Original Article

Visual demand, visual ability and vision standards for hairdressers – An

observational study from Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Suresh Janani, Sankar Dhanalakshmi, Asokan Rashima, Ramani Krishnakumar, PP Santanam

Purpose: The aim of this study was to create vision standards for various tasks performed by hairdressers Access this article online
and to assess the spectacle compliance and its impact at work. Methods: The observational cross‑sectional Website:
study enrolled hairdressers in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It was done in three phases:  (i) Job www.ijo.in
profiling from visual task analysis, creating vision standards for various hairdressing tasks and arriving DOI:
at test protocols; (ii) Comprehensive eye examination, and (iii) Assessment of spectacle compliance and its 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2491_20
impact on work. Descriptive analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 21.0) was PMID:
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/ijo by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 06/05/2021

*****
performed. Results: There were 305 participants with a mean age of 48 (SD ± 12) years. The visual acuity
demand was found to be 6/18 and N15, for distance and near, respectively. Appropriate spectacles were Quick Response Code:
prescribed for 203 (67%) hairdressers. Even with the best possible refractive correction, a few hairdressers
did not meet the distance (13) and near (11) visual acuity standard. In all, 54 hairdressers were referred for
further examination to a tertiary eye care center for lenticular changes, retinal abnormalities, and glaucoma
screening. Among the subjects who were dispensed with spectacles, 181 (86%) were available for telephonic
spectacle compliance assessment, and 164 (90%) were compliant with spectacle usage at work. Improved
visual ability was reported by 133  (81%) hairdressers at work. Conclusion: This study provides vision
standards for hairdressers. From the visual task analysis, hairdressing tasks were found to be visually
demanding and hazardous. The study emphasizes that providing appropriate spectacle correction showed
a clinically evident positive impact at work.

Key words: Barbers, hairdressers, spectacle compliance, vision demands, vision standards

According to the International Standard Classification of performance and thereby the productivity. Hairdressing is a
Occupation (ISCO,2008), hairdressers are defined as workers visually intense task in terms of continuous near work which
who cut, style, color, straighten and permanently wave demands adequate near vision and associated visual skills.
hair, shave or trim facial hair and treat scalp conditions.[1] Uncorrected refractive error and presbyopia are known to affect
Their work routine includes hair cutting/styling, moustache task performance and productivity.[5,6] If the hairdresser is not
and beard trimming/shaving, and hair dyeing.[2] Though meeting the visual demand, it will affect his productivity and
modern salons are emerging, traditional barbershops are customer satisfaction.
still the major players in this field, mostly dominated by
Commonly reported visual symptoms were headache,
male workers.[3]
followed by blurred vision and ocular symptoms
Visual demand is defined as the vision requirement for each like itching, irritation, and tearing. [7‑9] Due to the
particular task that varies from one occupation to another. repetitive nature of the tasks and poor ergonomics, work‑related
Visual ability is the individual’s personal ability to accomplish lower back pain, followed by the neck, shoulder, and wrist
a visually demanding task. Vision standard is the minimum pain were commonly observed.[7,10‑12] There were no studies
expected level of vision that is required for the efficient and on understanding the visual demand for this occupation.
safe performance of tasks of an individual at the workplace.[4] This study aimed to understand the visual demand associated
The abilities of the individuals to perform their tasks at work with the tasks performed by hairdressers and to estimate
are determined by factors such as knowledge, experience, the vision standards, match the visual ability to the visual
skills, and relevant training. In addition to that, the visual and demand and understand the spectacle compliance at work.
ocular health of the individual also determines the ability, and
accuracy of the task performance as well as the safety of the
individual at work. When the visual ability of the individual
does not match the visual standard, it will affect the visual task
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License,
which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially,
as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under
the identical terms.
Department of Occupational Optometry Services, Medical Research
Foundation, Chennai, India
For reprints contact: [email protected]
Correspondence to: Dr. Asokan Rashima, No 18, College
Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai  -  600 006, Tamil Nadu, India. Cite this article as: Janani S, Dhanalakshmi S, Rashima A, Krishnakumar R,
E‑mail: [email protected] Santanam PP. Visual demand, visual ability and vision standards for
Received: 29-Aug-2020 Revision: 12-Jan-2021 hairdressers – An observational study from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Indian J
Ophthalmol 2021;69:1369-74.
Accepted: 24-Jan-2021 Published: 21-May-2021

