16 Materials and Semi-Finished Products for

Switchgear Installations
16.1 Iron and steel

16.1.1 Structural steel, general

The material specifications for structural steels to DIN EN 10 029 apply to carbon steels
and low-alloy steels: these are used in the hot-worked condition, and to a lesser extent
after normalizing, for reasons of tensile strength and yield strength. The specifications
are also valid for forgings, section steel, strip, and heavy and medium plates made from
these steels. This standard DIN EN 10 029 does not apply to the products given in
Table 16-2.
Weldability is better with low-carbon steels having less than 0.22% C. Weldability is
best with steels of grade 3, e.g. St 37-3 (S235 JR), and poorest with steels of grade 1.
Killed steels are to be preferred to rimmed steel, especially if segregation zones might
be encountered when welding.
Identification codes for structural steels are contained in DIN EN 10027. This also
shows the chemical composition and method of melting or casting.
The standards giving the dimensions of general structural steels are listed in Table
16-1.

Table 16-1

Dimensional standards

Round steel, general purpose DIN 1013

Square steel DIN 1014
Flat steel, general purpose DIN 1017
Equal angle section and deep-web T bars, square edge DIN 1022
T bars, round edge DIN EN 10055
I bars and I beams DIN 1025
Channel bars and beams DIN 1026
Steel angle DIN 1028
Steel angle, unequal widths DIN 1029
Steel sheet less than 3 mm (thin sheet) DIN EN 10131
Steel sheet 5 mm and above (heavy plate) DIN EN 10130

Table 16-2
Dimensional standards

Steel for screws, bolts and nuts DIN 1654, DIN 17 240, DIN 59 130
Heat-treatable steel DIN EN 10 083
Case-hardening steel DIN 17 210
Thin sheet less than 3 mm thick DIN 1623, Sheet 1 and DIN EN 10 130
16

Identification code for surface type and treatment (DIN 1623)

829
16.1.2 Dimensions and weights of steel bars, sections and tubes

Table 16-3
Dimensions and weight of steel bars

Square and flat steel DIN 1014/1017

Dimensions Cross-section Weight Dimensions Cross-section Weight

mm cm2 kg/m mm cm2 kg/m

18 × 4 0.32 0.249 140 × 18 3.2 2.50

10 × 5 0.5 0.390 140 × 10 4.0 3.12
12 × 5 0.6 0.470 140 × 40 16.0 12.60
13 × 2.5 0.325 0.255 145 × 15 2.25 1.75
15 × 5 0.75 0.595 145 × 18
1 3.6 2.81
145 × 10 4.5 3.51
20 × 3 0.6 0.471
20 × 4 0.8 0.624 150 × 13
1 1.5 1.17
20 × 5 1.0 0.780 150 × 14
1 2.0 1.56
20 × 8 1.6 1.26 150 × 15
1 2.5 1.95
150 × 16 3.0 2.34
25 × 3 0.75 0.589 1
150 × 18 4.0 3.12
25 × 4 1.0 0.785 1
150 × 10 5.0 3.90
25 × 5 1.25 0.981 1
160 × 15 3.0 2.34
26 × 21) 0.52 0.408
160 × 18 4.8 3.74
30 × 3 0.9 0.705 160 × 10
1 6.0 4.68
30 × 3.51) 1.05 0.825 1
165 × 15 3.25 2.53
30 × 4 1.2 0.936 1
30 × 5 1.5 1.170 180 × 15 4.0 3.12
30 × 30 9.0 7.065 180 × 16
1 4.8 3.74
180 × 18 6.4 4.99
35 × 3 1.05 0.825 1
180 × 10 8.0 6.24
35 × 4 1.4 1.09 1
35 × 5 1.75 1.36 100 × 15 5.0 3.90
35 × 35 12.25 9.62 100 × 16 6.0 4.68
100 × 18 8.0 6.24
40 × 3 1.2 0.942
100 × 10 10.0 7.8
40 × 41) 1.6 1.26
40 × 5 2.0 1.56
40 × 6 2.4 1.87

