Headway of Transformer Models in EMTDC/EMTP
Headway of Transformer Models in EMTDC/EMTP
Abstract: The developments of transformer models in equation U jZLI . The electromagnetic transient
electromagnetic transients programs of EMTP/EMTDC are phenomena are faster enough that instantaneous
introduced in details. We show that different transformer values u(t) and i(t) rather than phasors U and I
models can result in different transients’ phenomena. It is seen must be used. Transformers are therefore described by
that UMEC model is more accurate for simulation on di
ordinary differential equation u L .
non-linear analysis than classical transformer models. dt
Keywords: Transformer Models; Transients’ Simulations; 2. Core magnetic characteristics has to be taken into
EMTP; EMTDC. account. For instance, magnetic saturation can
markedly affect transient behavior, especially in
1 Introduction ferroresonance and inrush transient phenomena.
Steady-state programs just used constant inductance
Transformer models are significant for steady-state, reactance but neglected its core saturation
especially for transients’ study. In the last 40 years, a characteristics.
great deal of transformer models has been presented 3. Frequency-depending parameters are needed to be
[1]-[10]. modeled. In very fast transients capacitive coupling
This paper aims to illustrate the progresses of the could not be negligible, which must be modeled by
models of transformers in power systems based on the frequency-depending parameters. Steady-state
programs of EMTP (Electro-Magnetic Transients transformers model neglected frequency-depending
Program) and EMTDC (EMTP in DC), which are characteristics instead.
widely used simulation software in transients’ research
2.1 Linear Model for Transformers
for power systems since they were developed by H. W.
Dommel and Dennis Woodford. We assumed that core saturation in transformers can
be omitted during simulation. Hence the equivalent
2 Transformer Models in EMTP circuit of the linear transformer model is shown in
Fig.1, which consists of two mutually coupled coils
The steady-state transformer models described by [5], [6], [8].
T-type equivalent circuit for two-winding transformer
and star equivalent circuit for three-winding
transformer were familiar with us. However, in
electromagnetic transients study the steady-state
models are not available because of the following:
1. Equations with phasor representations are no longer
possible. Steady-state voltage and current phasors Fig.1. Equivalent circuit for two mutually coupled windings
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The Eighth International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments ICEMI’2007
Rm can be neglected and hence the equations can be Hence the differential equation is converted to an
represented by the equation (1): algebra equation, which solutions are similar to
1 1
ª L11 kLm º ª u1 º ª L11 kLm º ª R1 0 º ª i1 º d ª i1 º steady-state equations.
«kL
¬ m k 2 L22 »¼ «¬ku2 »¼ «kL
¬ m k 2 L22 »¼ «¬ 0 k 2 R2 »¼ «¬i2 / k »¼ dt «¬i2 / k »¼
2.2 Non-Linear Model for Transformers
(1)
Where L11 and L22 are self-inductance of coil 1 and 2 EMTP modified linear equations to solve a system
respectively, and L12 and L21 are the mutual inductance with non-linear elements rather than using non-linear
between the coilsˈwhich can be determined from the solutions directly in order to improve efficiency of
short and open-circuit tests: solutions, which is based on a fact that non-linear
1 X K* U B21 (2) elements exist in a small number. There are two
L1 L2 u
2 Z Base S B mainly methods of modification: The Piecewise
U B1 , U B2 (3) Linear and the Compensating Current Source methods
L11 L22
I 1Z B I 2Z B [7], [8].
The idea of compensating current source method is
kLm L11 L1 (4)
to use a current source to replace the non-linear
The equation (1) was an ordinary differential equation. element. Its solution is to solve linear equations
EMTP choose the trapezoidal integration rule to solve without the non-linear element firstly and then add the
it because of its numerically stability and accuracy [1], current source to the equation. The piecewise linear
[2], [8]. We rewrite equation (1): method is a method of linearization. The implement of
1 1
d ª i1 º ª L11 kLm º ª u1 º ª L11 kLm º ª R1 0 º ª i1 º it just needs simple program skill.
«kL
dt «¬i2 / k »¼ ¬ m k 2 L22 »¼ «¬ku2 »¼ «¬kLm k 2 L22 »¼ «¬ 0 k 2 R2 »¼ «¬i2 / k »¼ Core saturation is a nonlinear inductance, which is
It was integrated from the known state at t 't to represented by the characteristics between flux and
the unknown state at t: current in transients rather than voltage and current.
1 t
ª i1 º ª i1 º ª L11 kLm º ª u1 º Hence we need to transform from V-I curve to
«i / k »
¬ 2 ¼t
«i / k » «kL
¬ 2 ¼ t 't ¬ m k 2 L22 »¼ ³ «ku »dt
t 't ¬ 2¼ \ i curve. Through open-circuit tests we can get
1
ªL kLm º ª R1 0 º t ª i1 º (5) groups of R.M.S. values between winding voltage and
« 11
k R2 »¼ t ³'t «¬i2 / k »¼
dt
¬kLm k 2 L22 »¼ «¬ 0 2
magnetic current. And then use subprogram of
Hence equation (6) was derived by using the CONVERT to get \ i values.
trapezoidal rule of integration: Therefore, we present
ª i1 º ª i1 º 't ª L11
1
kLm º °ª u1 º ª u º ½° \ f (i ) (10)
«i / k » 2 «kL ® 1 ¾
«i / k »
¬ 2 ¼t ¬ 2 ¼ t 't ¬ m k 2 L22 »¼ °̄«¬ku2 »¼ t 't «¬ku2 »¼ t °¿ for transformer core saturation based on the previous
't ª L kLm º ª R1
1
0 º °ª i1 º ª i1 º ½° (6) two methods, where \ is integration of voltage.
« 11 ® ¾
2 ¬kLm k 2 L22 »¼ «¬ 0 k 2 R2 »¼ °̄«¬i2 / k »¼ t «¬i2 / k »¼ t 't °¿ t
\ (t ) \ (t 't ) (11)
We determined the following equations:
³ u(t )dt
t 't
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The Eighth International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments ICEMI’2007
(a) (b)
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The Eighth International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments ICEMI’2007
The transformer models in electromagnetic Li Huawei was born in Changchun, China. She received the
transients programs of EMTP/EMTDC are based on B.Sc. degree in electrical power engineering in 1992 from
differential equations and solutions are derived by the Northeast China Electric Power Engineering Institute, Jinlin,
trapezoidal rule of integration. China, and the M.Sc. degree in high voltage engineering in
We show that transient analysis must take core 1998 from Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China.
topology into account for accuracy. Furthermore
Currently, she is a lecturer with the school of Electrical
UMEC model is more available for simulation on
Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China,
non-linear analysis.
where she is currently pursuing the Ph.D degree. Her research
5HIHUHQFHV interests include the transients’ models in power systems,
[1]H.W.Dommel. Digital Computer Solution of traction power supply systems and ferroresonance.
1-668
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