© 2021 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow

1370 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 69 Issue 6

Methods • Vergence Demand (Convergence)(PD): C = [10x IPD (in mm)]/

[W + 2.7 mm] PD[15]
This study was carried out by the Department of Occupational IPD – Interpupillary Distance, W – Working distance in mm,
Optometry Services of a tertiary eye hospital, in Chennai. The PD = Prism Diopter
strategy of convenience sampling was used. An association of • Stereopsis demand = (Δb) IPD/b2 (206265) arc sec[16]
hairdressers in Chennai was approached and informed about Where b = is the observational distance: Δb is the standard
the need of the study. Hairdressers above 18 years of age with a deviation or the average of the longitudinal offset;
minimum 1 year of experience, with willingness to participate,
IPD = Interpupillary distance; and 206265 conversion factors
were recruited. Eye examinations were conducted at locations
between radians and seconds of arc.
identified by the association. Consents for participation were
obtained on behalf of the subjects and oral consent from the The normal central visual field is required for the task that
participants was also obtained, as it was done in a community mandates accuracy, eye‑hand coordination, and safety. The
setup. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and peripheral visual field is required for reaching and judging
Institutional Review Board of Vision Research Foundation the task movement.[17] The illuminance requirements for
and followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The various tasks were arrived based on the nature of the task,
study was done in three phases need for speed or accuracy, age of the working population,
Phase 1: To understand the work profile, create vision and reflectance of the target background.[18]
standards, and arrive at test protocols Phase 2: Based on the observations from VTA, a battery
Phase 2: Perform comprehensive eye examination to profile of tests and questions about task‑related symptoms to be
the visual and ocular symptoms incorporated in history were arrived at. All the hairdressers
Phase 3: Assessment of spectacle compliance underwent the comprehensive eye examination: General and
Phase 1: After acquiring permission from proprietors, Visual occupational history  [Table 1], visual acuity testing for the
Task Analysis  (VTA) was carried out by two occupational distance using Log MAR visual acuity chart and near visual
optometrists in three different barbershops, using Grundy’s acuity testing using continuous text chart, refractive error
task analysis grid [Appendix 1]. During VTA, observations on assessment, anterior segment examination using Handheld Slit
the size of the critical detail i.e., size of the hair, and working Lamp Bio‑microscope, intraocular pressure measurement using
distance i.e.,  the distance at which the various tasks were non‑contact tonometer and posterior segment examination
performed, were made. Other task‑related factors such as using Non‑Mydriatic fundus camera were done. Binocular
working position, the direction of gaze and the need for special vision assessment included near point of convergence, near
accuracy/care during the task performance were recorded. point of accommodation, and stereo‑acuity using Randot
The task‑related clinical requirements such as the demand for Stereogram. Hairdressers who deviated from required vision
binocular vision and stereopsis, visual fields and color vision standards were either corrected with appropriate spectacles
were obtained. Observations on the work environment include and/or referred for further examination. Readymade near
visibility (the relationship between the size of detail working correction was dispensed on the same day of examination
distances, contrast and time available for viewing the task), the if the subjects required only near correction. Other forms of
type of lighting in use, illuminance level and presence of any spectacles were distributed two weeks later from the date of
hazards were also recorded during VTA. examination.
The size of the target detail (mm) and working distance (cm) Phase 3: The spectacle compliance was assessed over the
were used to arrive at the visual acuity demand for the various telephone using the questionnaire [Appendix 2] two months
tasks. The size of human hair in the scalp and part of the face later from the date of spectacle dispensing.
ranges between 0.06 and 0.1 mm in diameter.[12] Hairdressers
usually gather strands of hair before they cut/trim and thus the
size of hair strands was approximated to 1.0 mm. The distance Table 1: Occupational history for hairdressers
vision demand was arrived using Grundy’s Nomogram. OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY
Similarly, near vision demand for various tasks was arrived
using the conversion table. The near visual acuity demand at i) Working as hairdressers since _______________ Years
40 cm was converted to various measured working distances ii) Hours of working __________ in a day
using the multiplication factor.[13] The visual acuity for both iii) Number of customers _________ in a day
distance and near work was doubled from the baseline to iv) The difficulty associated with Haircut/Shave: Yes/No
ensure better visual comfort.[2,14] v) Difficulty in picking grey hair from moustache: Yes/No
The tasks being done at near to intermediate working vi) Difficulty in applying hair dye: Yes/No
distance, demand optimal accommodation, convergence and vii) History of any cut injury during haircut/shave: Yes/No
stereo‑acuity for better task performance were measured, and viii) History of any dissatisfied customers: Yes/No
they were calculated using the working distance and target xi) MSD: Pain in Neck/Shoulder/Lower back/Hip/Leg/Hand/
size. Wrist/Fingers/General fatigue/Nil
• Accommodative Demand (D) = 100/Working Distance in (D) x) Breathing difficulty noted associated with haircut/hair
• For the continuous near work, accommodative demand dye application: Yes/No
was doubled to keep half of the accommodative The table enumerates the questions which were arrived after visual task
amplitude in the reserve and the remaining used for task analysis to understand the work‑related visual, ocular, and musculoskeletal
performance.[13] symptoms among the hairdressers
June 2021 Janani, et al.: Vision standards
for hairdressers 1371