1) also galvanized for earth conductors

Earthing plate 1000 · 1000 · 3 mm with strip 2.5 m long, approx. 30 kg
Earth rod 1" diameter, 2000 mm long, 5.3 kg
Earth rod 2" diameter, 3000 mm long, 16.5 kg

830
Table 16-4
Dimensions and weights of round steel and steel tubes

Round steel bright DIN 671 Steel tube

Diameter Cross- Out- Outside Weight

section Weight side diameter, kg/m
mm cm2 kg/m diameter wall thickness
inches mm

1 0.0079 0.0062 Seamless precision tube DIN 2391

2 0.0314 0.0247 5 ×1 0.10
3 0.0707 0.0555 6 ×1 0.12
4 0.1257 0.0986 10 × 12) 0.222
5 0.1963 0.154 10 × 22) 0.395
6 0.283 0.222 12 × 2 0.493
8 0.503 0.395 15 × 1 0.36
10 0.785 0.617 16 × 2 0.691
12 1.131 0.888 20 × 2 0.89
14 1.539 1.21 22 × 1 0.52
15 1.767 1.39 28 × 1.5 1.0
18 2.245 2.00 30 × 2 1.37
20 3.142 2.47 32 × 32) 2.15
22 3.801 2.98 50 × 2 2.36
25 4.91 3.85
28 6.158 4.83 Medium-heavy threaded tube DIN 2440
30 7.069 5.55 ¹⁄₄ " 13.5 × 2.35 0.65
32 8.042 6.31 ³⁄₈ " 17.2 × 2.35 0.852
36 10.18 7.99 ¹⁄₂ " 21.3 × 2.65 1.22
38 11.34 8.9 ³⁄₄ " 26.9 × 2.65 1.58
40 12.57 9.86 1" 33.7 × 3.25 2.44
42 13.85 10.9 1¹⁄₄ " 42.4 × 3.25 3.14
45 15.9 12.5 1¹⁄₂ " 48.3 × 3.25 3.61
48 18.10 14.2 2" 60.3 × 3.65 5.10
50 19.63 15.4
Seamless tube DIN 2448
25 × 2.61) 1.44
30 × 4 2.59
30 × 2.6 1.77
31.8 × 2.91) 2.08

1) also galvanized for earth conductors

2) Tube for operating mechanism linkages
16

831
Table 16-5
Steel angle

Equal width DIN 1208 Unequal width DIN 1029

Symbol Weight Section Symbol Weight Section
L modulus L modulus
a × s a × b × s Wx Wy
mm kg/m cm3 mm kg/m cm3 cm3

