WOLLO UNIVERSITY

KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

(KIOT)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

MECHATRONICS SYSTEM DESIGN PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE:

PREPARED BY: ID NO
1. BITANIYA NASSIR…………………………….WOUR/1192/09
2. TSION LEMA…………………………………...WOUR/1148/09
3. SENAYT ASSEFA……………………………....WOUR/0192/09
4. BIRHANIE FEREDE……………………………WOUR/0292/09
5. SELAM ANTENANIE…………………………..WOUR/0361/09
ABSTRUCT
The standard manual wheelchair is used in different place some of them are hospital
Chapter 1
1 INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization define ,a wheelchair as ‘a device

providing wheeled mobility and seating support for a person with
difficulty in walking or moving about’. Thus, the purpose of a
wheelchair is to improve personal mobility. The aim of wheelchair design is to
produce wheelchairs that perform well and can provide appropriate seating
and postural support without compromising strength, durability and safety.
This can be achieved when government authorities, manufacturers, engineers,
designers, service providers and users fulfill their respective roles with respect
to design.

Wheelchair designs vary greatly to take account of the diverse needs of users
with design features, such as the overall length, weight, frame type and width,
seat configuration, wheel and castor type, arm and footrests, axle position and
propulsion mechanism, all having an influence function. To ensure
wheelchairs are appropriate, designers and providers must thoroughly
understand the needs of the intended users and their environments.
According to Visagie et al (2015) design features must be matched to the
user`s functional ability and posture support needs, and also to the
environmental and durability requirements. Achieving an ideal match
between user, wheelchair design and environment might be as difficult as it is
important. 

Users’ needs are best met when there is a variety of models from which to
choose. Wheelchairs should be designed to enable their users to participate in
as many activities as possible. As a minimum, a wheelchair should enable the
user to lead a more active life without having a negative effect on their health
or safety. Comfort and safety are two important factors affecting the quality of
life of long-term users. "Design features must be matched to the user`s
functional ability and posture support needs, and also to the environmental
and durability requirements. Achieving an ideal match between user,
wheelchair design and environment might be as difficult as it is important.

According to the World Health Organization the design of a wheelchair

depends on a number of factors:

 The physical needs of users

 The environment in which the wheelchair will be used; and
 The materials and technology available where the wheelchair is made
and used.
 Wheelchair, any seating surface (e.g., a chair) that has wheels
affixed to it in order to help an individual move from one place to
another. Wheelchairs range from large, bulky, manually powered
models to high-tech electric-powered models that can climb stairs.
The modern standard wheelchair design is based on the so-called
cross-frame design that was introduced in 1932 by disabled
American mining engineer Herbert A. Everest and American
mechanical engineer Harry C. Jennings. Together, Everest and
Jennings patented the cross-frame wheelchair, which uses a cross
brace to attach the two sides of the chair, allowing it to be folded
when not in use. They later formed Everest & Jennings, Inc., which
subsequently became one of the world’s major wheelchair
manufacturers.

1.1 Literature review

This chapter provides the detail description literature review done according to the title of “Design and
Analysis of Wheel Chair in Term of Daily Life Usage”. Since the aim of this project is to redesign the
wheel chair using Solid Works software and ALGOR software. Thus literature review related definition of
design, wheel chair and handicap. Obviously literature review related with definition of human factor
engineering, wheel chair and ergonomic. This literature review will give an overview or a brief
introduction of the techniques that are suitable to be used in this project.

Manual Wheelchair

Manual wheelchairs are the oldest type of wheelchair available and are either classified as self
propelled or attendant propelled. One of the first self propelled wheelchairs was developed by a
blacksmith over 300 years ago and used a hand crank to move the wheelchair. Today, there are a
number of different types of self propelled manual wheelchairs, which are classified by their uses, but
the most common type of manual wheelchair is the conventional wheelchair. A conventional wheelchair
has hand rims which are attached to the outside of the rear wheels, which allow the user to turn the
rear wheels. The rear wheels are much larger than the front wheels and are typically 24 inches in
diameter (Martel et al., 1991). The Conventional wheelchair usually offers a folding design, so it can be
easily transported, and has a steel tubes frame. However, to reduce weight aluminum and titanium
frames are also used. The seat is typically made of vinyl, which is easy to clean (Martel et al., 1991).
Attendant propelled 7 wheelchairs, or transport chairs, often look very similar to a self propelled
wheelchair; however they do not have hand rims on the rear wheels. Instead they are designed to be
pushed by someone walking behind the wheelchair. Often the rear wheels will be much smaller than
traditional wheelchairs.

