \l 1033 ].

1.1. Problem Statement

The outcome is not achieved, considering the robot researchers' efforts and study work to

mimic human intellect and appearance. Some robots can also not see and are not flexible objects

that are not adequately understood by them. Prioritizing the inefficiency correlated with it is

critical for the successful and proper mechanism of robotics technology. While the extensive use

of robotics technology will remove many human jobs, it will create social unemployment. The

use of robotics in different jobs' performance would reduce human jobs so that initiation should

be carried out routinely. The invention of robotics will minimize many high-end precision jobs

and will assist in various fields such as manufacturing, military, health, etc. It would lead to

robots with a compromise between the real need and the greed to help the

workforce[ CITATION bui19 \l 1033 ].

As this will be good for the people and the different sectors of the economy, society

should support and care for robotics technology advances. It will be beneficial in its service to

conduct several tasks beyond human capacity with robotics and robotics in battle. The

development of robot technology will be incredible, and robots can be seen today in nearly all

fields, including transport to health and from leisure to industry. The use of this technology

would earn declarations from society to steal away ordinary people's work. But the use of

robotics should be extended to offering recommendations to solve the problems associated with

this, and often used in places where humans cannot reach or cannot perform. Proper research and

development in this field should be undertaken, and the numerous consequences for the

successful use of robot technology must be met.

ROBOTICS 6

1.2. Relevance and Significance

Every part of work and home is affected by robotic technology. Robotics can positively

change lives and work practices, improve productivity and protection, and provide improved

service levels. The industry has dramatically benefited from the creation of a robotic workplace.

The duties of risky and repetitive workers have been taken over by humans' digital devices,

enabling higher productivity. Additional shifts have been applied to factories since robots never

tire. With automated harvesters, farmers have taken advantage of modern technologies. The

waste management industry has introduced robots in some of its dirtier work, and the healthcare

profession is benefiting from developments in assisted robotic surgery. It has come to life with

the notion of a factory without human employees[ CITATION tec203 \l 1033 ]. In Texas, IBM

operates a "lights off" factory entirely staffed by self-driving keyboard producing robots. In

robotic technology, the army has launched numerous projects, most successfully the unmanned

aircraft reconnaissance systems Predator and Reaper, which allow a flight control system the

robot from great distances.

1.3. Research Questions

 How do we allow robots to work in unstructured environments?

 How do we make robots deal with unequal or unknown circumstances intelligently?

How are we able to make them adapt?

 How do we comprehend violent clashes using computer vision?

Barriers and Issues

In the future, robotics will be one of the most critical improvements in the way we live

and work, and it is quickly advancing. The next century, with the ability to completely
ROBOTICS 7

revolutionize science, medicine, engineering, creativity, and everyday lives, will be a fascinating

time to live throughout. There are also several barriers that we will first have to overcome,

socially, physically, and morally. Public analysis of the problematic robotics issues was issued

by the journal Science Robotics. A consulting group of experts then sifted through the answer to

identifying significant challenges that the sector will face in the immediate future. When

integrating robotics into the culture, the final problems are solving questions of ethics and

security. However, adverse factors appear to build barriers to adoption, procedures. Strategic

methods can be constructed to promote greater use of technology and automation in design,

about their application to today's construction industry, by recognizing common obstacles and

exploring ways to overcome them.

Chapter 2 - Review of the Literature

Weiss, Igelsböck, and Wurhofer (2011) state that robotic technology has become much

more prevalent and popular in Western society. But about human relationship-ships, what will a

potential society look like? As multiple press articles indicate, Western culture's importance is

also expressed by a growing interest in the media. Thus, people have assumptions about how

their daily lives will look like in the future about robots. Overall, the notion of possible human-

robot interactions influences films and science fiction literature. Historically, technical impact

evaluation experts end up understanding robotics' potential from a mere probabilistic

technological perspective, where technological progress relies only on engineering and

computing. We often consider the views of non-experts, in contrast to conventional technical

impact evaluation, which is typically based on so-called vital findings, to uncover insights into

the attitudes and behaviors towards robots that are possibly embedded in their conceptions of

potential human relations.

ROBOTICS 8

Also, the ideological concepts of robots originating from science fiction media by people

were regarded as not feasible. The public conversation about (realistic) robots must be expanded

to promote a more realistic portrayal of robotics. The experts in technology evaluation have

emphasized the importance of safety issues relevant to autonomous robots' implementation.