20 × 3 0.88 0.28 30 × 20 × 4 1.45 0.81 0.38

25 × 3 1.12 0.45 40 × 20 × 3 1.35 10.8 0.30
25 × 4 1.45 0.58 40 × 20 × 4 1.77 1.42 0.39
30 × 3 1.36 0.65 45 × 30 × 4 2.25 1.91 0.91
30 × 4 1.78 0.86 45 × 30 × 5 2.77 2.35 1.11
35 × 4 2.10 1.18 60 × 30 × 5 3.37 4.04 1.12
40 × 4 2.24 1.56 60 × 30 × 7 4.59 5.50 1.52
40 × 5 2.97 1.91 50 × 40 × 5 3.36 3.20 2.01
45 × 5 3.38 2.43 60 × 40 × 5 3.76 4.25 2.02
50 × 5 3.77 3.05 60 × 40 × 6 4.46 5.03 2.38
50 × 6 4.47 3.61 80 × 40 × 6 5.41 8.73 2.44
55 × 6 4.95 4.40 80 × 65 × 8 8.66 12.3 8.41
60 × 6 5.42 5.29 65 × 50 × 5 4.35 5.11 3.18
60 × 8 7.09 6.88 65 × 50 × 7 5.97 6.99 4.31
65 × 7 6.83 7.18 100 × 50 × 6 6.85 13.08 3.86
65 × 9 8.62 9.04 100 × 50 × 8 8.99 18.0 4.05
70 × 7 7.38 8.43 90 × 60 × 6 6.82 11.7 5.61
70 × 9 9.34 10.6 90 × 60 × 8 8.96 15.4 7.31
75 × 8 9.03 11.0 80 × 65 × 6 6.60 9.41 6.44
80 × 8 9.66 12.6 80 × 65 × 8 8.66 12.3 8.41
80 × 10 11.9 15.5 100 × 65 × 7 8.77 16.6 7.54
90 × 9 12.2 18.0 100 × 65 × 9 11.1 21.0 9.52
90 × 11 14.7 21.6 100 × 75 × 9 11.8 21.5 12.7
100 × 10 15.1 24.7 120 × 80 × 10 15.0 34.1 16.2
100 × 12 17.8 29.2 130 × 65 × 10 14.6 38.4 10.7
110 × 10 16.6 30.1 130 × 90 × 10 16.6 40.5 20.6
120 × 11 19.9 39.5 150 × 75 × 11 18.6 56.6 15.9
140 × 13 27.5 63.3 150 × 100 × 10 19.0 54.1 25.9
150 × 14 31.6 78.2 150 × 100 × 14 26.1 74.1 35 2
150 × 15 36.2 95.6
Steel angle, square edge
30 × 3.5 1.55 L section 121 30 × 16 × 4 1.32 L section 180
40 × 4 2.39 L section 124 45 × 30 × 4 2.23 L section 203
60 × 40 × 5 3.73 L section 218

Permissible tolerance up to 50 mm ± 1 mm, up to 100 mm ± 1.5 mm, above ± 2 mm.

832
For other angle sections, see:
DIN 1022, DIN 1028, DIN 1029,
DIN 59 370.

Table 16-6
T bars, normal lengths 3 to 12 m, DIN 1024

Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulus for

bending axis
x–x y–y
Wx Wy
b h s=t kg/m cm3 cm3

T Deep-web T bar DIN EN 10 055

120 20 20 3 0.88 0.27 0.20
125 25 25 3.5 1.29 0.49 0.34
130 30 30 4.0 1.77 0.80 0.58
135 35 35 4.5 2.33 1.23 0.90
140 40 40 5 2.96 1.84 1.29
145 45 45 5.5 3.67 2.51 1.78
150 50 50 6 4.44 3.36 2.42
160 60 60 7 6.23 5.48 4.07
170 70 70 8 8.32 8.79 6.32
180 80 80 9 10.7 12.8 9.25
190 90 90 10 13.4 18.2 13.0
100 100 100 11 16.4 24.6 17.7

TB Broad-flange T bar DIN EN 10 055

130 60 30 5.5 3.64 1.11 2.87
135 70 35 6.0 4.66 1.65 4.31
140 80 40 7.0 6.21 2.50 7.13
150 100 50 8.5 9.42 4.78 13.5
160 120 60 10 13.4 8.09 22.8

T Square-edge T bar
16/16 16 16 2.5 0.58 Mannstädt I 596
20/30 30 20 3.0 1.11 Mannstädt I 4966
25/35 35 25 3.5 1.55 Mannstädt I 3981
16

25/38 38 25 3 1.41 Mannstädt I 4981

Tolerances: up to 50 mm ±1 mm, up to 100 mm ±1.5 mm.

