Graphical RobotC Tutorial Packet Storming Robots

Computational Thinking and Engineering for Gr. 4 to 12

Written by : Elizabeth Mabrey, Director

Erin Young, Instructor
Last update : Jun, 2019

Before you Start ............................................................................................................... 4

General Guidance to follow ............................................................................................................ 4
Ch.1 – A Brief Tour of the main Screen ............................................................................ 6
1.1) Robot Type ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2) Basics on the tool bar ............................................................................................................. 6
A) MOTOR AND SENSORS CONFIGURATION SETUP 6
B) FIRMWARE DOWNLOAD 7
C) SAVE FILE 7
D COMPILE PROGRAM 7
E) DOWNLOAD TO ROBOT 7
1.3) Program Menu ........................................................................................................................ 8
Ch.2 – Be Resourceful & Exercise Best Practice ............................................................. 9
UTILIZE THE HELP FEATURE 9
LEARN FROM SAMPLES 9
PROPER STEPS TO FOLLOW WHEN YOU ARE TACKLING A CHALLENGE OR PROJECT 10
GUIDELINES FOR THE MOST EFFICIENT CODING: 10
Process of Trouble-shooting Hint: ................................................................................................ 10
Ch.3 – Start Thinking Like Robot With Flowchart .......................................................... 11
3.1) What is a flowchart?.............................................................................................................. 11
3.2) Complex to Simple and Basic Behavior ............................................................................... 11

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3.3) Divide and Conquer .............................................................................................................. 12

3.3) Basic Terms: ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.4) Control Structures with Flowchart ......................................................................................... 14
3.4.1) IF- CONTROL STRUCTURE: 14
3.4.2) LOOP (REPEATED-NESS) CONTROL STRUCTURE 18
3.4.3) NESTED CONTROL STRUCTURE 22
3.5) Recapture the steps: ............................................................................................................. 27
Ch.4 - Basic Motors Operations ..................................................................................... 28
4.1) Learn about motors ............................................................................................................... 28
VALID VALUES 28
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSION 28
4.2) Learn from Samples.............................................................................................................. 29
4.3) Mini-Challenge ...................................................................................................................... 30
Ch.5 – Work with Touch Sensor ..................................................................................... 32
5.1) Learn about the sensor ......................................................................................................... 32
VALID SENSOR VALUE 32
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSION 32
5.2) Learn from Samples.............................................................................................................. 32
5.3) Mini-Challenge ...................................................................................................................... 37
Ch.6 – Work with Light/Color Sensor ............................................................................. 38
6.1) Learn about the sensor ......................................................................................................... 38
VALID SENSOR VALUE 38
TO GET THE LIGHT SENSOR FEEDBACK FROM LIGHT SENSOR 39
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSION 39
6.2) Learn from Samples.............................................................................................................. 41
6.3) Mini-Challenge ...................................................................................................................... 44
Ch.7 – Work with Ultrasonic Sensor .............................................................................. 45
7.1) Learn about the sensor ......................................................................................................... 45
VALID SENSOR VALUE 45
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSION 45
7.2) Learn from Samples.............................................................................................................. 46
7.3) Mini-Challenge ...................................................................................................................... 50
Ch.8 – Work with Gyro (EV3 Only) ................................................................................. 51
8.1) Learn about the sensor ......................................................................................................... 51
VALID SENSOR VALUE 51
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSION 51
8.2) Learn from Samples.............................................................................................................. 52
8.3) Mini-Challenge ...................................................................................................................... 53
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Ch.9 – Work with Motor Encoder .................................................................................... 54

9.1) Learn about the encoder ....................................................................................................... 54
VALID SENSOR VALUE 54
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSION 54
UTILIZE MOTOR FEEDBACK CONTROL 56
9.2) Exercises .............................................................................................................................. 56
9.3) Mini-Challenge ...................................................................................................................... 57
Ch.10 – Using variables ................................................................................................. 58
WHAT IF I WANT TO MAKE A VARIABLE EQUAL TO AN MATH EXPRESSION: 58
Ch.11 –More in Debugging ............................................................................................. 60
Button Control (for EV3 only) ....................................................................................................... 60
Trouble shooting tips .................................................................................................................... 61
COMMON MISTAKE WHEN USING WAIT(...) 61
Ch.12 – Advanced Challenge ......................................................................................... 62
Challenge 1 – line trace a maze filled with U-turns and 90-degrees turns. .................................. 62
Challenge 2 – Figure out the secret Music scroll.......................................................................... 63
Challenge 3 – Fixed Sized Obstacle Avoidance ......................................................................... 64
Challenge 4 – Zombie Challenge ................................................................................................. 66

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This tutorial is written mainly to be used in our Roboclub. If you are a completely beginner, discussion that you
receive in class will be very helpful.