Therefore, a robot's planned behavior should be rendered transparent and predictable, and the

representation of the robot should provide details on the direction of motion and the operating

range. People are also afraid that robots might damage or de-develop a momentum for humans.

In the community of the use, supervision of robots is thus also defined as necessary. The experts'

comments were in line with the non-expert analysis, and they also related to Asimov's first law:

A robot may not damage a human being or allow a human being is to come to harm by inaction."

Although one of the experts said that if it weren't safe, a robot would not be implemented,

another expert noted that many humans die in car accidents. Cars are still used, referring to the

financial transaction that is unacceptable[ CITATION Wei111 \l 1033 ].

According to Chella and Gaglio (2001), independent robots engaged in long and

complicated missions must develop, update, and execute their action plans. It is not possible,

from this viewpoint, that the sense of the representations used by the robot is provided outside

the device itself. Instead, through visual ability and the computer's general activities, the

importance of internal symbols must be firmly rooted in the globe. In this study, we propose an

approach to action representation focused on a "conceptual" level of participation, acting as an

intermediate level among symbols and information coming from sensors, according to some

assumptions. Emblematic representations are represented by projecting them through a person –

based on artificial neural networks at the theoretical level. Several approaches to explaining

behavior and creating robot plans have been developed by the AI community. The well-
ROBOTICS 9

established STRIPS planner was created by Fikes and Nilsson. UCPOP, which enables non-

linear plans[ CITATION Che01 \l 1033 ].

Garcia and Jimenez (2007) were around 1960 when robotic arms were first integrated

into the manufacturing process, and industrial robots controlled robotics research until the 1990s.

The automotive industry determined that industrial robots had standards to follow, primarily due

to the industry's business clout and essential technological necessities. Kinematic calibration,

which is a necessary process due to kinematic models' errors in manufacturing specifications, is

such an area. These criteria dictated which areas of inquiry were prevalent during that period. In

four stages, the calibration process is carried out. Mathematical modeling is the first step, where

the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) system and the empirical product (POE) method lead the broad

family of approaches. In this literature, a detailed explanation of the basics of kinematic

modeling can be found. The difference between the theoretical framework and the actual model

is identified by direct measurement via sensors in the second level. Therefore, the robot's end-

effector's actual location is determined, and the variables that differ from their rated value are

defined in the third stage through optimization methods.

Last, the method of integrating the improved kinematic model is introduced in the robot.

In the most complicated cases, this procedure will increase the machine's complexity, and

evolutionary algorithms will have to be used. Robot configuration research remains a

challenging task, and new approaches are still being introduced, reducing the calibration period's

computation time.

Motion planning, where sub-goals are determined to guide the execution of the robot's

mission, is another significant research subject. There are two kinds of algorithms in the

literature, tacit methods and explicit methods. Implicit methods define the robot's desired
ROBOTICS 10

dynamic conduct. The future field algorithm is one implied scheme that is appealing from the

viewpoint of computation. One downside of this method is that the robot can be stuck far from

its objective by locally optimal potential field function. Explicit methods include the robot's path

between the initial and final target. Typical industrial machines are programmed to levitate

things and communicate with their surroundings, especially during polishing, milling, assembly,

etc. The contact force at the manipulator's end effector is controlled in the control of the

interaction between the manipulator and the atmosphere. The manipulator's end effector's contact

force is controlled when controlling the trickster's business and setting. Active force control

schemes are involved, like compatible control, stiffness control, impedance control, explicit

control of force, and control of hybrid push[ CITATION Gar071 \l 1033 ].

The science field, which includes business administration, electrical engineering,

software engineering, and others, is robotics. The design, development, operation, and use of

robots are addressed by robotics. Sadik Batcha (2017) research that a robot is indeed a

programmable mechanical system, without human intervention, which can execute tasks in the

organization with its atmosphere. The technology and science behind the design, development,

and application of robots is robotics. Robotics Technology is a field of research that is rapidly

growing. Robots, taking over risky or challenging work, will increase the quality of life.