833
Table 16-7
I beams, normal length 4 to 15 m, DIN 1025 Sheet 1

Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulus for

bending axis
x–x y–y
Wx Wy
h b s t kg/m cm3 cm3

I I beams DIN 1025, Sheet 1

180 180 42 3.9 5.9 5.94 19.5 3.00
100 100 50 4.5 6.8 8.34 34.2 4.88
120 120 58 5.1 7.7 11.1 54.7 7.41
140 140 66 5.7 8.6 14.3 81.9 10.7
160 160 74 6.3 9.5 17.9 117.0 14.8
180 180 82 6.9 10.4 21.9 161.0 19.8
200 200 90 7.5 11.3 26.2 214.0 26.0
220 220 98 8.1 12.2 31.1 278.0 33.1
240 240 106 8.7 13.1 36.2 354.0 41.7
260 260 113 9.4 14.1 41.9 442.0 51.0
280 280 119 10.1 15.2 47.9 542.0 61.2
300 300 125 10.8 16.2 54.2 653.0 72.2
320 320 131 11.5 17.3 61.0 782.0 84.7
340 340 137 12.2 18.3 68.0 923.0 98.4
360 360 143 13 19.5 76.1 1 090.0 114.0
380 380 149 13.7 20.5 84.0 1 260.0 131.0
400 400 155 14.4 21.6 92.4 1 460.0 149.0

Height tolerances: up to 200 mm ± 2 mm, above ± 3 mm.

834
Table 16-8
Wide flange beams with parallel flanges and normal web,
DIN 1025 Sheet 2

Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulus for

bending axis
x–x y–y
Wx Wy
h b s t r1 kg/m cm3 cm3

IPB IPB beams DIN 1025, Sheet 2

100 100 100 6.5 10 10 21 89.3 33.4
120 120 120 7 11 11 28 144 52.9
140 140 140 8 12 12 36 217 78.6
160 160 160 9 14 14 47 329 120
180 180 180 9 14 14 53 426 151
200 200 200 10 16 15 66 595 214
220 220 220 10 16 15 73 732 258
240 240 240 11 18 17 89 974 346
260 260 260 11 18 17 97 1160 406
280 280 280 12 20 18 116 1 480 523
300 300 300 12 20 18 124 1 720 600
320 320 300 13 22 20 138 2 020 661
340 340 300 13 22 20 140 2 170 661
360 360 300 14 24 21 153 2 510 721
380 380 300 14 24 21 156 2 680 721
400 400 300 14 26 21 168 3 030 781
425 425 300 14 26 21 170 3 270 781
450 450 300 15 28 23 186 3 740 841
475 475 300 15 28 23 189 4 010 841
500 500 300 16 30 24 204 4 530 902
550 550 300 16 30 24 211 5 100 902
600 600 300 17 32 26 232 6 030 962
650 650 300 17 32 26 239 6 670 962
700 700 300 18 34 27 259 7 720 1 020
750 750 300 18 34 27 267 8 430 1 020
800 800 300 18 34 27 274 9 160 1 020
16

900 900 300 19 36 30 305 11 250 1 080

1000 1000 300 19 36 30 321 12 900 1 080

835
Table 16-9
Steel channel, normal lengths 4 to 15 m, DIN 1026

Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulus for

bending axis
x–x y–y
Wx Wy
1h 1b s 1t kg/m cm3 cm3

U Channel DIN 1026

30 30 33 5 7 4.27 4.26 2.68
1140 × 20 40 20 5 5.5 2.87 3.79 0.86
40 40 35 5 7 4.87 7.05 3.08
1150 × 25 50 25 5 6 3.86 6.73 1.48
50 50 38 5 7 5.59 10.6 3.75
60 60 30 6 6 5.07 10.5 2.16
65 65 42 5.5 7.5 7.09 17.7 5.07
80 80 45 6 8 8.64 26.5 6.36
100 100 50 6 8.5 10.6 41.2 8.49
120 120 55 7 9 13.4 60.7 11.1
140 140 60 7 10 16.0 86.4 14.8
160 160 65 7.5 10.5 10.5 116.0 18.3
180 180 70 8 11 22.0 150 22.4
200 200 75 8.5 11.5 25.3 191 27.0
220 220 80 9 12.5 29.4 245 33.6
240 240 85 9.5 13 33.2 300 39.6
260 260 90 10 14 37.9 371 47.7
280 280 95 10 15 41.8 448 57.2
300 300 100 10 16 46.2 535 67.8

U Square-edge channel
1 600 33 33 2.75 2.75 2.02
1 440 50 30 4 4 3.2
3 744 60 30 3 3 2.68
4 631 120 24 4 4 5.06

Height tolerances: up to 65 mm ± 1.5 mm, up to 200 mm ± 2.0 mm, above ± 3.0 mm.