This tutorial is laid out in the following approach to fit our roboclub model:

Ch. 1 Get to know the working environment. Just in high level tour.
Ch. 2 Learn best practice – divide and conquer
Learn to be resourceful
- use the Help feature
- use the debugger
This should help you to become more self-sufficient.
Ch. 3 Learn simple flowchart design. Should start this before programming, even with young
folks like Gr. 4 to 6.
You may skip this chapter if you are already familiar with simple flowchart design.
Ch. 4-9 More indepth explanation in programming concepts by following the program menu side
bar.
Organized by motors, basic sensors and motor encoder with basic gear math. Since there
is no support to incorporate variables, you will have to work out the math work on a piece
of paper first. This is actually a good thing to reinforce mechanical gear math for the
younger folks.
Ch. 10 Others and More in Debugging.
Ch. 11 Advanced challenge.

G ENE R AL G UID ANCE TO FOLLO W

Chapter 1 – should read the entirety. This is easy to read on your own.
Chapter 2 & 3 – meant to help you become a resourceful self-learner. Assistance from discussion in class
will definitely be important if you start out as a beginner. Depending on your level,
instructor may skip these 2 chapters, and go right to basic motors operation. If you are
experienced and a mature learner, you should cover these two chapters first.
Chapter 4 to 7 – cover basics as well as more complex work. All more complex work is marked with (*).
Instructor may choose to skip (*) depending on your level.
Chapter 8 to 9 – jump right into more complex structure, as it assumes you have got much practice from

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chapter 4 and 7. At Roboclub, instructor will extract partial chapter based on your level.
Chapter 10 – This is an invaluable skill. Debugging skill will be continuously exercised in every single
project. You will exercise debugging throughout the entire project process. This is
documented here as your reference.
Chapter 11 – Advanced Challenge to evaluate your level of understanding by solving various problems.

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1.1) R OBOT T YPE

1.2) B ASIC S ON T HE TOOL B A R

a) Motor and Sensors Configuration

setup

Select proper variable names for the motors and sensors ports. Instructors will discuss what rules you should
go by.

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b) Firmware Download

First time user, you should always download the firmware first. This must be done at least once before you the
RobotC compiler works. You should not need to do this again after that. After you download a new version,
you should redo this firmware download as well.

c) Save File

Save your file often! Even when you are still editing your file, you should have the habit to save your file.

d C o mp i l e P ro g r a m

Compiling your program is a must before you can download it to your robot. It is primarily used for programs that
translate your code. Strictly speaking, a compiler will translate your code to a lower level language that the robot will
eventually understands.

e) Download to Robot

Once compilation is successful, you will need to perform “Download to Robot”.

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1.3) P RO GRAM M ENU

Side Menu About

Control Structures. This is where you will get motor
& sensor feedback data as well.

Creating variables and entering math expressions

Should not use

Motor Functions

Will not use

Timer functions.

Will not use

Logging data for analysis *** excellent tool for

analysis!

Display Functions

Only for EV3 – LED specifics

Only for EV3 – for Gyro sensor feedback

Will not use

Basics play sound functions

Each item will be broken in further details in the following sections. The “Program Flow” is the most extensive
one.

Selections to be skipped:

We found the following remove learning value, so we shall skip these:

• the “Line Tracking” and Touch Sensor Selection: as they encapsulate too many steps for you, but you
will perform the action yourself.
• The “Remote controller” applies only the joystick controller.
• In Program Flows, try not to use RepeatUntil (take opposite thinking from While)
• In Program Flows, skip using WaitUntil . This simulates do while{ } construct. This can be really confusing
to them later moving onto text-based.

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Utilize the Help Feat ure

- To Look up the parameters definition.

- Press F1 or Click on Help on the far right the menu bar.

Most parameters required for other icons are rather self-explanatory. The one that you will find this Help Viewer
particularly useful is the “Motor Commands”. Go ahead to explore to see the available icons and their
parameters.

Learn from Samples

Besides the samples provided along with this tutorial, RobotC also provides a rich
array of samples.

Steps to following when using samples:

1. Must know the goal of the sample program. So, you should make sure you know what behavior the code
is trying to do.
2. Review the code to at least have an intuition what the code does.
3. Write a flowchart, do the program your own when you are ready.
4. Stay inquisitive and try some slightly different scenarios
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Proper steps to follow when you are

tackling a challenge or project

Define the objective What is the main goal you are trying to achieve?
Analyze the logic What is/are required? List steps to follow.
Design Put logic in symbols (via flowchart). Hand check the logic
Programming Follow the flowchart.
Execute Observe
Troubleshooting Test to maximize stability. Debugging for errors

Guidelines for the most efficient

coding:

 Tidy and easy to read program layout.