Particularly with the aging of population robots, the independent living of the elderly can be

extended. With the increasing creation of technological innovations, as acknowledged

worldwide, robotics is increasingly expanding. The principles of a relatively new area known as

collaborative robotics are incorporated into SARA-1. Robotics concerned with the analysis of

different intelligent entities, i.e., working together to complete a task that is either too difficult or

even impossible for an entity to perform when working alone[ CITATION MSa17 \l 1033 ].
ROBOTICS 11

According to Simoens (2018), a key element of robots' perception capacity is knowing

their location, creating or upgrading environmental models.  Despite the significant progress in

this area, self-localization in crowded and Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied indoor

environments can still be difficult, particularly if satisfactory performance is needed. Simple IoT-

based infrastructures were used to provide accurate location coordinates to IoT technologies,

including a radio frequency (RFID)-enhanced floor. Other methods use range-based techniques

on signals emitted by off-board infrastructures, like Wi-Fi access points and visible light or IoT

devices utilizing protocols like Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Zigbee Bluetooth low energy. Dragone

(2018) also states that one of the additional essential value of robot systems is shifting. Although

the critical factor in deciding the intrinsic efficacy of robot mobility is mechanical architecture,

IoT connectivity can help mobile robots monitor glass doors and elevators, such as in assistive

robotics and logistics. In precision agriculture, robots are being used to deploy herbicides,

fertilizer, or irrigation. These robots need to adjust to Spatio-temporal variations in crop and field

conditions, requirements of light and weather, crop sizes, consistency of soil, and so

on[ CITATION Sim182 \l 1033 ].

Rajan and Saffiotti (2017) research that robotics has grown tremendously on its side in

the last two centuries. Popular robotic systems are now accessible, along with accurate methods

and shared resources to solve simple vision, navigation, and deception; only this has been pushed

further by the world of open-source software and hardware. Robotics is expected to be among

the fastest-growing industries in the next 15 years from a socio-economic perspective, with

double-digit growth triggered by the omnipresent deployment of robots in the manufacturing,

service, and home-care industries. Lawmakers in Europe and the US accept that future robotics

needs to be more flexible and address many activities in less-engineered and more open
ROBOTICS 12

environments to reach these market opportunities. They will need to depend on cognitive skills

like a representation of information, planning, learning, adaptation, and engaging in activity

between humans and robots. These are precisely the skills that, for 60 years, have shaped the

subject of AI research. Future robotics would also need to implement techniques developed by

the AI community more and more. Since AI and robotics have been disjointed for so long, and

since they have grown within separate academic chambers, it is challenging to incorporate these

fields' findings. Subjects and strategies are often unfamiliar in one area to re-searchers in the

other. Even if they are recognized, they can be framed in a language unknown to investigators in

the other field or resume essential factors in that field first[ CITATION Raj171 \l 1033 ].

In Maximova (2016) research, Robotics became one of science and technology's fastest-

growing fields. The interest in the use of academic robotics has also increased tremendously in

the last few years. A new ICT approach to teaching has been introduced to facilitate student

learning, improve problem solving and collaborative learning skills, and promote another school

discipline. For after-school courses, camps, robot tournaments, and individual schools'

curriculum, robotics in education was introduced. The number of meetings, seminars, and

training on robotics in learning is on the rise.

Moreover, during the last ten years, the numerous studies on robotics in education have

risen to 197 reports. Also, around 3 million education robots are projected to be sold over the

2014-2017 period. While robotics has been introduced into the curriculum, it is only used as a

passive tool for supporting technical sciences, some studies say. Also, several teachers find it

hard to follow the developments of robotics education, given the rise in appearance and diversity

of educational robot types. There are not enough teachers who are well qualified in that

area[ CITATION Max161 \l 1033 ].

ROBOTICS 13

Chapter 3 - Approach/Methodology

In this paper, the qualitative analysis technique is used. This technique is comprised of

stages that enable the sequential construction of mechanical hand prototypes. The initialization

loops of the proposed method ensure that the robot hand is succeeded in making. A necessary

first step is the identification of hand requests. That determines the requirements for the next

steps of the design process. In the development of anthropomorphic structures, human hand

analysis plays a vital role as it offers useful flexibility, mobility, and deceit. This approach aims

to achieve an efficient structure of the robotic hand and systems that meet design qualification

requirements. Bibliographic details such as the author(s), title, and source of the year, length,

issue and page, an affiliation of writers, language, and type of the document were obtained from

the online version of the Science direct by providing industrial robots in the field of study in a

plain text file. The downloaded data is translated in a visual format to histcite and analyzed with

MS-Access. In the association market, only the first author's address was considered.

