Ethernet (LAN) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Ethernet (LAN) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Ethernet (LAN)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
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Eathernet LAN
Developed by Metcalfe's (Xerox company got patent)
MAC address (48 bits) is used as address of a device.
CSMA/CD is used for multiple access.
Packet size is variable (payload varies from 46 to 1500 octet)
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Ethernet frame format
Preamble field consists of 64 bits alternating ‘0’ and ‘1’ to help receiving
interface to synchronize.
16 bits Frame Type Field is used to identify the type of data being carried in a
frame. It determine which protocol software module should process the frame.
Packet size is variable (payload varies from 46 to 1500 octet in case of IPv4)
32 bits CRC field helps to detect error in the frame.
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Internet devices
Host devices- Computer, Laptop, PDA, IP telephone etc.
Hub, Switch, Router, Repeaters, Bridge, Gateway, Server
IP allocation Techniques
Static IP allocation
comparatively secure but not efficient in case of limited IP addresses
Dynamic IP allocation (DHCP)
more efficient but less secure,
can be secured by allocating user login & password to authenticate users
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Internet devices (Cont.)
Hub:-
connects PCs together,
Works as multi-port repeater , simply passes on (repeats) all the
information it receives
broadcasts incoming packets from a port to other ports of the Hub.
Can not process packets.
generates unnecessary traffic in network due to broadcasting of
packets through undesired ports (not part of destination link) .
Hub can be used in a small network but for a larger, heavily
used network a another network device (switch) may be used to
reduce the amount of unnecessary traffic being generated.
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Internet devices (Cont.)
Switch:-
Switch has capability to process received packet and identify
the destination port based on destination address in header of
the packet.
It forwards the received packets to respective destination ports
only
Thus it doesn’t generate unnecessary traffic in network
This allows simultaneous communication across the switch,
improving bandwidth.
Switch is preferred over Hub to extend a network.
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ARP and RARP
Objectives
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ARP and RARP
ARP
ARP provides a dynamic mapping from an IP address to the
corresponding hardware (MAC) address.
We use the term dynamic since it happens or updates
automatically after certain period of time and is normally not a
concern of either the application user or the system
administrator.
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Position of ARP and RARP in TCP/IP protocol suite
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ARP operation
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ARP packet (IP PDU)
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Encapsulation of ARP packet (IP PDU)
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Four cases using ARP
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Example 1
Solution
the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP data field
in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not
fit in the 4-byte boundary. That is why we do not show the
regular 4-byte boundaries for these addresses. Also note that the
IP addresses are shown in hexadecimal. For information on
binary or hexadecimal notation see Appendix B.
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Proxy ARP
A proxy ARP, running in a router, can respond to an ARP request for any of its
sub- ordinate device. The proxy ARP replies with its own MAC address.
When the packet arrives, the router delivers it to the appropriate host.
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ARP Software Package
An example of a simplified ARP software package
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ARP components
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The Cache Table
If ARP just resolved an IP address, chances are a few moments later someone
is going to ask to resolve the same IP address.
When ARP returns a MAC address, it is placed in a cache table. When the
next request comes in for the same IP address, look first in the cache table.
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Original cache table used for examples
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The Cache Table Contents
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How Does the Cache Work?
Output Module
The output module waits for an IP packet with a request
Checks the cache for an existing entry
If entry found and state RESOLVED, we already have this MAC
address
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How Does the Cache Work?
Input Module
The input module waits until an ARP request or reply arrives
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How Does the Cache Work?
If entry is found and state RESOLVED, module still updates the entry
(target hardware address could have changed) and the TIME-OUT
value reset
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How Does the Cache Work?
Control Module
If Time-out field < 0, then remove entry and set state to FREE
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Original cache table used for examples
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Example 2
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Example 3
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Example 4
Fifteen seconds later, the ARP input module receives an ARP reply
packet with target protocol (IP) address 188.11.8.71.
The module checks the table and finds this address.
It changes the state of the entry to RESOLVED and sets the time-out value
to 900.
The module then adds the target hardware address (E34573242ACA) to the
entry.
Now it accesses queue 18 and sends all the packets in this queue, one by one,
to the data link layer. The new cache table is shown in next slide.
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Example 5
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ARP Probe message
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ARP announcement / gratuitous message
This is useful for updating other host’s mapping of a hardware address when the sender's
IP address or MAC address has changed.
ARP request is broadcasted containing the sender's protocol and Hardware address, with
the target hardware address set to zero.
An alternative is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender's hardware and protocol
addresses .
Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to provide load balancing for
incoming traffic (sends information without requests).
In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the
team that should receive incoming packets.
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RARP
RARP finds the logical address (IP) for a machine that only knows its
physical address.
So we need something more than RARP. BOOTP, and now DHCP have
replaced RARP.
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RARP operation
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RARP packet (IP PDU)
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Encapsulation of RARP packet
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InARP (Inverse ARP)
Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (Inverse ARP or InARP) is
used to obtain Network layer addresses (for example, IP addresses) of
other nodes from data link layer (Layer 2) DLCI addresses.
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InARP (Cont.)
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Frame-relay inverse-ARP
Frame-relay is a layer 2 technique that uses a concept of Connection
Identifier to distinguish user connections in TDMA, OFDM,
OFDMA, SDMA based and ATM networks.
These days WiFi, WiMAX and LTE are OFDMA based wireless
technique which uses Connection Identifiers (CID) at Layer 2.
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Connection techniques in Frame based networks
Two techniques are used to assign DLCI between adjacent devices
Common DLCI (widely used)
Distinct DLCI
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QoS scheduling in WiMAX
50 CID/SID=
OPM connection Identifier/Subscriber identifier
The TDMA frame format
Super-frame
Random Random
Reserved Access Reserved Access
p1 p1 p0 p0 p1
0 1 0 1
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Space Division Multiple Access
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SDMA in satellites
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OFDM frame
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OFDMA/TDD frame (WiFi, WiMAX)
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