 Simplicity is the best. Complex does not mean better!
 Fault tolerant. (least error prone) .. Think all possible scenarios, and test carefully.
 Sufficient meaningful cohavmment… do not count the comment which says the obvious. For example:

a meaningless comment: ➔ turn motor A for 50% power level for 2 seconds
a meaningful comment : ➔ turn around for about 360 degrees

P R O C ES S OF T R O U BL E - SH O O T I N G H I N T :

To trouble-shoot, you need to pretend you were the robot. Then, you STRICTLY follow each of the commands
in your program, but NOT WHAT YOU THINK it should be doing.

Remember: the robot cannot read your mind. It only does EXACTLY what the program tells it to do, not what
the programmer wants it to do. So, if your program tells it to jump off a cliff to its demise, it will do just that.

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3.1) W HAT I S A FLO WCHART ?

- Is a programming tool to help you convert algorithms into computer programs which robot will
understand.
- Consists of symbols which graphically depict the logical steps to carry out a task.
- Shows steps and their interconnections.
- Consists of symbols which represent of a set of behaviors such as a sequence of movements or actions.
- Shows building blocks in relation to its functions.

Start / End Process/Action Conditions/ Flow Line Merge point

Decisions for conditions

Icons that you should know for the samples used in this chapter, we’ll use sound/music and timer to show how
to set up basic control structure samples.

Now, just for your future reference, you may hear about Pseudocode. This is English-like phrases with “Visual “
basic terms to outline the logic flow as well. For more advanced samples in the later chapters, high level design
will use flowcharts, but low level design may use Psuedocode.

3.2) C OMPLE X TO S IMPLE AND B ASIC B E HAVIOR

Main task : Get ready to get on the school bus to go to school in the morning.
Note: Main task (the complex behavior) is divided into sub-tasks (simple behaviors). Each task can potentially
include many more steps (basic behavior) in order to complete the main task.

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3.3) D IVIDE AND C ONQU E R

Use some kind of algorithms to figure out a solution a lot faster.

Example: Santa’s dirty sock problem.
- Santa has to deliver 1024 boxes of presents with all equal weight to kids. However, his helpers have left
one of his dirty socks (weigh 6 oz.) inside on of the boxes! Santa told his helper to try to figure out which
box has the sock and remove it. However, they have to finish this up as soon as possible. They will not
be able to check the weight of every single box. Santa is smart. He said to do it by Divide and Conquer -
Binary method.

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3.3) B ASIC T ERM S :

Some terms you should know first…

An Expression :
- an expression is like a building block. A set of them will compose a complete building.
- In your case, combination of expressions will compllete your program. This program can be downloaded
into the robot and run/execute.
- It may be a combination of symbols and programming terms that represents functions or value

Boolean Expression :
- an expression which provides a “true” or false value
- e.g. if ( traffic light turns red ) this is the boolean expression
- I stop the car
- else
- I continue driving
Boolean Operators :
- <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
- == : “is it equal to”. Beware:
- E.g. x==y means is x the same as y
- x = y means put the value of ‘y’ into ‘x’

In this chapter, we will use the 4 timers T1, T2, T3, and T4. We won’t use sensors or motors yet because we
want to draw your attention to focus on the control structures.

Sample Timer codes:

Drag to the working area,

And select the timer to
use

Play a sound.
PlayTone at a frequency
with duration In 10 play a tone at a frequency of 800 for 150
MsecTicks milliseconds

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3.4) C O NTROL S TR UCTURE S WIT H F LOWC HAR T

3.4.1) If- Control Structure:

More examples in the next few pages…

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Example 1 – if- control structure

To show how “if” control structure works…

Step 1) write a flowchart for this. For example, if it is within 5 seconds, play sound and wait for 1 second.

Step 2) Do the following:

Drag to the working area,

select and type in the
information as shown here on
the right.

Step 3) Hit F7 to compile to see there is any syntax error. Then hit F5 or click on

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Example 2 – if-else control structure

Step 1) Define the behavior (task):

If T1 <= 5 seconds
Play Upward Tones
Wait for 1 second
else
Play Downward Tones
Wait for 2 seconds

Step 2) Write your flowchart for this program Step 3) Program the task.

Step 4) Compile and Download to your robot, and

execute

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Example 3 – if-else control structure

with tasks outside the condition

Step 1) Define the behavior (task):

• Do the same task as Sample 2.
• After that, play BeepBeep sound. Wait for 1 second before terminate.

Step 2) Write your flowchart for this program. Step 3) Program the task.

Step 4) Compile and Download to your robot, and

execute.

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3.4.2) Loop (Repeat ed-ness) Control

Structure

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Loop Examples 1

Step 1) Define your goal : Repeat playing sound “Beep Beep” 5 times.

Step 2) Write your flowchart for this program. Step 3) Write your program code.
Unfortunately, it does not seem to play the
sound. Fix it.

Step 4) Compile and Download to your robot, and execute

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Loop Example 2

S t ep 1 ) D ef in e th e T as k:
Play Upward Tone, wait for 1 second. Then, play Downward tone, wait for 1 second. Repeat this until T1 timer
is greater than 5 seconds.