836
16.1.3 Stresses in steel components

The permissible stresses in steel components for transmission towers and structures
for outdoor switchgear installations are laid down in DIN VDE 0210, Table 9. Values for
different kinds of stress, such as tensile, shear, compressive and bearing stresses are
specified for the steel sections given in DIN VDE 0210, 8.4.2.
Permissible stresses:
mechanical engineering materials, cf. “Hütte”, 29th edition, and “Stahlschlüssel”,
15th edition,
structural steel, cf. DIN 18800, Part 1
structural aluminium, cf. DIN 4113, Part 1.
Remarks:
Structural steels to DIN EN 10 025, screws and bolts to DIN 267. Permissible weld
stresses for welded towers are given in DIN 18800, Part 1.
According to VDE 0210, structural steels of grade St 37-2 (S 235 JR) and above may
be used for overhead power lines.

16.2 Non-ferrous metals

16.2.1 Copper for electrical engineering

Cathode copper is covered by DIN EN 1976 and DIN EN 1978. Semi-finished products,
such as sheet, strip, tubes, rods, wire and cast and extruded sections, are covered by
DIN 1787. Semis of electrical copper must conform to the specifications of DIN 40500.
Oxygen-free copper (SE-Cu) is used to meet special requirements regarding
formability, for gas welding or for flame soldering.
The identification code is important for ensuring conductivity, composition and strength
characteristics.

Example: Identification code

E- Cu F30

Electrical copper (not for gas welding)

Material copper
Tensile strength R m = 300 N/mm2
For special properties as conductor material, see Section 13.1.1.

16.2.2 Aluminium for electrical engineering

High-purity aluminium, denoted Al 99.99 R, is obtained direct from primary aluminium
or aluminium returns by metallurgical means, cast into ingots at the smelting plant and
marked.
16

Primary aluminium, denoted Al 99.8 H, is aluminium obtained from the smelting

process which conforms to the specified purity.

837
Aluminium for electrical engineering is available as:
1. Pure aluminium to DIN EN 573-2, supplied as primary aluminium (code 99.5 H) or
pure aluminium (code 99.5) and unless specified otherwise must not contain more
than 0.03 % Ti + Cr + V + Mn.
2. Wrought aluminium alloys to DIN EN 573-3.
The requirements specified in DIN 40501 and DIN EN 1715 must also be observed.
When ordering, for example, it is important to state the identification code for the
conductivity, composition and strength characteristics.

Example: Identification code

E- AlMgSi 0.5 F17

Electrical aluminium
Wrought alloy with 0.5 % Si
Tensile strength Rm = 170 N/mm2
For special properties as conductor material, see Section 13.1.1.

16.2.3 Brass
Information regarding the use of copper-zinc alloys, their composition and types of
semi-finished products is to be found in DIN 17660.
The corresponding strength properties and the technical terms of delivery are given in
the following standards:
DIN EN 1652 for sheet and strip,
DIN EN 12168 for tubes,
DIN EN 12163, 12164, 12165 and 12167 for rods,
DIN EN 17673 for forgings,
DIN EN 12167 and 12168 for extruded sections.
For special properties as conductor material, see Section 13.1.1.