Statistical analysis vision standards arrived for various hairdressing tasks are
All the data were entered into Microsoft Excel and elaborated in Table 2.
the analysis was done using SPSS  (IBM SPSS Statistics The lighting at the barbershop was a combination of
Version  21.0). Mean  (Standard Deviation) of the age, visual both daylight and artificial fluorescent light and the median
demand parameters  (near visual acuity, the amplitude of
illuminance level observed was 450 lux (350 lux to 520 lux). The
accommodation, near point of convergence, amount of phoria
need for speed and accuracy was observed to be important and
for distance and near), and task illumination were calculated
reflectance of the task background was observed to be less than
for vision standards. Frequency on the visual/ocular symptoms,
30%. The illuminance level for various tasks was recommended
ocular findings, and spectacle compliance were described.
to be 300 lux.[18]
Results Hairdressers were exposed to flying particles i.e.,  small
The results of the study are described with respect to each hair‑dust during hair cutting/trimming and chemicals from hair
phase. dye, bleach, and other hair care products. They were observed
to use nose masks and gloves only during the application of
Phase 1: Job description, observation from VTA and Vision hair dye.
Standards
Phase 2: Results from comprehensive eye examination
The job description was arrived at based on the visual task analysis
and interviews with hairdressers. Their shops were usually A total of 319  male hairdressers from various barbershops
opened early in the morning and the working hours varied from of Chennai participated in the study and their mean age
8 hours to 12 hours per day. Their tasks involved hair cutting/ was 48  ±  12  years  (18–87  years). Among them, 14 stopped
trimming, cutting and styling moustache and beard, and applying working due to various reasons like old age, health issues,
hair dye. Besides, it was also observed that they have to pick and musculoskeletal problems, and vision‑related issues. For this
cut/remove one or more grey hairs from the moustache. All these study, we report the results from 305 working hairdressers.
tasks were carried out by standing, and during task performance, The mean years of work experience were 25 (SD: ±12) years.
occasional gaze shifts upward or downwards were observed. Most of them worked for 9 hours a day and on an average they
provided hairdressing services to 15 customers in a day. From
Based on the angular size of the target, distance vision vision‑related occupational history, visual disturbance related
demand was obtained. Though the tasks placed demands on to any of the task was found in 131  (42.9%) subjects. Also,
near vision, the hairdresser at work also required optimal 109 (36%) had difficulty in haircutting and shaving, 102 (33.4%)
distance vision to look at the appearance of the customers had difficulty in picking grey hair from moustache, 20 (7%)
in the mirror. They check for symmetry during the process reported difficulty applying hair dye and 18  (6%) reported
of haircut, and after haircut, by holding the mirror behind difficulty in all three work‑related tasks. Eight (2.6%) barbers
the customer, to show the work done at the rear part of the reported cut injury, 11  (3.6%) reported frequent hair‑dust
head. Since the tasks involved more of near activity and falling in their eyes and 12 (3.9%) reported breathing difficulty
mandated good eye‑hand coordination, the normal central during haircut and hair dye application.
vision is important for hairdressers. Visual acuity for distance
is calculated using the Grundy’s Nomogram, for example for No specific difficulties about workplace illuminance like
hair cutting task, the size of the detail is taken as 1 mm and poor lighting or glare at the workplace were reported. Apart
distance between the eye and the object is taken as of 55 cm, from work‑related vision complaints, near vision difficulty
the angle subtended at the eye is calculated to be 5.8 minutes outside the work was reported by 91  (30%) hairdressers
of an arc, which corresponds to 6/36 visual acuity. Having followed by distance vision difficulty by 45 (15%) hairdressers.
twice as the demand, the required visual acuity for distance Among 305 hairdressers, 67 (22%) were using spectacles. From
is 6/18. With the angular substance as 5.8 min of an arc, the the established vision standards as distance vision requirement
required visual acuity for 40 cm is given as N12. For the of 6/18 and near vision requirement of N15, 44  (14.4%) did
distance of 55 cm, with the multiplication factor of 1.375, not meet the distance vision standard and 60  (20%) did not
the required visual acuity for near is found to be N15. The meet the near vision demand for the tasks either in one eye