S t ep 2) F l ow ch art

S t ep 3) Pro gram

S t ep 4 ) Comp il e an d D ow n l oad t o y ou r rob ot , an d ex ec ut e

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Answer the following question:

Note the “while” loop expression is different. The boolean condition is different. Why?

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3.4.3) Nested Control Structure

See samples in the next few pages…

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Nested Loop Example 1

S t ep 1 ) D esc rip t ion of t h e b eh av io r (t as k ):

1. Your program will play “soundBeepBeep” 5 times with 1 second interval.
2. For each “soundBeepBeep”, it will play “soundShortBlip”s 4 times. There should be 500 millseconds
interval for each “soundShortBlip”.

S t ep 2 ) F l ow ch art
Since the logic may seem to be a bit complex, you need to Divide and Conquer.

Sub-program 1 flowchart Sub-program 2 flowchart

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S t ep 3) Pro gram

3. a) F ol l ow t h e d iv id e an d c on que r met h od
- create two separate programs:
Sub-program 1
1. Break down the tasks into 2 small task as
shown on the right.
2. Write your flowchart for each of the sub-
programs.
3. For each sub-program, compile and Sub-program 2
download to your robot, and execute.
4. Ensure it produces result as expected.

3. b ) T es t eac h sub - t as k t o en s ure they work as expected.

3 . c ) In t egrat e (M e rge ) the sub-programs into one.

1. Write a complete flowchart for entire program.

(Note, usually a high level flowchart which calls
the individual sub-tasks should be done first. For
this sample, we do the sub-tasks first just as a
more straight forward sample.)
2. Complete the integration.
3. Compile and download to your robot, and
execute.
4. Ensure it produces result as expected

S t ep 4 ) Comp il e , D ow n l oad , an d E x ec ut e

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Nested Loop Example 2

S t ep 1 ) D esc rip t ion of t h e t as k:

1. Your program will run for 5 seconds.
2. If it is during the first 2 seconds, it plays “soundBeepBeep” with 500 millisecond interval.
3. Otherwise (else), it plays “soundBlip” with also 500 millseconds interval.

S t ep 2) F l ow ch art
Again, let’s use divide and conquer method again. However, this is a more appropriate way for designing
your modules. First, it starts with a high level flowchart including names of the sub-task(s) only. After that, each
sub-task should have its own detailed design flowchart.

Sub-program 1 flowchart

S t ep 3 ) Pro gram

3 a) F ol l ow t h e d iv id e an d c on quer m et h od
In this example, we need to create two separate programs:

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3b ) T est eac h sub - t as k

- to ensure they work as expected.

3 . c ) In t egrat e (M e rge ) the sub-programs into one.

i. Write a complete flowchart for entire program
ii. Complete the integration.
iii. Compile and download to your robot, and execute.
iv. Ensure it produces result as expected.

S t ep 4 ) Com p il e , D ow n l oad , an d E x ec ut e

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3.5) R EC APTUR E T HE STEPS :

1) Define the behavior

⎯ Identify the requirement
2) Design with Flowchart
If problem is complex, you must use Divide and Conquer method. This means:
⎯ Write a High level flowchart first. This does not have detailed logic
⎯ Break down the whole task into sub-tasks
⎯ Expand each sub-task into a more detailed flowchart
3) Program
⎯ Program each sub-task, if any.
⎯ Test each sub-task to ensure they work as expected.
⎯ Integrate (Merge) them, if there are 2 or more sub-tasks.
⎯ Test the whole system again.
4) Integrate.
a) Even for this step, you should take divide and conquer approach

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4.1) L E AR N ABO UT MO TORS

- know distance traveled using time is not accurate

- almost no two motors are identical.

Valid Values

Power level = -100 to 100, where 0 == stop

Programming Expression

NXT EV3
May set any single one of the 4
  motor ports to a certain power
level.
  May set multiple

Stop all motors

  Stop a particular motor

Stop one or multiple motors

Display the motor encoder value.
 
Good way for debugging.
Skip these for now. This will be
After
 covered in the later chapter.
v4.28+

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4.2) L EARN FROM S AMPLES

E x 1 ) R ob ot goes f orw a rd f or 2 s ec on d s an d b a c kw ard f or 3 s ec on d s .

E x 2) D o (1 ) f o r 4 t imes .

Wrap around the code in the “Repeat”

loop structure.

E x 3) D o (1 ) f o r 5 s ec on d s .
a) Use Repeat Until

b) Use While

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Ex4) R ob ot s run s f or 5 s ec on d s an d t erm in a t e. D urin g h al f w ay in t o

t h e 5 s ec on d s , it g oes f orw ard . D urn g t h e 2 n d h al f of t h e 5 s ec on d s , it
g oes b ac kw ard .

4.3) M I NI -C HALLE NGE

Ch al l en ge 1 )
Do a pivot turn for N milliseconds so that it makes almost a perfect 90 degree left turn.

