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Automated Power Factor Correction for Smart Home

Article  in  Iraqi Journal for Electrical And Electronic Engineering · December 2018

DOI: 10.33762/eeej.2018.144339

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Iraqi Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠﺔ اﻟﻌراﻗﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬
Volume 14, No. 1- 2018 2018-1 ‫ اﻟﻌدد‬،14 ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠد‬

Automated Power Factor Correction for Smart

Home
Bilal Naji Alhasnawi Dr Basil H.Jasim
Electric Eng. Electric Eng.
University of Basrah University of Basrah
Basra/ Iraq. Basra/ Iraq.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: In the current scenario, power factor has become an important concern in all industries. Poor power factor
gives rise to many problems which result in financial loss of industries and also for the commercial users. The main
concern of this work is to improve the usage of real power with respect to reactive power hence improving the power
factor. Here we have used the technique of relay switching method with a capacitor so that any drop in power factor
can be sensed by the controller and switch the capacitor as required. This will not only help to improve power factor
but also demand of electricity supply on utility side will be reduced. The Significance of this work is to build an
APFC (Automatic Power Factor Correction) Unit. The APFC appliance calculates the reactive power (KVAR)
expended by a system’s load and compensates the lagging PF (power factor) utilizing capacitances from capacitor
banks.

Keyword: Potential Transformer, Amplifier (Op-Amp), Current Transformer, Two Microcontroller, Capacitors,
Conductors, Relays, LCD 20x4 (Liquid Crystal Display).
the needed KVAR, however, practically,
I. INTRODUCTION correcting PF much nearer to unity.
Automatic power factor controller project is
The PF is the ratio between the actual load power
planned to improve power factor automatically,
(KW) and the apparent load power (KVA) drawn
whenever power factor falls below convinced
via an electrical load [1]. It can be also stated as
level [2]. As we know that the requirement of
usage of real power to total power provided. Poor
electrical energy is increasing day by day, more
power factor gives rise to many problems such as
and more inductive loads are increasing in
large kVA rating of the equipment, larger
industries as well as for household purpose [3].
conductor size, poor voltage regulation, increased
Inductive loads are the main reason for low
copper loss, reduced power handling capacitor
power factor in power system [4].
and much more. There are several methods for
This paper will describe how the power factor
improving the power factor of the system such as
will be improved by using reactive power
a synchronous condenser, static compensator,
technique.
static capacitor, etc. they are either highly priced
methods or inefficient methods. To overcome
these disadvantages, the new method depends on II. ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR
reactive power and this method is very efficient IMPROVEMENT
and also less expensive compared to other The power factor derives the actual usage of real
methods. A necessary capacitance is connected so power by the equipment. The power triangle is
that PF is adjusted as close to unity as possible. shown in Fig.1. In this figure, real power is
Theoretically, capacitors could provide 100% of
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denoted by kW, reactive power denoted by will be large. To overcome this, conductor with a
KVAR and apparent power is denoted by kVA. larger diameter will be required. This will cause
The power factor from Fig.1 can be derived as an increase in the cost of the conductor.
cosine angle of apparent power and real power 3. Copper loss
which is denoted by CosØ. If the PF of the As referred from above if the current drawn by
system is “1‟, then it can be said that 100% the system is increased the copper loss of the
power has been used and no reactive power is system will also increase. This will cause an
present. Similarly, if power factor is “0.5‟, then it increase in total loss of system and hence the
can be stated that 50% real power is consumed efficiency of the system will be decreased.
and remaining 50% is reactive power. So power 4- Voltage regulation
factor is a very important concept which has to be Due to large currents, a high voltage drop occurs
studied to specify the system power usage and in the alternator which reduces the voltage at the
also losses [5], [6], [7], [8]. The power factor can terminal of the alternator. As no load gives
be denoted mathematically as shown in fig1 voltage regulation to full load voltage drop the
………(1) regulation will be poor.