The research was also carried out on the science web for data depth coverage. The

interconnections among the machinery and work organizations have been studied extensively

from many angles for decades, based on experiential studies. In particular, the omnipresent use

of IT since the 1990s has triggered a shift in the "Internet Era" of work for almost every work

environment. "While the principles of info-processing work have been already implemented

much earlier in factory activities, the "transition of labor in an information budget" has now been

validated by scientific and technical evidence. In contrast to a deep IT-enabled systemic and

related to the research of work in different divisions and industries worldwide, work

improvements in their various dimensions have progressively attracted attention from

researchers. The scientific interest in production was mainly focused on new skills and skills
ROBOTICS 14

requirements, increasing standardization systems, and differentiation processes. Many of those

robotic hands have a lot of freedom and a complicated control scheme. Also, their designs

require development costs.

Chapter 4: Findings, Analysis, and Summary of Results

As far as the actual number of total articles (such as documents, comments, letters,

reports, opinion pieces, meeting abstracts, etc.) is concerned, the global output shows the impact

of an increase from a single-digit production of 9 to 514 in the period 1990-2015. The production

data for 2016 spans ten months, i.e., until October, and shows a total of 496 and is still

optimistic. Output in the years 1995, 2002 and 2005 is stated to have decreased. But every five

years, for the greater good, production doubles. It shows that the robotic technology sector seems

to be burning, and it continually attracts the investigator's minds to carry out even further

research output in the field.

Production of study by countries

The total number of documents provided by countries (including papers, editorials,

notices, letters, critiques, general meetings, etc.). The list lists the top 50 countries with reported

research results on robotic technology. The study reveals that the United States ranked first with

37.40 percent, and the United Kingdom ranked second with 8.5 percent of publishing output,

followed by 6.50 and 6 percent in Germany and Italy. With a small output of 42, India ranks 18th

in this order of importance, indicating a total of 0.9 percent. Twenty-seven years from 1990 to

October 2016 are covered by the report. The cooperative publication pattern is noted in the

overall production.
ROBOTICS 15

Further insight will be provided to find out about the research collaboration rate map. The

list also displays both the latest annual citations index and the worldwide total science citation of

each nation's results in which the US ranks top in both TLCS and TGCS. Germany also ranks

2nd highest in TGCS in the UK in the case of TLCS.

Institution-Wise Research Output

During the years 1990-2016, robotic technology researchers added to organizational

awareness. During the period of study, as already mentioned, 5316 reports were reported. These

came from a multitude of institutions. It analyses the top 30 organizations. About 50 papers came

from two research centers and five universities. The most successful publishing organizations

were MIT, NASA, Mech Eng USA Dept., Stanford University, Pennsylvania University, John

Hopkins University, and CALTECH (California Institute of Technology). Papers in high-impact

journals have been published by the top 32 organisations. In terms of output numbers, the

publications collected from various institutions ranged from 75.

ROBOTICS 16

Figure 1: Estimated operation stock of industrial robots 2013–2014 and forecast for 2015–

2018[ CITATION Mon16 \l 1033 ]

Publication Performance in Different Document Types

There are different types of papers in robotic technology journals, such as articles,

biographies, corrections, editorials, emails, abstract meetings, and analyses. Articles account for

a substantial chunk of even more than 68.4 percent of the papers (3585) out of all document

forms, with 11.2 percent occurring as reviews (592), 8.70 percent occurring as papers (592)

(461). Other forms of text, such as editorial articles, are listed in paragraph 92 and comply with

abstract 34. It is documented that out of 5317 records collected from the research database site,

about 501 record types of documents are called blank; the other registered forms of data indicate

less than one percent during the study.

ROBOTICS 17

The preliminary results support the presumed strong association between collaborative

methods of practical robot communication and productivity output. More sophisticated

capabilities are accomplished by factory applications, leading to better manufacturing processes

in higher production standards, enhanced product control, and higher technological flexibility.

The need usually demonstrates the versatility and versatility of programming or re-programming

(off- or on-line) industrial machinery and enhanced flexibility. For instance, a new computing

method allows small lot sizes to be automatically generated. Even specific work parts, manual

drawings created with a virtual keyboard can be immediately discharged to robot programmes, or

robot fluctuations can be represented using haptic feedback to guide the robot.