Table 2: Vision standards for various tasks based on working distance and target size
Task Haircutting Moustache/beard trimming Shaving Picking grey hair from Moustache
Working distance (in cm) 55 50 60 50
Size of detail (in mm) 1 1 1 1
Distance Visual Acuity 6/18 6/18 6/18 6/18
Near Visual Acuity N 15@ 55 cm N 15@ 50 cm N 18 @ 60 cm N 15@ 50 cm
Accommodative Demand (D) 1.8 2 1.6 2
Amplitude of Accommodation (D) 3.6 4 2.5 4
Convergence Demand (PD) 12 12 10 12
Stereopsis (Arc sec) 40 50 30 50
Visual field Central Central Central Central
Visual demand for various visual skills that are required for the different occupational tasks was calculated with working distance and target size obtained from
visual task analysis using Grundy’s Nomogram
1372 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 69 Issue 6

or both the eyes. Binocular vision parameters were assessed musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) among hairdressers was
and we found 10 hairdressers reported to have blurring of found to be 35%.
distance vision on prolonged near work. None of the subjects
A total of 203 (67%) hairdressers were prescribed spectacles.
reported symptoms like eye strain, double vision for near, etc.,
Even with appropriate refractive error and presbyopia
The average stereopsis was found to be 52 arcsec. Only two
correction, 13 hairdressers did not meet the distance vision
hairdressers exhibited near exophoria during the near cover
standard and 11 did not meet the near vision standard for
test and they had no symptoms at work or otherwise. Other
various occupational tasks. Those who did not meet the vision
parameters for binocular vision were assessed with appropriate
standard were observed to have lenticular changes and retinal
refractive error correction for distance and near.
pathology. The number of hairdressers who did not meet the
The general vision and ocular symptoms reported required vision standards is listed in Table 3. Those who had
by hairdressers are provided in Fig. 1. Anterior segment unmet visual needs were referred for further evaluation. For
examination revealed lenticular changes with 127  (42%), this study, the compliance for referral has not been evaluated.
pinguecula 39 (13%), meibomitis 22 (7.2%), and pseudophakia
in one or both the eyes 19  (65) hairdressers. From posterior Phase 3: Spectacle compliance assessment
segment examination, macular scar was noted in two, drusen Of the 203 hairdressers who were prescribed with new
and hard exudates in one, RPE alteration at the macula in spectacles, 158 (78%) claimed to be first‑time spectacle wearers.
three, and diabetic retinopathy signs in one of the hairdressers. Of these, 155 (76.3%) were prescribed bifocals, 21 (10%) single
From optic disc evaluation, 13  (4.2%) were identified as vision spectacles for near, 22 (10.4%) single vision spectacles for
glaucoma suspects based on Cup: Disc ratio and nerve fiber distance, and five (2%) progressive additional lenses. Spectacle
thinning. Fifty‑four hairdressers were referred for further compliance was assessed after two months from the date of
examination to tertiary eye care center: 29 (9.5%) for cataract
surgery, 13 (4.2%) for glaucoma examination, eight (2.6%) for
retinal examination, and three  (1%) for ocular surface, and
one for corneal examination. The systemic diseases among the
hairdressers are shown in Fig. 2. In this study, work‑related

Figure 1: Visual and ocular symptoms associated with work among

hairdressers Figure 2: Details of systemic disease among hairdressers

Table 3: Number of individuals who did not meet the required vision standards
Task Required Vision Number of people who Number of people did Further intervention
Standards* did not meet the required not meet the required
vision standards at the vision standards with
time of presentation the intervention
Distance Visual Acuity 6/18 44 13 11 Referred for cataract surgery
and 2 for retinal examination
Near Visual Acuity N 15@ 55 cm 60 11 10 Referred for cataract surgery
and 1 for retinal examination
Amplitude of 4 ‑ 10 9 Referred for cataract surgery
Accommodation (D) and 1 for retinal examination for
macular scar
Convergence 12 ‑ 0
Demand (PD)
Stereopsis 30 ‑ 18 3 Referred for cataract surgery
(Arc sec) and 1 for retinal examination for
RPE alterations.
*Size of the detail: 1 mm and working distance 50 cm
June 2021 Janani, et al.: Vision standards
for hairdressers 1373