III. AUTOMATED POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The proposed system makes use of a

microcontroller to manage the process of
switching the capacitors bank connected at the
end of main power supply. It is APFC equipment
connected at the end of the main supply close to
Fig.1 Power Triangle
the variable load. In general, APFC consist of 3
From the equations below we can identify the
of the capacitor connected to the load terminal of
disadvantages of poor power factor;
the main supply, relays connected in series with
……. (1Ø) (2)
capacitors and controller. In this work, three
……. (3) capacitors had utilised to form the APFC. The
……. (3Ø) (4) task of the controller is to read the system power
…….. (5) factor, voltage and current. Then according to a
known algorithm, the controller decides how
many capacitors should be inserted to bring up
1- Less Demand of kVA rating of Equipment
the power factor to the required value, thereby the
... (6) main supply is being compensated with shunt
From above equation, we can clearly see that technique. The main equipment that composed
power factor is inversely proportional to the the APFC model is reactive power elements
apparent power. So, if the power factor is low (capacitors), switching elements (relays),
then the kVA demand of the equipment will be contactors connected in series with the capacitor
increased, and the utility will have to supply high (in the case of high current rating for protection
demand. of the relay) interfacing circuits (voltage, current
2- Smaller conductor diameter and power factor) and controller.
To deliver a fixed amount of power if power
factor is low then the current drawn by the system 31
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IV. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Our system takes 220v supply and steps down the

voltage to 9V through a potential transformer,
then converts this 9v AC into the less 5V input to
the microcontroller. A signal of current is also
obtained from the main power supply by a CT
and processed by a current sensor circuit for
microcontroller input. The microcontroller
performs PF calculations and controls capacitors.
The results displayed on a 4x20 liquid crystal
display. The block diagram of the complete work
shown in the following Fig.2.

Current
Transformer
220V
Potential Load
50HZ Transformer

Power Supply Conditioning Conditioning

Unit 5V circuit circuit

Capacitor Bank

First Second
microcon microcon
Contactors
troller troller

Relay Shield

20x4 LCD Display

Fig. 2 Proposed System Diagram

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V. DESIGN METHODOLOGY C. network of Inductive load
The inductive load is a mixture of loads
The whole Automated Power Factor Correction consuming huge electrical power and having
unit involves of several modules these modules inductive characteristics due to lagging power
are: Capacitor Banks, 4x20 LCD monitor, two factor.
microcontrollers, main supply, Current sensor,
Current sensor circuit, a Voltage sensor, Voltage D. Potential transformer
sensor circuit, conductors, Relay driver and The potential transformer in proposed system
Inductive load network. transfers 220V to 9V shown in Fig.4 .

A. AT328 Microcontroller
It is a low power CMOS 8-bit MCU based on
the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. The
powerful execution of instructions in a single
clock cycle leads to the achievement of 1
MIPS per MHz throughputs allowing the
designer to optimise power consumption
versus processing speed. The CPU is the brain
of the MCU which controls the execution of
the program. The microcontroller consists of
256/412/1K bytes EEPROM along with the
Fig.4 Potential Transformer
512/1K/2K bytes of SRAM, 4K/8K bytes of
in system programmable flash with reading
1. Voltage Measurement
while writing capabilities. The AT328-MCU
To read the main power supply voltage, first
has many advantages as 23 general purposes
the system voltage 9 V RMS must be stepped
I/O lines, three adjustable timer/counters with
down to the level that the microcontroller is
compare modes, 32 general purpose working
compatible. Microcontroller A/D converter deals
registers, a byte oriented 2-wire serial
with the signal in the range of 0 to 5 V, So the
interface, external, internal interrupts and a
next step should be taken is converting the
serial programmable USART, a 6-channel 10-
stepped down RMS voltage to signal voltage in
bit ADC, an SPI serial port [14]. The AT328
the range of (0-5V).
and pins configuration is shown in Fig.3.