Electric Powered Wheelchair

 Electric wheelchairs, which are also called power chairs, were first developed during the middle of the
twentieth century. Early electric wheelchairs were simply manual wheelchairs that had been outfitted
with an electric motor. Today, most power chairs feature a molded plastic base, which contains the
electric motor and batteries9 (Veeger et al., 1991). A chair is attached to the base and resembles a high
quality office chair, but usually has a higher back, more padding, and a headrest. The range varies, but
most power chairs can travel up to 10 miles on a single charge (Veeger et al., 1991). However,
environmental factors, such as hills and the rider’s weight, play a role in the wheelchairs range. Most
use a joystick control, which can be mounted to either the left or right armrest. There are also a great
deal numbers of alternate controls, such as breath control. A remote control system is also available, to
offer attendant propelled functionality. Portable power chairs are also available, which closely resemble
a conventional folding wheelchair. Indoor and outdoor powered wheelchairs and mobility scooters are
for use by disabled people who cannot propel a manual wheelchair. There are criteria for using some
types of electric wheelchair. There are four types of powered wheelchair offered because a user cannot
propel or use a manual wheelchair:

i. Electric Indoor Chair - user controlled

ii. Electric Outdoor Chair - attendant controlled
iii. Electrically Powered Indoor/Outdoor Chair - user controlled
iv. Dual Purpose Chair - user controlled indoors, attendant controlled outdoors
 Outdoor powered wheelchairs and mobility scooters are grouped into two categories, class 2
and class 3
i. Class 2 wheelchairs and scooters must have a maximum speed of four miles per hour
(6.4 kilometers per hour) and are for pavement use only
ii. Class 3 wheelchairs and scooters must have a maximum speed of eight miles per hour
(12.8 kilometers per hour) and can be used on roads

1.1.1Historical background of wheelchair

“It is uncertain as to what can be considered the first wheelchair, or who invented it. The first
known dedicated wheelchair (invented in 1595 and called an invalid's chair) was made for
Phillip II of Spain by an unknown inventor. In 1655, Stephen Farfler, a paraplegic watchmaker,
built a self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis,” says Mary Bellis on ThoughtCo.

Wheelchairs are one of the most effective and widely used types of medical support devices
today. They are used in hospitals, retirement homes and private dwellings. There are dozens and
dozens of wheelchair types. They are manual or electric power. They are made for indoors or
outdoors, and there are countless customizable features that allow you to choose the perfect
wheelchair configuration to meet your functional and comfort needs.
Needless to say, wheelchairs have come a long way since the first iterations. There is uncertainty
about when the first wheelchair was invented and who invented it.The first wheelchair waws
invented by Christopher Olsen.
Britannica.com, estimates the first wheelchair was invented between the 6th and 4th centuries
BCE. They theorize it was possibly invented along with the creation of wheeled furniture and
wheelbarrows.

As you can see, there is some ambiguity about the origins of the wheelchair. In this blog, we’ll
take a look at the history of the wheelchair. We’ll go over a timeline of the key developments
and innovations that have led to the modern version used by millions of people today.

1.1.2A Timeline of the History of Wheelchairs

The wheelchair has seen many iterations over the decades. Here is a timeline of the history of the
development of the wheelchair:

