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Lecture 2: Psychological Development Name: Hasnain Jawed_____
Big Debate of Development Explanation of Debate
Nature vs. Nurture Nature is your genetic factor. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay
identical irrespective of where you were brought up. Nurture refers to personal experiences such us
early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and the culture by which
the baby is bounded.
Continuity vs. Discontinuity This says if your development is persistent and you keep on developing with time or its unequal.
Continuity states that development is gradual. Discontinuity states that it happens in a series of
different stages.
Normative vs. Idiographic Normative refers to the fact that people sometimes change their behavior, opinions, or standards to
Development be liked and accepted by others. whereas idiographic method focuses on individual cases or events.
Stability vs. Change Stability refers to your traits which remain similar throughout your lifecycle. change claims that
characters are modified by interactions with surrounding and milieu.
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage Age Range (approx.) Description
Oral stage 0-1 year In this stage the erogenous zone is the mouth and the baby gets fed. The feeding takes baby to
the pleasure zone and gives nutrition to the baby keeping him/her warm and secure. Sometime
one is fixated which will led him to oral fixation in future which leads in thumb sucking and etc.
in times of stress.
Anal stage 1-3 years In this stage the erogenous zone is the anal. And toilet training takes place The child becomes
conscious that they are a full person in their own right and obtains gratification in defecating.
Phallic stage 3-5 or 6 years In this stage the erogenous zone is the genitals. The child is now a grown up and takes interest to
know the differences around him/her. The child gets attracted to the opposite gender in this stage
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i.e. the boys develop interest in the mother while the girls develop interest in their father. Boys
usually develop a complex called Oedipus and girls develop a complex called Electra.
Latency stage 5 or 6 years to Psychosexual development stop taking place. In this stage the child now goes to school and finds
puberty skills and interest of him/her which help to improve and build new strengths. The child start to
realize his/her presence in the world.
Genital stage Puberty to adult In this stage the erogenous zone is the genital. The child starts taking interest in opposite gender.
Basically sexual pleasure changes from self-pleasure to heterosexual pleasure.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Age Range (approx.) Description
Sensorimotor 0-2 Years In stage the child start learning and gather information about the world by using their wisdoms.
stage They learn through integration and accommodation.
Preoperational 2-7 Years In this stage the child enhances the mental skills. Start thinking and learning with a very solid
stage mentality. He becomes egocentric .
Concrete 7-11 Years In this stage thinking becomes valid and they learn how to reason their thinking. the child can
Operational now manage to work on simple mathematical calculations and also understands his/her
Stage uniqueness and abilities.
Formal 12 years and above In this stage a child turns into a teenage. Their logic becomes reasonable. The teen also became
Operational more compassionate and their brain grows by this age.
Stage
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
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Stage Age Range Issue Description
(approx.)
Infancy
Birth to 18 Trust vs Mistrust In this stage the baby tries to develop keeping trust on other if gets a quick response by
months the mother and develops an essence of hope in his personality while if he gets a slow
response he develops a feeling of mistrust.
Toddlerhood
2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. The child feel independent. The baby develops will and determination if training is
Shame and Doubt polite and if its harsh he will develop shame and guilt.
Preschooler
3 to 5 years Initiative vs. Guilt Child needs to initiate declaring control and power over the environment. But If the
child gets scolded by any of the parent the feeling of guilt develops in the personality.
And if the parents stay polite so this will develop a purpose to try new skills.
Elementary
School 6 to 11 Industry vs. In this stage the child need to cope up with the academic and social demands. the
years Inferiority middle school of child starts which make him/her realize about the success and failure.
Success in this stage will lead him to try new skills while failure will led him to
generate a feeling of inferiority.
Adolescent
12 to 18 Identify vs. Role The child is now a grown up, a teenage. He is in search of his identity. A role model to
years Confusion follow or he tries to be the role model to whom people follows. Success at this stage
takes the child towards the loyalty and devotion in life.
Young
Adult 19 to 40 Intimacy vs. Young adults are in search of their partners. They wanted someone to spend their life
years Isolation with and share trust with him/her so could be relaxed . Success at this stage leads to a
healthy loving life with the partner. While failure leads to isolation and a feeling of
betrayal.
Middle
Adult 40 to 65 Generativity vs. At this stage the person realizes that his strengths are now turning into weaknesses.
years Stagnation Some people develop feeling of care while others become stagnant they don’t share
their life with others.
Late Adult
65 to death Ego Integrity vs. There a real risk of dying but if a person takes this as positive so he/she contribute for
Despair their children and grandchildren. He is now living a bonus life. A life for which he has
worked for. But negativity at this stage can make an adult jealous and he/she would
keep themselves away from the teenagers. Failure will lead to despair.
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