Ch al l en ge 2)
Do a pivot turn for N milliseconds so that it makes almost a perfect 90 degree right turn.

Ch al l en ge 3)
Robot goes forward for 1 second, then makes a 90 degree left turn.

Ch al l en ge 4 )
Repeat (3) for 4 times.
a) Use Repeat Until
b) Use While

Ch al l e n ge 5 )
Repeat (3) and stop in 10 seconds .
a) Use Repeat Until
b) Use While
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5.1) L E AR N ABO UT THE SENSO R

Valid Sensor Value

Remember: When you work with sensor, you should know the valid range of the sensor value first.

Sensor Value of Touch Sensor

1 == means touch sensor is pushed
0 == means touch sensor is released

Programming Expression

Setup the sensor from the top menu. You can use it in any of the control structures. Example:

5.2) L E ARN FROM S AMPLES

E x 1 ) R ob ot goes f orw ard un t il it h i t s an ob j ec t .

a ) U s e R ep eat - un t il
Flowchart Program

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b) Use While
Flowchart Program

E x 2 ) D o (1 ) , b ut rob ot t urn s aroun d f or ab o ut 18 0 d egre e if y ou r

r ob ot h it s an ob j ec t .
a ) U s e R ep eat / U n t il

Flowchart:

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Program

b ) D o t h is w it h “W h il e ”
Now, you should try this yourself.

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E x 3 ) D o (2 ) , b ut rob ot s h oul d d o s o me w ob b l in g d an c e af t er it t urn s 1 8 0

d e grees ar oun d .
a ) U s e R ep eat / U n t il

Flowchart:

Program

b) Use “While”
Now, you should try this yourself.

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Ex 4) R ep eat (2) , b ut t ermin at e af t er 1 0 s ec on d s el ap s e

a) Use “R ep eat U n t il ”
Flowchart:

Program:

b) Use “While” in both loop.

Now, you should try this yourself.

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5.3) M I NI -C HALLE NGE

Ch a l l en ge 1 )
Program your robot to do the following forever:
- Go Forward
- If it hits an obstacle, it goes backward for 1 sec. Turn around for approximately 180 degrees.
Steps:
A) Draw a flowchart. Remember to hand test it first before you program.
B) Program it, execute, test and debug.

Hint: forever loop. Within the forever loop, there is an if-structure.

Ch al l en ge 2)
Do Challenge 1, but the robot will terminate after 5 seconds.
Hint: timer in a “while” loop. Inside the loop, there is an if-structure. Do not do reset timer first.

Ch al l en ge 3)
Do Challenge 2, “Repeat Until” structure:
Hint: timer in a “Repeat Until” loop instead of “while”. MUST change the Boolean expression

Ch al l en ge 4 )
Robot is happily testing its wheel muscles by going forward for 10 seconds. However, if it detects an object, it
will stop and make a sound to signal you to remove the obstacle. Then, it will continue to run forward and hope
that the obstacle will be removed. It will continue to do that within the first 7 seconds. After 7 seconds elapse,
if it detects an object again, it gets very angry, and decides to turn around 180 degrees and terminate.

A) Draw a flow chart first. Remember to hand test it first before you program.
B) Program it, execute, test and debug.
Hint: use “while” timer loop. Within that, use if-structure

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6.1) L E AR N ABO UT THE SENSO R

Valid Sensor Value

0% <---------- 50% ------→ 100%

The Photo-Transistor will pick up the
The Led is for light reflection and provide a value
light source depending on the reflectiveness of a
surface

LED: emits light which is reflected off of a surface and picked up by the photo-transistor.
Before you proceed, you must attach a light sensor onto your robot. Your light sensor must face down in order
to see the floor.

It reports the amount of light to the main controller (the brain brick) as a number between 0 (total
darkness) and 100 (very bright). The light sensor uses its own light source, the light emitting diode
(LED), to illuminate a small area for its receiver.

For EV3: It comes with a color sensor which provides you the same functionalities as the NXT light
sensor.

For best reading:

- about 1cm perpendicular to the target surface
- avoid sporadic ambient light.

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To get the light s ensor feedback from

Light Sensor

1) Go thru the NXT on screen menu :

a) Select “View”
b) Scroll to find and select Reflective (Light) Sensor.
c) Scroll to find and select the port where your sensor is attached to.

2) Check the reflectance rate

a) Place the light sensor on the top the black. Record the reading:
i. Light sensor value of the dark line = ________%
b) Place the light sensor on the top of the white area. Record the reading:
i. Light sensor value of white area = ________%
c) Average of the these two values = ________%

3) This is the threshold value you will use in order for your robot to distinguish between black and white.

Programming Expression

OR

Always comment your motor and

sensor configuration

The following two methods performs the same behavior

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For EV3:
Example to choose a color sensor: (Again, you must first do the “Sensor Setup” from the Setup Menau.)

Hint: Use
to
display what the feedback value.
This is very useful for debugging
purpose.