 5th century BCE: The earliest record of a device resembling a wheelchair dates back to
China. Early versions came from wheeled furniture designs. It’s believed the Chinese
used wheelbarrows to move disabled people around.
 12th century: It’s believed the concept of the wheelbarrow and crude versions of the
wheelchair began to be used around this time in Europe.
 1655: The first self-propelled wheelchair is developed. It was invented in Germany by
disabled watchmaker Stephan Farfler. His design included three wheels and he could
move it with the use of a rotary handle on the front wheel. Around the same time frame,
German inventor and mechanic, Johann Hautsch, developed a series of rolling chairs.
 1760: The bath chair was created by English inventor James Heath. It became a popular
way to transport people with illnesses and disabilities, even though it was initially
designed for women. The design is similar to a rickshaw. It had a three- and four-wheel
design, and it could be pushed or pulled. Other designs were developed so people could
be pulled by horse.
 18th century: Wheelchairs began to become a normal fixture in medical catalogues.
They were advertised as transportation devices for patients. They resembled armchairs
with two larger wheels at the front and a smaller wheel at the back.
 1901: The basic chair was invented. It closely resembles the modern design of
wheelchairs used today. It had a seat, footrests and four wheels – two smaller wheels at
the front and two larger at the back.
 1932: The folding wheelchair was introduced. It’s one of the biggest design
breakthroughs in the device’s history. It was invented by Harry Jennings for his friend.
The folding design and tubular steel chair with a cross frame became the standard design.
This model allowed people to use the wheelchair outside of the home, hospitals and care
 facilities. Later designs built on Jennings concepts and were focused on decreasing
weight of the chair and improving its overall performance.
 1950: After World War II, demand for wheelchairs spiked. There were thousands of
wounded veterans who needed mobility assistance. A Canadian, George Klein, saw the
need and invented the electric wheelchair for veterans. The original design was a standard
wheelchair with a motor added. Later designs had the motor and battery built into the
chair under the seat. Additional developments in ergonomics, controls, comfort, and
performance were created as new technologies were developed.
 1980: Niche wheelchair designs began to come to market. During this time, the rigid
wheelchair was created. It was intended for athletes. They are self-propelling and some
can reach speeds of up to 30 km/hr.
1.1.3 Historical background of automatic wheelchair
In 1916, the first motorized wheelchair came onto the scene. The Klein Drive
Chair was developed in 1953 and mass produced in 1956 for the public. George Klein and his
team invented the electric wheelchair while working for the National Research Council of
Canada.
Powerchair design may be categorized by drive system/chassis, battery, controller, seat, and use.
Because of their use as the primary method of locomotion, they must be of the utmost reliability
both electrically and structurally, and are classified as Durable medical
equipment by Medicare in the United States.Ergonomics addresses the problems of human
comfort, activity and health in environments. Selection of the proper seat width is important to
comfort and stability. A seat too narrow is not only uncomfortable, but access to the chair is
made difficult. In addition, a seat wider than is necessary makes propulsion more difficult
(Kotajarvi et al, 2005). A seat that is too deep or longer than it should be, can restrict circulation
in the 2 legs, and causes the patient either to sit with his legs extended or to slide forward in the
chair. The backrest of the basic chair is made of a flexible material stretched between the two
side frames which are fixed with respect to the seat (Veeger et al., 1992). The backrest should be
high enough to provide support without inhibiting motion and avoid discomfort. Armrest is
providing support for the patient’s arms in a resting attitude, and also provides lateral support.
The function of the footrests is to keep the feet off the floor.
1.1.4 The Future of Wheelchairs
There is no doubt modern wheelchairs have complex designs and functionality. Implementation
of new technology, robotics and artificial intelligence will lead the way for future designs. We
are now at the point in the development of the wheelchair where inventors are working on a
device that allows people to control the wheelchair with their minds.

Mary Bellis explains the concept of the design: John Donoghue and Brain-gate invented a new
wheelchair technology intended for a patient
with very limited mobility, who otherwise would have issues using a wheelchair by themselves.
The BrainGate device is implanted into the patient’s brain and hooked to a computer to which
the patient can send mental commands that results in any machine including wheelchairs doing
what they want it to. The new technology is called BCI or brain-computer interface.”Other
modern designs include the push rim activated power assisted wheelchair (PAPAW).
Britannica.com explains how it works:“The PAPAW was a hybrid of electric and manual
wheelchair technologies that employed motors to supplement the power applied by the user to
one or both push-rims during propulsion or braking.”

