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Literature Survey On Automatic Campus Cab

The document describes the development of an automatic campus cab using a line-following robot controlled via RFID technology. It uses infrared sensors to follow black lines on a white surface. An RFID reader and tags allow the robot to identify locations on campus and navigate between them. A microcontroller processes sensor input and controls the motors to move the robot. The goal is to develop a transportation system that reduces fossil fuel use.

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Gowtham S Shetty
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95 views5 pages

Literature Survey On Automatic Campus Cab

The document describes the development of an automatic campus cab using a line-following robot controlled via RFID technology. It uses infrared sensors to follow black lines on a white surface. An RFID reader and tags allow the robot to identify locations on campus and navigate between them. A microcontroller processes sensor input and controls the motors to move the robot. The goal is to develop a transportation system that reduces fossil fuel use.

Uploaded by

Gowtham S Shetty
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Literature survey on Automatic Campus Cab

Abstract:
Once again the price of petrol has gone up! With the changing scenario, the Indian economy
is concentrating on new developments and evolutions for decontrolling the prices. There has
been recent increase in the price of petrol. The news channels, newspapers, news portals,
political parties are debating and discussing on the advantages and disadvantages of this price
hike. The goal of our project was to introduce robotics in the field of transportation which
may eliminate the use of fossil fuel. The robotic used in our system is line following robot
and to communicate with it, we are use RFID technology.

Technical Introduction:
Line following robot: Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can be
visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. Sensing
a line and maneuvering the robot on stay on course, while constantly correcting wrong moves
using feedback mechanism forms simple yet effective closed loop system. Robot can follow
the line thus giving human like property of responding to stimuli. The robot uses IR sensors
to sense the line; an array of 8 IR LEDs (Tx) and sensors (Rx), facing the ground has been
used in this setup. The output of the sensors is an analog signal which depends on the amount
of light reflected back, this analog signal is given to the comparator to produce 0s and 1s
which are then fed to the uC.

Block diagram:

Motor 1

Analog signal

Sensor
ADC
Array Comparator
Micro controller Motor Driver
LM342
89C51

Analog signal Binary data

Motor 2
RFID technology: Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification
method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or
transponders. The technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an
RFID tag.
A basic RFID system consists of three components:
a) An antenna or coil
b) A transceiver (with decoder)
c) A transponder (RF tag)
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. Antennas are
the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition
and communication. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects
the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated
circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

An RFID tag is comprised of a microchip containing identifying information and an antenna


that transmits this data wirelessly to a reader. At its most basic, the chip will contain a
serialized identifier, or license plate number, that uniquely identifies that item, similar to the
way many bar codes are used today. A key difference, however is that RFID tags have a
higher data capacity than their bar code counterparts

RFID TAGS
The RF transceiver is the source of the RF energy used to activate and power the passive
RFID tags. The RF transceiver may be enclosed in the same cabinet as the reader or it may be
a separate piece of equipment. When provided as a separate piece of equipment, the
transceiver is commonly referred to as an RF module. The RF transceiver controls and
modulates the radio frequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. The transceiver
filters and amplifies the backscatter signal from a passive RFID tag.

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER:


Micro controller 89C51 is classified as an eight bit family CMOS microcomputer of
mcs-51. It needs 3 capacitors, 1 resistor and 1 crystal as well as 5-volt power supply in
operating. Micro controller 89C51 is provided with memory not only RAM but also ROM,
parallel and serial port (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter), etc which all are in
one single chip With Flash EPROM in micro control 89C51 chip, the advantages are the
designing of a system basis on micro controller can be more cheap and easier. Flash EPROM
is loaded with programs include the instructions that will be compiled by the micro
controller. Besides that, it can be reused for many times.

Microcontroller 89C51 has 40 pins, 32 pins for parallel port. One port includes 8 pins,
so 32 pins formed 4 parallel ports, each of them is recognized as port 0, port 1, port 2 and
port 3. Number of each pin of parallel port starts from 0 through 7,first pin of port 0 is named
P0.0 and the last pin of port 3 is named P3.7. Pins diagram of AT 89C51 can be seen in
Figure C.1.

Figure.C.1. Pins diagram of AT 89C51 from ATMEL


Hardware Part:

1. Comparator (LM324).
2. Motors.
3. Relays (L293D).
4. IR interrupts Sensors.
5. Voltage Regulator (MAX 232).
6. RF Receiver and Transmitter.
7. Switches.
8. Buzzer.
9. 12V, 1.2A Lead-Acid Battery.

Websites Referred:

The Seattle Robotics Society Encoder library of robotics articles


http://www.seattlerobotics.org/index.php.

Dallas Personal Robotics Groups.


http://www.dprg.org/index.html.

Go Robotics.NET, this page has many useful links to robotics articles.


http://www.robotshop.com/gorobotics/.

This is the main website of microchip. Thousands of application notes, tutorials & manuals
can be found here.
http://www.microchip.com/.

All datasheets from


http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/.

RFID.com.sg, this page has many articles on RFID technology.


http://www.rfid.com.sg/about.htm.

This site contain info of RFID and there usage.


http://www.ti.com/rfid/?DCMP=TIHomeTracking&HQS=Other+OT+home_p_tirfid

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