Learn from samples from the next few pages..

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6.2) L E ARN FROM S AMPLE S

E x 1 ) H av e rob ot ru n f o rw ard t ow ard t h e ed ge of a t ab l e.

a) Use “Repeat Until”.

Flowchart: the same as above, except this:

Program:

b) Use “while”. (work on this on your own.)

More example next page…

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E x 2) R ob ot w il l t rac e a c i rc l e . T h e c ir c l e is f orm ed b y a 1 ” b l ac k t ap e.

a) Do this indefinitely.

b) Repeat this for only 20 seconds - “Repeat Until”. (work on this on your own.)
c) Do (b), but with “while” loop. (work on this on your own.)

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E x 3) D o (2 ), ex c ep t rob ot s t ops w h en it s ees s il v er .

a) Do this with “while” loop.

b) Do this with “Repeat Until”

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6.3) M I NI -C HALLE NGE

Ch a l l en ge 1 )
Robot needs to detect two cracks (marked by black tape). After it completely passes the 2nd crack, it stops.
Hint: use counter loop for # of cracks. Watch for what is meant by “one a complete crack”. Write flowchart
to determine the details.

Ch al l en ge 2)
Program your robot to be a right biased line tracing. That means, when it comes to an intersection, it will follow
the rightmost path.
Hint: still use one light sensor. Think Simplcity….

Ch al l en ge 3)
Do the Intense line-marathon - Go through a line maze with a lot of 90 degree turns.
Hint: two light sensors. Important that you will write a flowchart first.

Ch al l en g e 4 )
Robot traces a path using one light sensor. It must stop when it reaches the silver tape.

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7.1) L E AR N ABO UT THE SENSO R

Valid Sensor Value

For NXT: 7 <= Reliable Value <= 50s

For EV3: 5 <= Reliable Value <= 70s

Accuracy will also depend on surface curvature the sound wave hits, and sufficient power source.

Programming Expression

By now, you should be familiar with the basic control structure of if-, if-else, and loop structure using “while”,
“repeat until”, and “repeat”. The structure itself does not change. The changes that will need to take place will
only be the Boolean expressions, where you put sensor type, and its corresponding value.

A simple if-structure using ultrasonic sensor feedback:

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7.2) L E AR N FRO M S AMPLES

Ex1) S imp l e O b st ac l e Maz e. W hen ev er rob ot d et ec t s a n ob st ac le c l o s er

t h an 7 c m, i t t urn s r igh t 1 8 0 d eg rees . Con t in u e t h is f orev er .
Flowchart

Program

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E x 2) D o (1 ) , b ut rob o t s t op s af t er it d et ec ts 4 ob s t ac l es .

Flowchart 1 Flowchart 2 – break the behavior down into

more programmable units

Program:

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E x 3) S i mp l e O b st ac l e A v oid an c e
Obstacle size is about 10cm in diameter. Robot goes forward and stops if it detects object within 7 cm. It should
then get around the obstacle and stop at the opposite side of the obstacle.

Important: Divide and Conquer

Step 1: Robot goes forward and stops if it detects object within 7 cm.
Step 2: You may calculate the ratio of the two motors power level, or simply use trial and error method to
go around the obstacle. At this step, you should focus on finding out the power levels of the two motors.
Step 3: You should estimate how long it will usually take for the robot to reach the opposite side of the
obstacle. Then, create a timer loop around Step 2.
Step 4: Integrate Step 1, 2 & 3.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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Integrate…

Note: you can also use “Repeat Until” expression:

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7.3) M INI -C HALLE NGE

Ch al l en ge 1 )
Modify Mini-Challenges done in the Touch Sensor Chapter to use ultrasonic sensor instead of touch sensor.

Ch al l en ge 2)
Robot moves in a straight line towards and obstacle. When it gets within 7 cm of the obstacle, it must slowly
back up until it is 20 cm away, then turn and drive quickly in the opposite direction.

Ch al l en ge 3)
Robot traces a black line. The end of the line is signified by an obstacle or wall 7 cm away. Robot must stop as
close as possible without touching the object.

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8.1) L E AR N ABO UT THE SENSO R

Valid Sensor Value

1) Degree of rotation:
Returns the accumulated value of the gyro sensor relative to the reset point.
Range from -231 <= degrees <= 231

2) Headings:
This command is useful for making movements relative to the robot's latest reset point, instead of its
current position.
Range from -180 to + 180(in degrees).

3) Rate of change in angle :

Returns the rate of movement for the gyro sensor in degrees per second.
Range from -440 to +440 degrees per second

Sensor should be placed perpendicular to the plane of rotation. - degree degree

During calibration, make sure you hold it still:

⎯ When EV3 boots up
⎯ When plug /unplug your sensor
⎯ When resetting

Programming Expression

Reset the Gyro first: .