1.2 system requirement identification definition and analysis

As a name indicate automatic wheelchair is need to be automated to keep the customers’
comfort. To do this the system or the design require different identification some of them are:
Our system requires different sensor such as

 temperature and humidity sensor

The DHT11 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a
capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a
digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). Its fairly simple to use, but requires
careful timing to grab data.
Humidity sensors work by detecting changes that alter electrical currents or temperature in the
air. ... A capacitive humidity sensor measures relative humidity by placing a thin strip of metal
oxide between two electrodes. The metal oxide's electrical capacity changes with the
atmosphere's relative humidity. DHT22 temperature-humidity sensor + extras: ID 385: $9.95:
Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits.
 water level sensor
Level sensors are used to detect the level of substances that can flow. Such substances include
liquids, slurries, granular material and powders. Level measurements can be done inside containers or
it can be the level of a river or lake. Such measurements can be used to determine the amount of
materials within a closed container or the flow of water in open channels.RS Hydro have a wide range
of pressure, ultrasonic, open channel, radar and capacitance level sensors and transmitters for sale
and hire. Water level indicators work by using sensor probes to indicate water levels in a
storage tank. These probes send information back to the control panel to trigger an alarm
or indicator. As mentioned above, the control panel can be programmed to automatically turn on
your pump to refill the water again.
Principle of Water Level Indicator. The working principle of a water level indicator is actually
quite simple. Water level indicators work by using sensor probes to indicate water levels in a
storage tank. These probes send information back to the control panel to trigger an alarm
or indicator.
 different types of motor and motor drive
There are three general categories of electric drives: DC motor drives, eddy
current drives and AC motor drives. Each of these general types can be further divided into
numerous variations. Electric drives generally include both an electric motor and a speed control
unit or system. Lightweight power wheelchairs use a 2-pole motor, while the heavy duty
power wheelchair uses a 4-pole motor. The 4-pole motor offers more carrying power and also
allows for additional important options.
 lithium iron phosphate battery
 The LiFePO4  battery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many advantages and disadvantages
with other lithium-ion battery chemistries. However, there are significant differences.LFP contain
neither nickel or cobalt, both of which are supply-constrained and expensive. Human rights concerns have
been raised concerning the use of mined cobalt in batteries for distributed energy, home storage, and
EVs.LFP chemistry offers a longer cycle life than other lithium-ion approaches Like nickel-based
rechargeable batteries (and unlike other lithium ion batteries), LiFePo4.
4 batteries have a very constant output voltage, which stays close to 3.2 V during discharge until the cell is

exhausted. This allows the cell to deliver virtually full power until it is fully discharged, and it can greatly
simplify or even eliminate the need for voltage regulation circuitry.Because of the nominal 3.2 V output, four
cells can be placed in series for a nominal voltage of 12.8 V. This comes close to the nominal voltage of six-
cell lead-acid batteries. Along with the good safety characteristics of LFP batteries, this makes LFP a good
potential replacement for lead-acid batteries in applications such as automotive and solar applications,
provided the charging systems are adapted not to damage the LFP cells through excessive charging
voltages (beyond 3.6 volts DC per cell while under charge), temperature-based voltage compensation,
equalization attempts or continuous trickle charging. The LFP cells must be at least balanced initially before
the pack is assembled and a protection system also needs to be implemented to ensure no cell can be
discharged below a voltage of 2.5 V or severe damage will occur in most instances.

 Umbrella
An umbrella or parasol is a folding canopy supported by wooden or metal ribs that is usually mounted on a
wooden, metal, or plastic pole. It is designed to protect a person against rain or sunlight. The
term umbrella is traditionally used when protecting oneself from rain, with parasol used when protecting
oneself from sunlight, though the terms continue to be used interchangeably. Often the difference is the
material used for the canopy; some parasols are not waterproof. Umbrella canopies may be made of fabric
or flexible plastic. Umbrellas and parasols are primarily hand-held portable devices sized for personal use.
The largest hand-portable umbrellas are golf umbrellas. Umbrellas can be divided into two categories: fully
collapsible umbrellas, in which the metal pole supporting the canopy retracts, making the umbrella small
enough to fit in a handbag, and non-collapsible umbrellas, in which the support pole cannot retract and only
the canopy can be collapsed. Another distinction can be made between manually operated umbrellas and
spring-loaded automatic umbrellas, which spring open at the press of a button.