2. Circuit for Sensing Voltage

An RMS voltage measurement is required
to determine, PF, S and P. This measurement can
be completed by utilising an AC to AC Potential
transformer. The Potential transformer in the
convertor provides separation from the high
voltage. The aim for the signal conditioning
electronics detailed under is to condition the
output of the AC power convertor, so it meets the
necessities of the microcontroller analog inputs: a
Fig.3 AT328 Microcontroller
positive voltage between 0V and the analog to
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digital converter (ADC) reference voltage (5V). The voltage bias providing by R4 and R3 should
The output signal from the AC Potential be half of the second microcontroller supply
transformer is a sinusoidal signal. a 9V power voltage. As such, R4 and R3 need to be of equal
converter the positive voltage peak be +12.727V, resistance. In proposed system used 470k ohm
the negative peak -12.727V. The signal resistors for R4 and R3. If the second
conditioning electronics need to convert the microcontroller is running at 5V, the resultant
output of the converter to a waveform that has a sinusoidal waveform has a positive peak of 2.5V
positive peak that's less than 5.0V and a negative + 1.156V = 3.656V, and negative peak of 1.344V
peak that is more than 0.0V. So we need to: satisfies the microcontroller analog input voltage
1. Scale down the sinusoidal waveform. requirements.
2. Add an offset, so there is no negative
component. E. Current Transformer
The sinusoidal waveform can be scaled down In proposed system, used Current Transformer
using a voltage divider connected crossways the YHDC used. This CT is made up of a ferrite
adapter's terminals, and the offset (bias) can be material. The input current ranges are 0 to 100A
added using a source of voltage created by which gives output current of 0 to 50mA. The
another voltage divider connected across the input to the output ratio is about 20000:1. The
microcontroller’s power supply. input frequency ranges from about 50Hz to about
150 KHz. The device works at a temperature of
about -25 o C to about 70 o C. Some other single
input channeled, Hall-effect based, open-loop
type current sensors for measuring AC/DC
currents operating in the range of -40 o C to 150 o
C whose measurement is as per radiometric
voltage are very accurate [13].

Fig. 5 Voltage sensing circuit diagram

Resistors R2 and R1 form a voltage divider that

scales down the Potential transformer AC
voltage. Resistors R4 and R3 deliver the voltage
bias. C1 (Capacitor) provides a low impedance
path to ground for the AC signal. The value of C1
is not critical, (10 μF – 100 μF) will be
satisfactory. R2 and R1 need to be chosen to give
a peak voltage output of ~1V. For an AC to AC
Fig. 6 Current Transformer
converter with a 9V RMS output, a resistor
combination of 100k for R2 and 10k for R1
Circuit of Current sensor
would be suitable:
To join a Current Transformer sensor to the
Peak output voltage second microcontroller, the output signal from the
Current Transformer needs to be conditioned, so
= R1 / (R2 + R1) x peak voltage input it meets the input requirements of the
= 10k / (10k + 100k) x 12.72V = microcontroller analog inputs.
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1.156V
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Burden Resistor (ohms)

= (CT TURNS *AREF) / (2√2 *max primary
current)

If connect one of the Current Transformer wires

to ground and measure the voltage of the second
Fig.7 Current sensing circuit wire, relative to ground, the voltage would vary
from positive to negative concerning ground.
Calculating a Resistor However, the microcontroller analog inputs
If the Current Transformer is a "current output" require a positive voltage. By connecting the
type, the current signal needs to change to a Current Transformer lead we connected to
voltage signal with a burden resistor. If it is a ground, to a source of half the supply voltage
voltage output Current Transformer, then this step instead, the Current Transformer output voltage
can be skipped and leave out the burden resistor, will now swing above and below 2.5 V thus
as the load resistor built into the Current remaining positive. Resistors R2 & R1 in the
Transformer. diagram above are a voltage divider that delivers
1) The Current Transformer has a current range the 2.5 V. C1 (Capacitor) has a little reactance a
of (0A-100A). For this illustration, let's select 100 few 100 ohms and provides a path for the AC to
A as our maximum current. bypass the resistor. A value of 100 μF is suitable.
2) Peak current
Choosing resistors R3 & R4
Primary peak current = √2 × RMS current
= 1.414 × 100 A =141.4A Higher resistance lowers quiescent energy
consumption. Uses 470 kΩ resistors to save the
3) Peak current in the secondary coil. power consumption to a smallest, as it is intended
The Current Transformer has 2000 turns, to run on batteries for many months.

Secondary peak current H. Capacitor Bank

= Primary peak current / number of turns The capacitor bank is the collection of different
values capacitors. Parallel and Series combination
= 141.4 A /2000= 0.0707A
of various capacitors provide a range of
capacitance required to compensate reduced
4) To risk amount resolution, the voltage across
power factor. The sizing of capacitors is
the burden resistor at peak current should be
determined based on the required reactive power
equal to AREF/2 (one half of the microcontroller
(KVAR) demand by the load network. In our
analog reference voltage).
proposed system we used capacitors 5µF, 10µF
Ideal burden resistance and 20µF.
= (AREF/2) / Secondary peak current
VI. AUTOMATED POWER FACTOR
= 2.5 V / 0.0707 A = 35.36 Ω CALCULATION