distribution of spectacles. Totally 181  (86%) were available influence the spectacle seeking behavior.[21] From the spectacle
for tele‑compliance assessment and of them, 164 (90%) were compliance assessment, apart from 36% hairdressers who
compliant to spectacle use at work. Of these, 133 (81%) reported reported task‑related vision difficulty, 81% reported improved
improved visual ability at work with spectacles on. visual ability at work with spectacles. They also appreciated
the improved visual performance and reduced blur associated
Discussion with tasks. It was evident from the spectacle compliance
Studies have only concentrated on occupational demand assessment that appropriate spectacle correction does have a
mainly on ergonomics and dermatology among hairdressers. positive impact on visual ability at work, thereby improving
This study mainly established the vision standards for the productivity.
hairdressers and emphasized that their visual ability improved Due to prolonged standing and awkward upper arm
by providing appropriate spectacle correction. In addition, it postures, hairdressers are prone to work‑related musculoskeletal
also arrived at the minimum near visual acuity demand as symptoms. Though most of the hairdressers reported more
N15 for most of the hairdressing tasks that are done at the than one symptom, leg pain was most common, followed
distance of 50‑60 cm and distance visual acuity as 6/18. Hair dye by neck and shoulder pain, lower back pain, hand pain, and
application was observed to be less visually demanding, with general fatigue were associated with most of the tasks. From
near vision demand of N30. The accommodative and vergence other studies, lower back pain was the most common reported
demand was observed to be less, which is known to decrease symptom followed by neck and shoulder pain.[8‑12]
with an increase in working distance. Reduced stereoacuity
can be alarming when hairdressers have to take extra care The limitation of this study is that not all hairdressers were
about the pimples/boils/warts on the face of customers and not available for tele‑compliance assessment for spectacles. The study
injure them during shaving/trimming of facial hair. Most of the has not used any quality‑of‑life questionnaire to assess any claim
time individuals with normal binocular vision were observed on the productivity or the visual performance. It may focus on
to have stereopsis of 50 arc seconds[14] and it is also known to the impact on quality of life and the visual abilities in future
decline after 50 years of age.[13] One of the hairdressers, whose studies. The selection of hairdressers was through their workmen
stereoacuity was 200 arcsec, was observed to be pseudophakic association, and this would impart a selection bias but it helped us
in one eye and had cataract changes in another eye, but reported to enroll many participants for the study in and around Chennai.
no task‑related vision symptoms. However, he reported the
incidence of unhappy customers on and off, through his Conclusion
30 years of experience. Though it is due to age‑related lenticular This study provides vision standards, job profile, vision, and
changes, appropriate cataract surgery and spectacle correction ocular profile of the hairdressers. The near visual demand was
would have restored the normal stereoacuity.[19,20] not high for this occupation but the impact of the near vision
Optimal central visual field is required for better near task correction on the performance at the job was felt by the study
performance. Ocular pathology that causes central field loss subjects. Thus it highlights the importance of matching visual
might lead to delayed task performance, and affect safety demand and the visual ability of the individual at work for
during complex tasks.[17] Since the tasks which hairdressers better visual‑task performance by understanding the visual
perform require precision and safety, they must have a normal demand exerted by the occupation.
central field of vision. Out of the two hairdressers with macular
Acknowledgements
scar, one of them reported difficulty in picking grey hair from
moustache, and another reported both distance and near Dr. Anuja R Singh  (Professor.  –  English Literature), Prof.
vision difficulty and was referred for further eye examination. Shankar Malhari  (Professor  –  English Literature) ‑  for their
Commonly reported visual/ocular symptoms as itching and valuable suggestions and reviewing the manuscript.
irritation, headache, and eye pain/strain, and watering which Declaration of patient consent
is similar to most of the studies.[8,10,13,14] The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate
Only 13 hairdressers reported difficulty in breathing during patient consent forms. In the form the patient  (s) has/have
hair dye applications on customers. Among 11 hairdressers given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other
who reported frequent hair‑dust falling in their eyes during clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients
haircutting, 10 were prescribed new spectacles which will understand that their names and initials will not be published
act as protection from hair‑dust falling. During the spectacle and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but
compliance assessment, one of the hairdressers reported that anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
the spectacle usage reduced the hair fall into the eyes.
Financial support and sponsorship
Near vision difficulty, both at‑work and daily activities Computer Age Management Services Limited for funding the
were reported only by 82  (26%) hairdressers. Of them, only study through their CSR support.
five were observed to use spectacles for their near activities.
A South Indian study on barriers to utilization of refraction Conflicts of interest
services observed, the lack of a “Felt need” as the foremost There are no conflicts of interest.
barrier for the presbyopic population to seek refraction
services and spectacle correction.[21] This, followed by a lack References
of awareness, together accounted for over 60% of the reasons 1. International standard classification of occupations. ISCO-08.
for not seeking refraction services. Besides, the nature of Part 3. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/
the job, skilled/unskilled, and literacy were also observed to stat/isco/docs/groupdefn08.pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 Nov 01].
1374 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 69 Issue 6