Automatic Umbrella Control Mechanism

It is the main object of the present invention to provide an automatic umbrella control
mechanism, which enables the user to open and close the umbrella automatically by switching
on a button. A temperature sensor is installed to the circuit which senses the atmospheric
temperature and sends signal in the form of waves to the control box. Control box is controlled
by Arduino which further send signal to the motor coupled to the shaft of the umbrella. Motor
transfers its motion to the coupled shaft so that shaft may rotate. Shaft rotates the drums. A
nylon taffeta sheet is attached with guided lines with the help of Orings. One end of the
umbrella sheet is attached with slider and slider moves with rope which is passing through the
drum and pulley. As the drum rotates anticlockwise, rope moves in forward direction with slider
and umbrella sheet opens. For closing of umbrella, drums rotate clockwise then rope starts to
move backward direction and hence umbrella closes. The clockwise and anticlockwise directions
of motor are controlled by Arduino.
 Solenoid
Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an electromagnet. It also refers to any
device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using a solenoid. The device creates
a magnetic field from electric current and uses the magnetic field to create linear motion.
Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an electromagnet. It also
refers to any device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using a
 solenoid. The device creates a magnetic field from electric current and uses the
magnetic field to create linear motion. Common applications of solenoids are to
power a switch, like the starter in an automobile, or a valve, such as in a sprinkler
system.

How a Solenoid Works

A solenoid is a coil of wire in a corkscrew shape wrapped around a piston, often made of iron. As in all
electromagnets, a magnetic field is created when an electric current passes through the wire.
Electromagnets have an advantage over permanent magnets in that they can be switched on and off by
the application or removal of the electric current, which is what makes them useful as switches and
valves and allows them to be entirely automated.

Like all magnets, the magnetic field of an activated solenoid has positive and negative poles that will
attract or repel material sensitive to magnets. In a solenoid, the electromagnetic field causes the piston
to either move backward or forward, which is how motion is created by a solenoid coil

 Steel
Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve
its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron. Many other elements may be present or added.
Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11% chromium.
Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used
in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. Iron is
the base metal of steel. Depending on the temperature, it can take two crystalline forms (allotropic
forms): body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic. The interaction of the allotropes of iron with the
alloying elements, primarily carbon, gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties.

 Leather
wheelchair with leather seat help you get back, or improve abilities that you need for daily life. These abilities may be
physical, mental, and/or cognitive. You may have lost them because of a disease or injury, or as a side effect from
medical treatment.. wheelchair with leather seat can improve your daily life and functioning. Finding the most
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The overall goal of these. wheelchair with leather seat is to help you get your abilities back and regain
independence. At Alibaba.com you will find a huge range of different kinds of. wheelchair with leather seat that best
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road to recovery. The products offered at this platform have all been tested, verified, and certified for their quality.

In this platform, you will find these. wheelchair with leather seat in all types ranging from hyperbaric oxygen
chambers to wheelchairs and walking aids, you can also directly contact the manufacturer for customization. Here
each and every. wheelchair with leather seat are made with reasonable care and all these are nature friendly. In this
platform, you can find exciting offers on the. wheelchair with leather seat you need in your life. 

At Alibaba.com, you are guaranteed to find the best. wheelchair with leather seat offers that match your budget. This
platform offers a wide range of different products for every customer and every need. Either as an individual seller or
wholesaler who is looking to buy the product in bulk, this platform enables them to purchase amazing products at
reasonable prices.
Wheelchair seat cushions are a great preventative tool, keeping things like back pain, sciatic (or
tailbone) pain, and pressure sores at bay while promoting proper spinal alignment and posture.
 Foam
A bath sponge and the head on a glass of beer are examples of foams. In most foams, the volume of gas is large,
with thin films of liquid or solid separating the regions of gas. Soap foams are also known as suds.
Solid foams can be closed-cell or open-cell. In closed-cell foam, the gas forms discrete pockets, each completely
surrounded by the solid material. In open-cell foam, gas pockets connect to each other. A bath sponge is an
example of an open-cell foam: water easily flows through the entire structure, displacing the air. A camping
mat is an example of a closed-cell foam: gas pockets are sealed from each other so the mat cannot soak up
water.
Foams are examples of dispersed media. In general, gas is present, so it divides into gas bubbles of different
sizes (i.e., the material is polydisperse)—separated by liquid regions that may form films, thinner and thinner
when the liquid phase drains out of the system films.[4] When the principal scale is small, i.e., for a very fine foam,
this dispersed medium can be considered a type of colloi Foam can also refer to something that is analogous to
foam, such as quantum foam, polyurethane foam (foam rubber), XPS foam, polystyrene, phenolic, or many other
manufactured foams.