Regular loop expression sample:

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8.2) L EARN FROM S AMPLE S

Ex1) S imp l e D em o f or c h ec kin g G y ro

D egrees of R otat i on F eed b ac k.

Program your robot to complete a 360 degree turn. It

should do a small pause at 90, 180, 270 and 360 and display
the motor encoder value of your chassis driving motor(s).
That means, display both left and right motors if you have
2 independent motors.

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8.3) M I NI -C HALLE NGE

Ch al l en ge 1 ) w ith s imp l e if - st ruc t ure

Program your robot to drive in a straight line along the edge of a table (make sure you do not allow it to fall
off!). If the robot starts to veer off of its path (i.e. its relative angle increases or decreases), it must stop
immediately and play a warning beep.

Ch al l en ge 2) w it h s imp l e l oop s t ruc t ure

Program your robot to make a perfect 90 degree turn using a while loop. Next, try 180 degrees, then 360
degrees. How accurate is the gyro sensor?

 Ch al l en g e 3 ) N es t ed l oop n es t ed w it h if - st ruc tur e

Program your robot to drive in the straightest line possible. If it turns more than a certain degree from its reset
point, it must compensate by turning the same amount in the opposite direction. Use a measuring tape or a
piece of electrical tape to test how straight the robot can go.

 Ch al l en g e 4 ) Nes t ed l oop n es t ed w it h n es t ed if -s t ruc t ure

Program your robot to trace a line using two light sensors until it sees or hits an object. Then it should turn 60
degrees and navigate around the object until it reaches the black line again.

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9.1) L EARN ABO UT THE E NCODER

Valid Sensor Value

NXT : Range from -215 <= encoder value <= 215

EV3: Range from -231 <= encoder value <= 231

One full Motor rotation = 360 encoder value. MUST note: This denotes a count value, not type geometric
rotational degrees.

Programming Expression

NXT EV3
After  Reset the encoder count to 0.
v4.27
Set the target encoder for a single
motor. This does not start the
motor. You need to use setMotor( )
to start it. The internal motor control
library will stop your motor for you
once it reaches the specified target
value.
For NXT:
will also reset the
motorEncoder to 0.
  Display the motor encoder value.
Great way for debugging purpose

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Sample Flowchart For ... Sample Program Fragment

only

Flowchart for

Sample Program Fragment

Flowchart for

Erin/Anne

Flowchart for Program

Erin / Anne

This works exactly like the while above.

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Utilize Motor Feedback Control

- this will pre-set the target encoder value, and start the motor to the desired power level.
- To wait for the motor to complete its rotation before you proceed to perform other tasks, you need to
do:

• “== 0” means motor stops. “== 1” means motor is moving

Things that you should be aware. For example, you wish to run your robot with 100% power level for 1800
encoder value and stop. You chose to use RobotC’s instrinsic motor feedback control – setMotorTarget.
Do not do this:

Do this instead:

9.2) E XERCI SE S

E x 1 ) R ob ot run s f orw ord un t il it re ac h es 1 8 0 0 d eg ree an d s t op s .

E x 2) Pr ogr am y ou r rob ot t o ru n in a s qu a re of 1 0 0 c m on eac h s id e. H in t :

us e en c od e r t o res t ric t it t o ma ke 90 d eg rees t urn .
a) Use Repeat Until
b) Use While
Note: make sure you will do your Flowchart before Program

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E x 3) Ch ec k t h e ov ers h oot in g ef f ec t .
- Do a) Program your robots to run 100% power level “while” encoder value < 3000.
- Do b) Mark the start point and end point where robot stops at.
- Do c) Redo the program with setMotorTarget method

E x 4 ) D o (3), b ut … : (w it h n est ed en c od e r l oop )

a) Use Repeat Until
b) Use While

9.3) M I NI -C HALLE NGE

Ch al l en ge 1 ) w ith s imp l e if - st ruc t ure

Program your robot to go forward for 4 seconds. At this point, it should check its encoder value. If the encoder
value is >= 1200, the robot should stop and beep. Otherwise, it keeps going forward for 1 more second.

Ch al l en ge 2) w it h s imp l e l oop s t ruc t ure

Estimate the encoder value needed for your robot to travel 25 cm in a straight line. Program using your estimate
to see how close you got. Can you improve your estimate?

 Ch al l en g e 3) N es t ed l oop n es te d w it h if - s t ruct ure

Program your robot to run in a straight line for 1,800 encoders, stopping and beeping after every 600 encoders.

 Ch al l en g e 4 ) N es t e d l oop n es ted w it h n es t ed if - s t ruct ure

Program your robot to trace a very curvy or angled line using two light sensors. The robot should stop when its
left motor has reached 2,000 encoders.

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1) Create a variable : set the value to a single number

NOTE: all are default to “float data type”

e.g.

2) Set a variable to a value from a device :

e.g.

3) Update value of an existing variable:

4) Update value of an existing variable with device value:

e.g.