To calculate that delay to find out system lead or

lag, a first microcontroller is used to determine
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Volume 14, No. 1- 2018 2018-1 ‫ اﻟﻌدد‬،14 ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠد‬
that delay. The first step that must do is Start
converting the sinusoidal wave of the voltage and
current into a square wave, to be logically read by
the controller. Fig.8 and Fig.9 respectively show Find voltage raise edge
the implemented circuit of the sine wave to the
square wave signal converter. So a second
microcontroller has been used to calculate the PF. Raising voltage =1?
N
The value of PF then transferred from the first Y
microcontroller to the second microcontroller via
PIN communication. A specified circuit is Tv = t
required to send the data from the first
microcontroller to the second microcontroller
Find current raise edge
which explained in next section.
N

Raising current =1?

Ti = t

Td=Tv-Ti
Fig.8 Sinusoidal, square wave converter of
voltage
Td<0? N

Y
Power factor is Lead Power factor is Lag

Sent power factor state to the second

microcontroller

Fig.10 Flowchart of state power factor (lag or

lead) in the first microcontroller
Fig.9 Sinusoidal square wave converter of current
VII. DESIGN OF TECHNICAL
In addition to the power factor value, the first
Reactive power =
microcontroller also sends an indication as a logic
signal to inform the second microcontroller the
nature of the power factor (lead or lag). The Capacitance in Farad, C = ((Reactive power) 2
software of calculating the state of power factor /2 f V2)
summarised in the flowchart shown in Fig. 10. Reactive power = V2x2 fC
Where V is the voltage and f are the frequency of
the power system.
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Iraqi Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠﺔ اﻟﻌراﻗﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬
Volume 14, No. 1- 2018 2018-1 ‫ اﻟﻌدد‬،14 ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠد‬
Reactive power for 5µF capacitor = VIII. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTS
(220)2x2x3.14x50x5x10-6 =76 VAR This paragraph presents the algorithm of APFC
Reactive power for 10µF capacitor = based microcontroller. The process needs to sense
(220)2x2x3.14x50x10x10-6 =152 VAR the power factor, current and voltage at the end of
Reactive power for 20µF capacitor = the main supply of house. The algorithm
(220)2x2x3.14x50x20x10-6 =304 VAR summarised in the flowchart illustrated in Fig.11.
Where, Real power= P (KW), Apparent power=S
(KVA), reactive Power=Q (KVAR), current=Irms
(A), voltage= Vrms (V).

Start

Measure current and voltage signals

Receive the PF state from the first

microcontroller

Calculate and display main current, voltage, apparent power, real

power, reactive power and power factor

C1& C2& C3 OFF Is PF Lag?

N

Is PF> 0.9? Y

N N N
76 < Q<=152 152< Q<=228 228< Q<=304 304< Q<=380

Y N
Y Y Y

C1: ON C2: ON C1& C2: ON C3: ON

C2& C3: OFF C1& C3: OFF C3: OFF C1& C2: OFF

Q>532 456 < Q<=532 380 < Q<=456

N N
Y Y
Y
C1& C2& C3: ON C2& C3: ON, C1& C3: ON
C1: OFF C2: OFF

Fig.11 Flowchart of proposed system (second microcontroller)

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IX. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP OF
SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDERATION

The basic components that have been used to

complete this work are main home supply,
variable inductive load, capacitors bank,
interfacing circuits, switching circuits, tow
microcontrollers. Fig.12 shows the complete
construction of automatic power factor correction
installed on the home power supply.

Fig. 14 Voltage Circuit

Fig. 15 Microcontroller Circuit

X. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS IN REAL

Fig. 12 Complete APFC and Energy Monitoring SMART HOME
System Table1 provides the data recorded from the
smart home system.
Load used in APFC for the smart home system:
1) Fluorescent Light (FL),
2) Ceiling Fans in house (fan)
3) Refrigerator
4) Water Pump motor
5) Television (TV).