 ultrasonic sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical
signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the sound that humans can
hear. Ultrasonic sensors emit short, high-frequency sound pulses at regular intervals. These propagate in the air at
the velocity of sound. If they strike an object, then they are reflected back as echo signals to the sensor, which itself
computes the distance to the target based on the time-span between emitting the signal and receiving the echo. As
the distance to an object is determined by measuring the time of flight and not by the intensity of the sound, ultrasonic
sensors are excellent at suppressing background interference.Virtually all materials which reflect sound can be
detected, regardless of their colour. Even transparent materials or thin foils represent no problem for an ultrasonic
sensor.Micro sonic ultrasonic sensors are suitable for target distances from 20 mm to 10 m and as they measure the
time of flight they can ascertain a measurement with pinpoint accuracy. Some of our sensors can even resolve the
signal to an accuracy of 0.025 mm.Ultrasonic sensors can see through dust-laden air and ink mists. Even thin
deposits on the sensor membrane do not impair its function.

Sensors with a blind zone of only 20 mm and an extremely thin beam spread are making entirely new applications
possible today: Fill level measurement in wells of microtiter plates and test tubes, as well as the detection of small
bottles in the packaging industry, can be implemented with ease. Even thin wires are reliably detected.

 small fan

A fan is a powered machine used to create a flow of air. A fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or
blades, which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor,
or runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing, or case.[1] This may direct the airflow, or
increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric
motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic motors, handcranks, and internal
combustion engines.

Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane, or vanes used for producing currents of air. Fans produce air
flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed
to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate
 when exposed to an air-fluid stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such
as anemometers and wind turbines, often have designs similar to that of a fan.

Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort (e.g., an electric table or floor fan),
vehicle engine cooling systems (e.g., in front of a radiator), machinery cooling systems (e.g., inside
computers and audio power amplifiers), ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating chaff
of cereal grains), removing dust (e.g. sucking as in a vacuum cleaner), drying (usually in combination with a
heat source) and providing draft for a fire.

 Switch
A switch is defined as a device that is used for making and breaking of electric current in a
circuit. It is used to turn on and turn off daily used equipment like television, washing machine,
fan, light, etc. A switch can be used in series and parallel circuits.

 different pushbutton
A push button switch is a small, sealed mechanism that completes an electric circuit when you
press on it. When it's on, a small metal spring inside makes contact with two wires, allowing
electricity to flow. When it's off, the spring retracts, contact is interrupted, and current won't flow.
 Joystick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to
the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is the principal control device in
the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a centre stick or side-stick. It often has
supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's flight.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state
can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game
consoles is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks,
underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras, and zero turning radius lawn mowers.
Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment
such as mobile phones

 different sized tire

A tire (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's
rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the
surface over which the wheel travels. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles,
are pneumatically inflated structures, which also provide a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire
rolls over rough features on the surface. Tires provide a footprint, called a contact patch, that is designed to
match the weight of the vehicle with the bearing strength of the surface that it rolls over by providing a
bearing pressure that will not deform the surface excessively.
Having different sizes on some four wheel and all wheel drive vehicles can actually do damage
to the vehicle. Since tires vary from brand to brand, and even from model to model, damage can
even occur with tires of the same size if they have a large enough difference in circumference.
 Arduino
 Arduino refers to an open-source electronics platform or board and the software used to
program it. Arduino is designed to make electronics more accessible to artists, designers,
hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
 definition and analysis
temperature and humidity sensor
we use this sensor to control the umbrella of the wheelchair that we design mean that if
the temperature is above the normal temperature the user will need the umbrella to
protected from the sun or to get shade. The specific type of temperature and humidity
sensor that we use in this project is called DHT 11 sensor.
The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes
with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the
values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated
and hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers.
The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90%
with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.
Water level sensor

1.3.1 general objective

The objectives of this project are to:

i. Improve the existing wheel chair in terms of daily usage.

ii. Analyze the wheelchair according to human factor engineering and material selections.
iii. Simulate the prototype of the product using Solid Works and ALGOR software.

