Understanding

Hypothesis Testing
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Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
o understand the idea behind hypothesis testing;
o define and formulate statistical hypothesis;
o distinguish null hypothesis from alternative
hypothesis;
o determine whether a hypothesis test is non –
directional or directional;

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Objectives:

o determine whether a directional test is left –

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Statistical hypothesis
➔ an assertion or a conjecture about one or more
populations.
➔ a claim or conjecture that may either be true
or false. This claim is usually expressed in terms
of the parameter of the population.

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Hypothesis Testing
➔ is gaining wide acceptance in many situations
where decisions have to be carefully made.
➔ a decision - making process for evaluating
claims about a population based on the
characteristics of a sample purportedly coming
from that population.

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Hypothesis Testing
➔ a decision-making process of obtaining
statistical evidence which is sufficiently
necessary to indicate the rejection or non-
rejection of the hypothesis under study.

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two competing hypotheses in a hypothesis testing:
+ Null hypothesis
➔ 𝑯𝒐 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟎

+ Alternative hypothesis
➔ 𝑯𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏

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two competing hypotheses in a hypothesis testing:
+ Null hypothesis (𝑯𝒐 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟎 )
➔ denoted as 𝑯𝒐 , is a statistical hypothesis that
states that there is no difference (thus a
statement of equality is involved) between a
parameter and a specific value, or that there is
no difference between two parameters.
➔ It is a contradiction of the alternative
hypothesis

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two competing hypotheses in a hypothesis testing:
+ Alternative hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏 )
➔ denoted as 𝐻𝑎, is a statistical hypothesis that
states the existence of a difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or states that
there is a difference between two parameters.
➔ It is generally the hypothesis that the
researcher wishes to support.

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Alternative Hypothesis
➔ is the new assumption.
➔ is a claim that negates the null hypothesis.
➔ It is the hypothesis that states that there is a significant
difference between two parameters. It implies the idea
that there is a significant difference in the quantitative
characteristics of the population
Means: 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 98.6 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 98.6 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 98.6
Proportions: 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 0.5 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.5 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.5
Std. Dev. 𝐻𝑎 : σ > 5 𝐻𝑎 : σ < 5 𝐻𝑎 : σ ≠ 0.5

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REMARK
+ Since 𝐻0 and 𝐻𝑎 are contradictory, we must
examine evidence to decide if we have enough
evidence to reject or not reject 𝑯𝟎 .
+ The evidence is in the form of a sample data.
+ In the end of the hypothesis testing process, we
draw a conclusion, that is either reject 𝐻0 and
conclude that 𝐻𝑎 is true, or do not reject 𝐻0 (or
alternatively we say, accept 𝐻0 as true).

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Formulating
Hypotheses
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 Example 1:
The claim that more than 43% of all Filipino males become bald at
an old age is a claim about the proportion (parameter) of all Filipino
males (population) who are bald at an old age.
𝐻0 : The proportion of Filipino males who are bald at an old age is
less than or equal to 43%.
𝐻𝑎 : The proportion of Filipino males who are bald is more than
43%.
𝐻0 : 𝑝 ≤ 43%
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 43%

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 Example 2:
A sample of 25 receipts from a burger stand has a mean 𝜇 =
5,000 (in peso) and a standard deviation 𝜎 = 800. Use these
values to test whether or not the mean sales of the burger stand are
different from ₱ 5,000.
𝐻0 : The mean sales of the burger stand is ₱ 5,000.
𝐻𝑎 : The mean sales of the burger stand is not ₱ 5,000.
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = ₱5000
𝐻𝑎 :𝜇 ≠ ₱5000

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 Example 3:
The General Manager of Sariwang Lamig refrigerators tells as
investigative reporter that 90% of it’s customers are satisfied with
their overall purchasing experience.
𝐻0 : 90% of the customers are satisfied with their overall purchasing
experience.
𝐻𝑎 : Not 90% of the customers are satisfied with their overall
purchasing experience.
𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.90
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.90

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 Example 4:
A researcher claims that class A which is exposed to a particular
instructional teaching approach has higher mean test score than
class B which is exposed to conventional teaching approach.
𝐻0 : Class A mean test score is less than or equal to class B.
𝐻𝑎 : Class A mean test score is greater than class B.
𝐻0 : 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2

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Hypothesis – Testing Common Phrases
= ≠
is equal to is not equal to
is the same as is different from
has not changed from has changed from
is the same as is not the same as

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 Hypothesis – Testing Common Phrases
> <
is greater than is less than
is above is below
is higher than is lower than
is longer than is shorter than
is bigger than is smaller than
is increased is decreased or reduced from

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Exercise 1
+ For numbers 1 – 9, read the given claim and identify 𝐻0
and 𝐻𝑎 .
Example: The mean IQ of Engineers is greater than 115.
𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 115
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 115

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1. The mean IQ of bus driver is above 105.
2. The mean IQ of senior high school students is at least
100.
3. The mean age of senior high school teachers is more
than 30 years old.
4. The mean annual household income is at least P90,000.
5. The mean monthly maintenance cost of a luxury ship is
P450,000.

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