Figure 2: Robosapien[ CITATION Sha187 \l 1033 ]

This versatility can enhance operations' efficiency, with significant impacts on safety,

health, and profitability. Implementing different job organization models that provide more

employee versatility and to improve communication flows among different organizational groups

and professional employees will be explained by such research methods. Greater capacity will

also allow device operators to become more interested in making the right option.
ROBOTICS 18

Chapter 5: Conclusions

Robotics is rapidly entering the industrial building. It is only natural that many work and

entrepreneurship opportunities are finally opening for people who want to join this increasingly

exciting area. It is evident from the information given above that the robots have shown

repeatedly that they can do the unthinkable. These devices created by the human brain impact

man's brief stay in this world. In a few years, possibly, these human-made robots or the so-called

Brain Child of Humanity will find their way into every walk of human existence. The studies'

results on visions of a potential "robotic world" demonstrate the dynamic interrelationship

between materiality (e.g., the depiction of robots and mass media) and the ideas of future

relationships between humans and robots. The extent of participation in the manufacturing

process also has a significant influence on the notions. They also play an essential role in the

manufacture of processors for institutions. Thus, to gain motivation and to improve technology

in the community, specific ideas are created. Although the study can never be free of

methodological prejudices, the small number of experts opposed to a very advanced number of

non-experts, which influences the model's quality, is an obvious limitation. This study will be

augmented by experts from different fields in future studies, including science or policymakers.

Media studies and exploring human-robot contact situations and the deployment of robots as far

as policy paper expectations are concerned must be included in the reports to provide a more

comprehensive picture of the connections between ideas and technological development and

understand the future robotics better. It is true that over the last century, attendance at fairs and

workshops around the world has reflected a low interest in electronic manipulators and

significant investment in other areas related to control and mobility in unfamiliar environments,

such as walking, wheeled, submerged, limbed, and humanoid robots. Perhaps the secret is that,
ROBOTICS 19

when the factory needs to lie in the traditional engineering market, new factory control issues

now require less effort. In reality, robotics technology shifts from automotive to marketing a

service application, and most robotics scientists are enthusiastic about this large and relaxing

field. We can conclude with these assumptions.

Robotics and IoT are basic principles, both of which contain a range of ideas and

technologies. In this study, the integration interest of both sectors of the industry was extended

into mobile applications. Distributed information and M2 M protocols are primarily the IoT

benefits that roboticists use. In contrast, robots have been used mainly for active detection

methods by the IoT so far. Recent IoRT iterations are found primarily in vertical growth areas,

namely AL, precision agriculture, and Industry 4.0. Domain-agnostic responses to integrating

robots into IoT middleware systems, for instance, are only emerging. "IoT-aided robots "IoT-

aided robots "Robot-enhanced IoT" Robot-enhanced IoT.

One major challenge would be improving and adapting work to understand the weather

better and provide knowledge and solutions to solve the dynamic landscape. It will allow AI and

Robotics to enable pure (and social) science researchers to learn the importance of global

environmental change, like city air pollution and city, the life cycle of carbon, toxic algal

flowering in the sea, etc. Such a mission would entail the deployment of sensors and robotic

systems exposed to extreme terrestrial conditions, in the atmosphere, throughout the waters, and

in space, thus providing a new way of measuring critical scientific variables while interacting

with researchers well beyond the comfort zone of traditional technology.

In sectors such as transport, infrastructure, or health, industrial-technological innovations

provide new input from the inquiry. On the other side, automation systems are moved from

production to other industries. Specifically, hard business models could also be used to refer to
ROBOTICS 20

facilities. Study problems must also be vigilant in their work area. It is essential to understand

what kind of science and training has been conducted to integrate robot systems into complex

work organization models.

References
ROBOTICS 21

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https://builtin.com/robotics

Chella, A., Gaglio, S., & Pirrone, R. (2001). Conceptual representations of actions for

autonomous robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 3(2), 111-123.

doi:10.1007/s12369-010-0076-5

Garcia, E., Jimenez, M. A., Gonzalez-de-Santos, P., & Armada, M. (2007). The evolution of

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ROBOTICS 22

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ROBOTICS 23

Appendices

Appendix 1: Robosapien

Appendix 2: Estimated operation stock of industrial robots 2013–2014 and forecast for 2015–

2018.