2. Wazir MS, Mehmood S, Ahmed A, Jadoon HR. Awareness among 12. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/hair-and-
barbers about health hazards associated with their profession. scalp-disorders/anatomy-and-physiology-of-hair.  [Last accessed
J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008;20:35-8. on 2020 Jul 27].
3. Baddikuri  NR. Jyothi  DB. Change among the nayindas of 13. Monica  R, Krishnakumar  R, Santanam  PP. Establishing pre-
Karnataka. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/34375. [Last employment vision standards for goldsmiths. Indian J Occup
accessed on 2020 July 27]. Environ Med 2012;16:27-33.
4. Dr Santanam’s Text book of Occupational. Optometry. 1st ed.. 14. Good GW, Weaver JL, Augsburger AR. Determination and
Chennai: Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research application of vision standards in industry. American journal of
Foundation; 2015. industrial medicine 1996;30:633-40.
5. Naidoo KS, Jaggernath J, Chinanayi FS, Chan VF. Near vision 15. Bither  PP. Determining the convergence demand for a patient
correction and work productivity among textile workers. African who reads at a close working distance. Am J Optom Physiol Opt
Vision and Eye Health 2016;75:1-4. 1987;64:355-60.
6. Pradhan KB. Impact of uncorrected vision on productivity-A study 16. James Saladin J. “Phorometry and Stereopsis.” Borish’s Clinical
in an industrial setting a pair of spectacles. J. Multidiscip. Res. Refraction. In: Benjamin WJ, Borish IM, editors. 2nd ed.. Butterworth
Healthcare 2015;1:119-31. Heinemann/Elsevier. 2006. p. 921–921.
7. Bradshaw L, Harris-Roberts J, Bowen J, Rahman S, Fishwick D. 17. Baker NA, Livengood H, Nau AC, Owens G, Chambers AJ, Trout J,
Self-reported work-related symptoms in hairdressers. Occup Med et al. Effects of central and peripheral vision occlusion on motor
2011;61:328-34. performance during hand coordination tasks. IISE Transactions
8. Skoufi  GI, Nena  E, Kostikas  K, Lialios  GA, Constantinidis  TC, on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors 2017;5:148-57.
Daniil Z, et al. Work-related respiratory symptoms and airway 18. Sanders  MS, McCormick  EJ. Illumination. Human Factors in
disease in hairdressers. Int J Occup Environ Med 2013;4:53-60. Engineering and Design. 7th ed.. McGraw-Hill; 1993. p. 530–1.
9. Kumah DB, Mohammed A-K, Aidoo F, Walier I, Kuutiero I, 19. Sucker J, Zvizdic M, Vogten H. Stereoscopic vision before and after
Ablordeppey RK, et al. Prevalence of ocular conditions among cataract extraction with artificial lens implantation. Ophthalmologe
hairdressers in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. BAOJ Ophthalmol 2000;97:676–81.
2017;1-6. 20. Undrakonda V, Sahiti TK, Vennesh PS, Kamath YS. A comparative
10. Kozak A, Wirth  T, Verhamme  M, Nienhaus A. Musculoskeletal study of stereoacuity in patients with various grades of cataract
health, work-related risk factors, and preventive measures in and bilateral pseudophakia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019;67:1834-7.
hairdressing: A scoping review. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019;14:24. 21. Marmamula  S, Keeffe  JE, Raman  U, Rao  GN. Population-based
11. Hakim SA, MA Abdel Hamid. Occupational health risks of cross-sectional study of barriers to utilisation of refraction services
hairdressers: Knowledge, practice, and self-reported symptoms. in South India: Rapid Assessment of Refractive Errors  (RARE)
Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine 2019;43:161-74. Study. BMJ Open 2011;1:e000172.