838
 16.3 Insulating materials

16.3.1 Solid insulating materials

Table 16-10
Abbreviations and properties of solid insulating materials

Abbrevia- Material Density Bending Tensile Impact Elasticity Linear Thermal Max. Tracking Break- Resistivity Dielectric Product label
tion strength strength strength modulus thermal conductivity tempera- resistance down field constant
expansion ture strength
DIN DIN DIN ISO DIN DIN DIN DIN DIN IEC DIN IEC DIN IEC IEC
53479 53452 53455 180/C 53457 53328 52612 53458 60112 60243-2 60093 60250
ρ σb σz an E α1 λ °C Comparative Ed ρD εr (50 Hz)
kg/dm3 MPa MPa kJ/m2 MPa 10–4/K W/(m · K) figure kV/mm Ω · cm

Insulating materials
for cables and conductors

PVC-P polyvinyl chloride 1.3 1 150 1 –2 0.2 160 600 10 – 25 1015 3.5 – 7.5 Astralon, Mipolam,
non-rigid Trovidur

PVC-U polyvinyl chloride rigid 1.38 100 50 30 2 500 1.0 0.2 190 600 30 – 40 1015 3.3 – 4 Vestolit, Vinoflex, ˇˇˇˇˇˇˇˇ
DC-Fix, Pegulan, Hostalit
Fibres: PW, Rhovyl,
Thermovyl

PE high-pressure 0.917 180 12 without 1 100 1.8 0.3 180 600 40 1017 2.25 Lupolen H, Vestolen,
polyethylene rupture Trolen
low-pressure 0.96 180 25 without 1 400 2.0 0.5 195 600 45 1017 2.3 Hostalen, Marlex
polyethylene rupture Foils: Baulen, Hellaflex
Fibres: Polytrene, Trofil

XLPE cross-linked without 2.5 130 600 >45 1017 2.4 Cable insulation (XLPE)
(VPE) polyethylene rupture
839

(continued)

16
840

Table 16-10 (continued)

Abbreviations and properties of solid insulating materials
Abbrevia- Material Density Bending Tensile Impact Elasticity Linear Thermal Max. Tracking Break- Resistivity Dielectric Product label
tion strength strength strength modulus thermal conductivity tempera- resistance down field constant
expansion ture strength
DIN DIN DIN ISO DIN DIN DIN DIN DIN IEC DIN IEC DIN IEC IEC
53479 53452 53455 180/C 53457 53328 52612 53458 60112 60243-2 60093 60250
ρ σb σz an E α1 λ °C Comparative Ed ρD εr (50 Hz)
kg/dm3 MPa MPa kJ/m2 MPa 10–4/K W/(m · K) figure kV/mm Ω · cm
Insulating materials for foils,
semi-finished products,
struct. comp.(thermoplastics,
mouldings)
PC polycarbonate 1.2 75 65 without 12 200 0.6 0.2 130 275 25 1015 3.0 Lexan, Makrolon
(PC 300) rupture
PTFE polytetrafluorethylene 2.2 19 20 without 14 000 0.6 0.24 250 600 35 >1018 2.0 Teflon, Hostaflon TE,
rupture Fluon
PS polystyrene 1.05 100 22 12 000 0.8 0.14 60-90 375- 50 >1016 2.5 Polystyrol, Styroflex,
475 Novodur,Trolitul, Styron,
Vestyron
Foils: Trolit, Elektroiso.
foam polystyrene 0.02– 0.3-2.5 0.3-5.5 Styropor
0.06
PET polyethylene 1.38 117 54 without 12 800 0.6 0.2 120 250 30 1017 3.5 Foils: Hostaphan, Mylar
terephthalate rupture Fibres: Diolen, Dacron
PF phenolic formaldehyde 1.4 –1.9 50–60 20–25 20–120 16 000– 0.15–0.3 0.7–0.3 100-150 125- 5 – 20 108–1011 4 –15 Albertit, Bakelite,
resins 16 000 175 Formica, Pertinax
PF-Hgw 2072 1.6 –1.8 200 100 50 14 000 0.2–0.4 0.3 130 25-150 20 – 25 1011 5 with woven glass silk
VDE 0334
MF melamine resins 1.5 40–80 15–30 3.5–25 16 000– 0.1– 0.5 0.3–0.7 100–140 600 10–30 108–1012 6 –10 Albamit, Chemoplast,Re-
13 000 sopal, Ultrapas, Bakelite
MF-Hgw 2272 1.8–2.0 270 120 50 14 000 0.1–0.2 0.3 130 600 20–25 1010 7.0 Woven glass silk to
(in sheet) VDE 0334
melamine phenolic 1.6 70-80 130 6 6 000– 0.15–0.3 0.35 120 600 30 1010 6.0–15.0 Aminoplast, Phenoplast
resins 8 000 Moulding compound
(continued)
 Table 16-10 (continued)
Abbreviations and properties of solid insulating materials