1.3.2 specific objective

It is the main object of the present invention to provide an automatic umbrella control mechanism,
which enables the user to open and close the umbrella automatically.

1.4 SCOPES
This project is confined to the following scopes of study:

i. Selected the suitable manual wheelchair in terms of human factor engineering.

ii. Redesign of wheel chair drawing using SolidWorks software.
iii. Analysis the strength of the redesign drawing using ALGOR software.
iv. Simulate the prototype of product by SolidWorks software 1.4 Aesthetics

1.5 problem statement

Existing wheelchair are limited in its function, such as it needs human force to move it. The user need to
move the wheel by hand and may getting tired using it in a longer period. Besides that, existing
wheelchair have weaknesses. It is not safety enough and it is also not very comfortable as the shape and
position cannot be fixing the user’s body. This project is about to redesign existing wheelchair to be
more ergonomic that is important element of human factor engineering. In this project, the first
requirement is to evaluate the existing wheelchair in term of daily usage. The questionnaires are
distributed to the wheelchair user and the guidance to make a market survey to collect a necessary
data. Analysis of the questionnaires and adequate in study of designing objects are important to make
sure the new design fulfill all the criteria of desirable design of wheelchair. Wheelchair design must be
comfortable and safety for the user. It is also should preventing from the serious problem occurred
which may lead to accident. The ergonomic desirable design of wheelchair which offers an appropriate
variable features and other elements which can be changed by the user that need come out with a few
designs and evaluate it according to human factor engineering and material selection

1.6 components of wheelchair

1.6.1 Frame

One of the biggest breakthroughs in wheelchair technology has been the development of new,
lightweight materials for wheelchair frames. Whereas stainless steel used to be the only frame material
available, wheelchair users today have their choice of stainless steel, chrome, aluminum, airplane
aluminum, steel tubing, an alloy of chrome and lightweight materials, titanium, and other lightweight
composite materials. The type of material used to construct the frame affects the weight of the frame,
and therefore the overall weight of the wheelchair. The type of frame material also can affect the
wheelchair's overall strength. The two most common types of frames currently available are rigid frame
chairs (where the frame remains in one piece and the wheels are released for storage or travel), and the
standard cross-brace frame (which enables the frame to fold for transport or storage).

1 .6.2 Upholstery

Upholstery for wheelchairs must withstand daily use in all kinds of weather. Consequently,
manufacturers provide a variety of options to users, ranging from cloth to new synthetic fabrics to
leather. Many manufacturers also offer a selection of upholstery colors, ranging from black to neon, to
allow for individual selection and differing tastes among consumers.

1.6.3 Seating Systems

Seating systems are sold separately from the wheelchairs themselves, as seating must be chosen on an
individual basis. It is important when selecting a wheelchair or a seating system to ensure that the two
components are compatible .
1.6.4 Tires

Wheelchair tires are either solid rubber or pneumatic (air-filled). Solid rubber tires are almost
always used with standard wheelchairs and sometimes with lightweight wheelchairs. Those
tires provide a hard ride and have a high rolling resistance, but they have low wear rates and
are low maintenance. Pneumatic tires are almost always used with ultralight wheelchairs and
sometimes with lightweight wheelchairs. Those tires provide a softer ride, lower rolling
resistance, and are lower in weight, but they have high wear rates and are high-maintenance
(particularly in maintaining appropriate air pressure).

1.6.5 Wheels

The wheels are usually spoked (wired) or molded (mag). Wheel sizes usually range from about
30 to 66 cm (12 to 26 inches) in diameter, depending on the purpose of the wheelchair. Molded
wheels have low maintenance requirements. However, they are significantly heavier and less
responsive than spoked wheels.