What if I want to make a variable equal

to an math expression:

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Warning: Do not use long variable names, you may have only be able to see partial number as it exceeds the
width size of the screen.

Advice:
Test the value of your calculation before you actually put that as part of actual program. You may utilize the
“PC Emulator Mode” as well if you are not counting on any physical robot and its sensors value. (From
“Robot” → “Compile Target”)

Bug at version 4.55:

Casting of data type does not seem to work properly.

Advice:
Depending on the students’ algebra level, it is actually better to mandate the students to do the calculation on
their own in order to reinforce their math skill.

See! While it is more efficient to use variables, if you do not understand it, you won’t be able to utilize it in
another applications properly anyway! So, the Key is to “UNDERSTAND” it, “NOT TO MEMORIZE” it.

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B UT TON C ONT ROL ( FOR EV3 O NLY )

Button control allows robot to provide information interactively with human, such as display values, or change
actions, etc. this is a great tool for debugging purpose.

Very simple sample:

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T ROU BLE S HOO TING TIPS

1) Comment your code. Use Meaningful comment.

2) Use sound.
3) Divide your sub-modules with comment.
4) Test one sub-module at a time.
5) May set the LED color (EV3 only)
6) Using timer.
7) Use Pause, i.e wait(...)

Common mistake when using wait(...)

Issue: You want the robot to pause for 5 second so that you can check on something. However,
you neglect that robot is still moving while it is in the “5 seconds” wait time.

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NOTE:
B ef ore y ou t ackl e t h e f ol l ow in g c h al l en ge , y ou s h oul d r ev ie w t h e b es t
p rac t ic e gu id el in e in Ch ap t er 2.
If y o u f ol l ow t he b es t p rac t ic e d is c ip l in e, y our d ev el op men t t ime w il l b e
muc h s h ort er, an d ob t a in h igh er c h an ge in s uc ces s .

R emin d er:
1) Divide and Conquer
2) Design one high level flowchart. This flow chart should reflects most sub-tasks.
3) Design each sub-task with its own flow chart.
4) Make sure all sub-tasks are well commented with information pertaining to the context of the task or
behavior.

C HALLENGE 1 – LI NE TR ACE A MAZE F ILLED WIT H

U- TUR NS AND 90- DE GRE ES T UR NS .

Your robot should be able to navigate the follow path with one or two light sensor .

15cm 15cm

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C HALLENGE 2 – F I GURE OU T T HE SEC RE T M U SIC

SCROLL

There will be a barcode laid out so that each bar denotes a separate note, depending on its width in centimeters.
Your job is to program your robot to figure out what the secret song is.

Steps for modularization:

1. Robot must go forward and stop when it sees the black tape. (Make a beeping noise to signify when
robot has reached the black)
2. Robot must then continue forward until it sees white again.
3. Put steps (1) and (2) together and repeat until silver tape is reached.

Now we can move on to the steps required to measure each bar:

1. Robot must use motor encoder to determine distance traveled across each black bar. Make sure to
display motor encoder value and record each time the robot passes over a bar.
2. The next step requires some pencil and paper math work. Convert the encoder value to centimeters
using the following equation: 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ∗ (𝜋 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)/360 **Please note that this
equation assumes a 1 to 1 gear ratio.
3. The following table can be used as the key for cm values and their corresponding notes:

A B C D E F G
2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm

Now it’s time to figure out the secret song!

This will require writing a separate program to play the notes that you have determined based on your
centimeter calculations.

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To play a note, use the command where the first number (440)
is the frequency of the note, and the second number (50) is the duration in 10 millisecond ticks.

Here is a table of frequencies of the notes, using middle C as a starting point:

A B C D E F G
440 Hz 493.88 Hz 261.63 Hz 293.66 Hz 329.63 Hz 349.23 Hz 392 Hz

**Please note that the frequency is an integer type in the playTone command, so you must round.

C HALLENGE 3 – F IXED S IZ ED O B ST ACLE

A VOID ANCE

Goal : Robot should perform line tracing. When robot detects on obstacle, it should get
around it and stops back on the line behind the obstacle. Obstacle is a cyclinder with a known size diameter.

Note: you may figure out the power levels for the left and right motor side based on various methods:
a) Ad-hoc : use trial and error , guess and check
b) Computational: calculate the ratio of the two sides power levels based on the diameter of the obstacle.

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This is one possible simple flowchart:

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C HALLENGE 4 – Z OMBIE C HALLENGE

Level 1: Goal – Run in the field within 2 minutes, and ensure you won’t hit Zombies. Your robot must be able
to reach at least once at all sides of the field, but without going out of bound.

Level 2: Goal – Your robot will need to report distance to each zombie at each safety station. Beware, your
robot must stay on the safety zone (the black line) along the whole way. Otherwise, your robot will be eaten up
by the Zombie.

Each safe station, ther is a silver mark. Your robot must report the distance of each zombie on the screen. .

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