Abbrevia- Material Density Bending Tensile Impact Elasticity Linear Thermal Max. Tracking Break- Resistivity Dielectric Product label
tion strength strength strength modulus thermal conductivity tempera- resistance down field constant
expansion ture strength
DIN DIN DIN ISO DIN DIN DIN DIN DIN IEC DIN IEC DIN IEC IEC
53479 53452 53455 180/C 53457 53328 52612 53458 60112 60243-2 60093 60250
ρ σb σz an E α1 λ °C Comparative Ed ρD εr (50 Hz)
kg/dm3 MPa MPa kJ/m2 MPa 10–4/K W/(m · K) figure kV/mm Ω · cm

Insulating materials
for structural components
(thermoplastics)

PA 66 polyamide A 1.13 50- 70 without 12 000 0.7-1.0 0.2 120 600 25 1014 4-8 Ultramid A,
120 rupture Durethan A, Zytel
PA 66 polyamide A 1.35 270 190 50 10 000 0.15- 0.2 130 550 30 1012 Ultramid A,
with fibreglass 0.2 Durethan A, Zytel
PA 6 polyamide B 1.14 60 without 1 500 0.7-1.0 0.2 110 600 20-50 1012- 3.0- Ultramid B,
rupture 1015 7.0 Durethan B, Zytel
PA 6 polyamide B 1.38 250 180 65 10 000 0.2-0.3 0.2 120 550 30 1012 3.0- Ultramid B,
with fibreglass 7.0 Durethan B, Zytel
GFN PPO-reinforced 1.21 15 16 500 180 Noryl GFNZ halogenfree
PBT polybutylene- 1.3 90 without 12 500 0.8 0.2 140 600 22-30 1016 3.8 Vestadur, Pocan,
terephthalate rupture Crastin
PBT polybutyleneterephtha- 1.42 210 140 56 10 000 0.3 0.3 150 250 28-34 1015 4.5 Vestadur, Pocan,
late with fibreglass Crastin
PUR polyurethane (linear) 1.21 25–70 65 without 12 200 0.6 0.2 130 220 20 1015 3.0
rupture
ABS acrylic butadiene styrene1.06 without 12 400 0.8 0.2 80 575 22 >1015 3.3 Novodur, Terluran
841

(continued)

16
842

Table 16-10 (continued)

Abbreviations and properties of solid insulating materials

Abbrevia- Material Density Bending Tensile Impact Elasticity Linear Thermal Max. Tracking Break- Resistivity Dielectric Product label
tion strength strength strength modulus thermal conductivity tempera- resistance down field constant
expansion ture strength
DIN DIN DIN ISO DIN DIN DIN DIN DIN IEC DIN IEC DIN IEC IEC
53479 53452 53455 180/C 53457 53328 52612 53458 60112 60243-2 60093 60250
ρ σb σz an E α1 λ °C Comparative Ed ρD εr (50 Hz)
kg/dm3 MPa MPa kJ/m2 MPa 10–4/K W/(m · K) figure kV/mm Ω · cm

Cast resin mouldings

(duroplastics)

EP epoxy resins 1.6 –1.8 70–80 175 10–68 14 000 0.3 0.6 125 600 30 1015 4.2 Araldite 60 % powder-
(with 60–70 % filler) ed quartz, Resodip

EP-Hgw 2372.2 1.7–1.9 350 220 100 18 000 0.1–0.2 0.3 155 180 40 1012 4.0 EP + woven glass silk
(flame resistant) to VDE 0334

