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CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This device is functioned to detect a secret knocking on the door and then
unlock the door immediately if the knock is right and matched the saved knock
on the device. We have chosen the Arduino Duemilanove as our micro controller
to be use in our project.

2.1 Arduino Duemilanove Micro Controller

Figure 2.1: Arduino Duemilanove Micro Controller

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The Arduino Duemilanove is a microcontroller board based on

the ATmega168 or ATmega328. "Duemilanove" means 2009 in Italian and is
named after the year of its release. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHzcrystal oscillator, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started.

Table 2.1: Summary of Arduino Duemilanove

Microcontroller ATmega168
Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage
7-12V
(recommended)

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V
50 mA
Pin
16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which
Flash Memory
2 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

2.1.1 Power
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The Arduino Duemilanove can be powered via the USB connection or

with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-
wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied

with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and

other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an
on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

2.1.2 Memory
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The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2

KB is used for the bootloader); theATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used
for the bootloader). The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512 bytes of
EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library) ;
the ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

2.1.3 Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Duemilanove can be used as an input or

output, using pinMode, digitalWrite, and digitalRead functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is
not currently included in the Arduino language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin
is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Duemilanove has 6 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of

resolution. By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
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to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using

the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used
with analogReference.
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically
used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

2.1.4 Programming

The Arduino Duemilanove can be programmed with the Arduino

software. The Arduino Duemilanove comes preburned with a bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the originalSTK500 protocol.

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller
through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.
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2.1.5 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an

upload, the Arduino Duemilanove is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by
software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the reset line of
the ATmega168 or ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is
asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The
Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply
pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the
bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Duemilanove is connected

to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection
is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the
bootloader is running on the Duemilanove. While it is programmed to ignore
malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the
first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first
starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second
after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Duemilanove contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The
pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

2.1.6 USB Overcurrent Protection

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The Arduino Duemilanove has a resettable polyfuse that protects your

computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers
provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection.
If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break
the connection until the short or overload is removed.

2.1.7 Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Duemilanove PCB are 2.7 and 2.1
inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the
former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or
case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an
even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pin

2.1.8 Hardware

An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with

complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into
other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that
connectors are exposed allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of
interchangeable add-on modules (known as shields). Official Arduinos have used
the megaAVR series of chips, specifically
the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, and ATmega1280. A handful of other
processors have been used by Arduino clones. Most boards include a 5-
volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in
some variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and
dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor
restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with
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a bootloader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory,

compared with other devices that typically need an external chip programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack all boards
are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is
implemented in hardware varies by version. Serial Arduino boards contain a
simple inverter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and Transistor-transistor
Logic - level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via USB,
implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some
variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable
USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used
with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR
ISP programming is used.)

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use
by other circuits. The Diecimila, now superseded by the Duemilanove, for
example, provides 14 digital I/O pins, 6 of which can produce Pulse+Width
Modulation signals, and 6 analog inputs. These pins are available on the top of
the board, via female 0.1 inch headers. Several plug-in application boards known
as "shields" are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-
compatible Barebones and Boarduino boards provide male header pins on the
underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards.

2.1.9 Software
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The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java which is

derived from the IDE made for the Processing programming language and
the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other
newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with
features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation,
and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a
single click. There is typically no need to edit Makefiles or run programs on the
command line.

The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the
project of the same name), which makes many common input/output operations
much easier. Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need
to define two functions in order to make a runnable program:

 setup() – a function run once at the start of a program which can be used for
initializing settings, and
 loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board is powered off.

A typical first program for a microcontroller is to simply blink a LED on

and off. In the Arduino environment, the user might write a program like this:
#define LED_PIN 13

void setup () {
pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // enable pin 13 for digital output
}
void loop () {
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // turn on the LED
delay (1000); // wait one second (1000 milliseconds)
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // turn off the LED
delay (1000); // wait one second
}
The above code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid
program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a
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copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the
top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++
program.

2.3 Materials:

To create this project, the materials that we needed are list below:

 1 - Arduino  Duemilanove
 1 - 5v Gear reduction motor. 
 1 - Piezo speaker. (30mm)
 2 - SPST momentary pushbutton. (normally "off")
 1 - Red LED
 1 - Green LED
 1 - NPN Transistor P2N2222A
 1 - Rectifier Diode
 1 - 2.2k ohm resistor (1/4 watt)
 1 - 10k ohm resistor (1/4 watt)
 1 - 1M ohm resistor (1/4 watt)
 2 - 560 ohm resistor 
 1 - Small piece of breadboard. 
 1 - 9 volt battery clip and 9v battery.
 1 - 12v Battery / Adapter
 Connector wires.

5v Gear reduction motor Motor is a device that converts

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electricity into a mechanical motion.

We’ll be using a 5v motor which has

a higher torque so that it is able to
turn the lock.

Piezo Speaker A piezo speaker are used for a wide

variety of applications, including
alarm clocks, telephones and
computers, this Piezo Buzzer
operates on 6-18VDC, carrying
10mA current at 12V, with a tame
buzzer tone rating of 2,800Hz.
We’ll be using piezo speaker as our
sound detector because it is very
sensitive and cheap.

SPST Momentary Pushbutton In electronics, a switch is

an electrical component that can
break an electrical circuit,
interrupting the current or diverting it
from one conductor to another.

We’re using the single pole, single

throw momentary pushbutton to set
the knock and to lock the device.
Green & Red LED A light-emitting diode (LED) is
a semiconductor light source. LEDs
are used as indicator lamps in many
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devices, and are increasingly used

for lighting.

We use green LED to show the

blinks according to the saved knock,
and the red LED to show that the
device is resetting and listening again
(if wrong knocks). The red LED also
blink according your knocks when
you program a new knock on the
device.
NPN Transistor P2N2222A
NPN is one of the two types of
bipolar transistors, in which the
letters "N" and "P" refer to the
majority charge carriers inside the
different regions of the transistor.
Most bipolar transistors used today
are NPN, because electron
mobility is higher than hole
mobility in semiconductors, allowing
greater currents and faster operation.
NPN transistors consist of a layer of
P-doped semiconductor (the "base")
between two N-doped layers. A small
current entering the base in common-
emitter mode is amplified in the
collector output.
Rectifier Diode A rectifier is an electrical device that
converts alternating current (AC)
to direct current (DC), a process
known as rectification. Rectifiers
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have many uses including as

components of power supplies and
as detectors of radio signals.
Rectifiers may be made of solid
state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and
other components.
Resistors

A resistor is a two-
terminal electronic component that
produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to
the electric currentpassing through it
in accordance with Ohm's law.

Breadboard (protoboard) A breadboard (protoboard) is a

construction base for a one-of-a-
kind electronic circuit, a prototype.
In modern times the term is
commonly used to refer to a
particular type of breadboard,
the solderless
breadboard (plugboard).
9v Battery & Clip A nine-volt battery, sometimes
referred to by its original designation
as a PP3 battery, is shaped as a
rounded rectangular prism and has a
nominal output of nine volts. Its
nominal dimensions are 48 mm ×
25 mm × 15 mm
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9v batteries are commonly used

in smoke detectors, carbon
monoxide alarms, guitar effect units,
pocket radios, and radio-controlled
vehiclecontrollers. They are also
used as backup power to keep the
time in digital clocks and alarm
clocks

The connector (snap) consists of two

connectors: one smaller circular
(male) and one larger, typically either
hexagonal or octagonal (female). The
connectors on the battery are the
same as on the connector itself -- the
smaller one connects to the larger
one and vice versa