Fig. 13 Current Circuit

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Table I
The experimental results of APFC on real home
Appliances P (W) S V I PF Q(VAR) CµF State
(VA) (V) (A)
2 FL +1fan 196 229.2 214 1.1 0.86 120 NO Before
Correction
196 202 215 0.9 0.97 40 5 After Correction

3 FL 368.7 431 227 1.9 0.86 224 NO Before

+2fan Correction
352.8 364.3 225 1.6 0.97 90.8 10 After Correction
4 FL+ 291.9 384.1 217 1.8 0.79 250 NO Before
1fan Correction
281.9 290.1 218 1.3 0.97 64 15 After Correction
6 FL 369.8 528 218 2.4 0.7 378 NO Before
+1fan Correction
349.3 362.5 217 1.7 0.96 97 20 After Correction

5 FL 452 584.8 223 2.6 0.77 369 NO Before

+2fan Correction
448.2 460.9 224 2.0 0.97 111 20 After Correction

6 FL 696.8 813.7 217 3.7 0.86 418 NO Before

+1fan+water Correction
pump 687 688.8 215 3.2 0.99 38 25 After Correction
8 FL 820 975.6 214 4.5 0.84 523 NO Before
+3fan +water Correction
pump 760.5 773.5 216 3.6 0.98 114 30 After Correction
8 FL 585.5 769 214 3.6 0.76 496 NO Before
+3fan Correction
564.5 568.5 213 2.7 0.99 62 30 After Correction
5 FL+ 832.5 1108.6 218 5.1 0.75 742 NO Before
2refregrator Correction
+2fan 837.5 860.2 218 3.9 0.97 204 35 After Correction
6 FL+ 957.9 1293.5 218 5.9 0.74 874 NO Before
3refregrator Correction
+2fan 967.3 1010.7 218 4.6 0.96 302 35 After Correction
12 FL+6fan+ 1664.9 2055.6 218 9.4 0.81 1196 NO Before
3refregrator+ Correction
TV 1652 1755.7 218 8 0.94 623 35 After Correction
10 FL+7fan+ 2401.2 2703.1 216 12.5 0.89 1242 NO Before
3refregrator+ Correction
2TV 2414.9 2527.3 218 11.6 0.96 716 35 After Correction

As shown in Table I, we note that the value of the power factor before the addition of the
capacitance was low, i.e. less than 0.9, while at the addition of the capacitance we note that
the power factor value is close to 1.

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Volume 14, No. 1- 2018 2018-1 ‫ اﻟﻌدد‬،14 ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻠد‬
Besides automatically correcting PF of an [2] J. G. Cho, J. W. Baek, D. W. Yoo, H. S. Lee, “Reduced
electrical load, the designed system also performs Conduction Loss Zero Voltage Transition Power
Factor Correction Converter With Low Cost ”, IEEE,
power observing. The 4x20 LCD shows the
Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 45, Issue
power consumption. It shows the user the 3, pp. 395- 400, Jun 1998.
immediate P (real power), S (apparent power),
[3] L. D. Jones, D. Blackwell, “Energy Saver Power Factor
voltage (Vrms), current flow (Irms), PF (power
Controller for Synchronous Motors”, IEEE,
factor) and Q (reactive power) consumption. Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
102, Issue 5, pp. 1391 -1394, May1983.

[4] Y. Jiang, F. C. Lee, G. Hua, W. Tang,” A Novel Single

phase Power Factor Correction Scheme, Applied
Power electronics” IEEE, Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings,
Eighth Annual. 1993.
Fig.16. Condition of Load before APFC
[5] M. A. EL-Sharkawi, M. Chen, S. V. Vadari, G. W.
Fissel and S. S. Venkata,, “ Development and Field
Tasting of A Closed Loop Adaptive Power Factor
Controller”, IEEE, Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, Vol.3, No. 2, pp. 235-240, June 1988.

[6] M. Nalbant, “Power Factor Calculations and

Measurement”, IEEE, Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, Vol.5, No. 10, pp. 543-552, 1990.
Fig.17: Condition of Load after APFC
[7] A. Kumar Tiwari, D. Sharma, V. Kumar, “Automatic
Power Factor Correction Using Capacitive Bank”
XI. CONCLUSION
International. Journal of Engineering Research and
The automatic power factor correction thus gives Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (Version 1), pp.393-395,
Feb, 2014.
us an efficient technique of capacitor switching
technique which utilised in improving the power [8] S. B. Jamge and P. Devanpalli, “Automatic Power
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power factor in real time and according to the
condition of power factor signal of switching is
given to the capacitor banks connected.

XII. REFERENCES

[1] Y. Kabir, Y. M. Mohsin, and M. M. Khan,

“Automated Power Factor Correction and
Energy Monitoring System”, IEEE, Energy
and Technology, 3rd International Conference,
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40

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