1.6.5 Axles

Rear-wheel axles are either fixed or quick-release. Fixed axles are almost always used on
standard wheelchairs. Quick-release axles are almost always used with ultralight wheelchairs,
and either fixed or quick-release are used with lightweight wheelchairs. Fixed axles are a bolt
and locknut that require tools to remove and attach the rear wheel to the frame. A quick-
release mechanism has a button on the end of the axle that allows for easy removal of the tire
without any tools. That may be critical for disassembling a wheelchair when transporting it in
an automobile. The fixed axle is low-maintenance, whereas the quick-release axle requires
frequent monitoring.

1.6.6 Casters

The casters range in size from about 7.6 to 23.8 cm (3 to 9 inches) in diameter, with the
majority falling in the 12.7- to 20.3-cm (5- to 8-inch) range. The caster tires can be solid rubber
or pneumatic but are limited to either mag or solid hub wheels.

1.6.7 Leg rests

The leg rests are fixed, swing-away, or elevating. They consist of a hanger that is attached to the
frame and a footplate that supports the individual’s feet. Fixed leg rests are integral to the
frame; they produce a lighter-weight system since there are fewer components. Swing-away leg
rests allow for the removal of the leg rests from the frame in order to facilitate transfers into
and out of the wheelchair. Elevating leg rests allow the lower extremities to be positioned at
different angles with relation to the seat surface, thereby raising and lowering the leg position.
This is often critical to address an individual’s specific physiologic issues (e.g., swelling in the
lower extremities).

1.6.8 Armrests
The armrests are either fixed-height or adjustable-height. Armrests facilitate transfers by
providing a handhold for the individual. They support the upper extremities when the individual
is not propelling the wheelchair, and they provide a means for weight shifting if the individual
has the strength to lift his or her body weight using the upper extremities.

1.6.9 Umbrella
1.7 application area of wheelchair
1.8 working principle of wheelchair
1.9 methodology
Chapter 2
DESIGN

Design is an innovative and highly iterative process. It is also a decision-making process. Decisions
sometimes have to be made with too little information, occasion ally with just the right amount of
information, or with an excess of partially contradictory information (Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith
Nisbett, 2010). Design is a communication-intensive activity in which both words and pictures are used
and written and oral forms are employed. Engineers have to communicate effectively and work with
people of many disciplines. Design is the human power to conceive, plan, and realize products that serve
human beings in the accomplishment of any individual or collective purpose. It is a creative activity
whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in
whole life cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and
the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange.

2.1 Principle’s Of Design

Design is a complex iterative creative process that begins with the recognition of a need of desire and
terminates with a product or process that uses available resources, energy and technology to fulfill the
original need within some set of defined constraints.

2.2 Design Guidelines

A set of guidelines developed to ensure that a product is designed so that it can be easily and efficiently
manufactured and assembled with a minimum of effort, time, and cost.

There are some guidelines in design:

i. Aim For Simplicity

ii. Standardize
iii. Rationalize Product Design
iv. Use The Widest Possible Tolerances
v. Choose Materials To Suit Function And Production Process
vi. Minimize Non-Value-Adding Operations
vii. Design For Process
viii. Teamwork

2.3 Design Process

The design process is an iterative, complex, decision-making engineering activity that lead to detailed
drawings by which manufacturing can economically produce a quantity of identical products that can be
sold. The design process usually starts with the identification of a need, and decision to do something
about it. After many iterations, the process ends with the presentation of the plans or satisfying the
need. Depending on the nature of the design task, several design phases may be repeated throughout
the life of the product, from inception to termination (Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett, 2010)

In order to construct and control the wheelchair first we have to design each components.
Radius of the wheel can be calculated by using the following steps
From the given specification it is known that
V=0.5m/s
Vo =0m/s
t=1.5sec
From the given we can calculate S
S=1/2(u+vo)t
S=1/2(0+0.5)1sec
S=0.25m
Vwheelchair¿ 2 πrs
0.5=2*3.14*0.25*r
r=0.5/2*3.14*0.25
r=0.5/1.57
r=0.318m
r=31.8cm is the radius of the wheel to be design