UP unsaturated polyester 1.6 –1.8 40–60 10–40 0.3 110- 600 25 1015 4.5 –7.5 Supraplast
resins (with 60-70 % 130
filler)

UP-Hgw 2472 1.6–1.8 200 100 100 10 000 0.15–0.3 0.3 130 500- 25–30 1012 5.0 Glass mat to VDE 0334
(in sheet) 600

PUR polyurethane resin 1.6-1.8 120 70-100 10-100 10 000 0.4 0.8 110 600 30 1015 4,3 Baygal, Baymidur
with 60-70% filler

(continued)
 Table 16-10 (continued)
Abbreviations and properties of solid insulating materials

Abbrevia- Material Density Bending Tensile Impact Elasticity Linear Thermal Max. Tracking Break- Resistivity Dielectric Product label
tion strength strength strength modulus thermal conductivity tempera- resistance down field constant
expansion ture strength
DIN DIN DIN ISO DIN DIN DIN DIN DIN IEC DIN IEC DIN IEC IEC
53479 53452 53455 180/C 53457 53328 52612 53458 60112 60243-2 60093 60250
ρ σb σz an E α1 λ °C Comparative Ed ρD

εr tanδ · 103
kg/dm3 MPa MPa kJ/m2 MPa 10–4/K W/(m · K) figure kV/mm Ω · cm

εr (50 Hz)
Ceramic insulating
materials, e.g. post insulators,
insulators, bushings
1) 2) 1) 2) 3)
KER 110.1 ⎫ predominantly 2.4 160 140 130125 1.8 0.038 1.6 30–35 1011–1012 6 17/120 Porcelain, Hard
⎬ aluminium porcelain, Melatith,
KER 110.2 ⎭ silicate 2.5 100 180 160145 2.2 0.045 2.3 30–35 1011–1012 6 17/120 Karbowid 1203
KER 220 ⎫ predominantly 2.6 120 120 160145 3 0.07 2.3 20 1012 6 2.5/ 65 Skalit
⎬ magnesium Frequenta, Calit,
KER 221 ⎭ silicate 2.8 140 140 160145 4 0.06 2.3 30 1012 6 1.0/15 Dettan
KER
KER
310
311 } predominantly
titanium
3.5–
3.9
900–
1500
300–
800
0.06–
0.08
10–
20
60
40
oxide
KER
KER
610
611 } sintered corundum 3.4
Al2O3 3.9
–
–
120 183 40
90
0.07
0.08
16
36
25 7 AD 85 Degussit
AD 99.9 furnace
ceramic
zirconium 3.1 552 0.04 110 furnace ceramic
ceramic

1) Glazed 2) Unglazed 3) 20 °C / 100 °C

843

Note: The values given for mechanical properties may vary in practice, depending on how the materials are processed and the shape of the insulator.

16
16.3.2 Liquid insulating materials

Table 16-11
Types and properties of liquid insulating materials

Property Unit Mineral Liquid HTK Synthetic Synthetic

oil silicone mineral ester I ester ll
Poly- oil
dimethyl
1) siloxane l

Density g/ml 0.84/0.88 0.96 0.88 0.98 0.98

at 25 °C
Kin. viscosity mm2/s 11/18 50 350 90 60
at 25 °C
mm2/s 1.5/2.5 16 16 6 5.6
at 100 °C
Pour point °C –40/–60 –55 –15/–30 –52 –50
Thermal W/cmK 0.00132 0.00151 0.00130 0.00155 0.00155
conductivity at 25 °C
Spec. heat J/g K 1.93 1.53 1.93 2.1 2.1
Expansion 1/K 0.00083 0.00104 0.00080 0.00080 0.0011
coefficient
Dielectric at 25 °C 2.2/2.4 2.7 2.38 3.2 3.2
constant
Flashpoint °C 130/160 305 210/285 257 260
Firepoint °C 150/175 360 310/320 310 300
Spontaneous °C 330 430 540 435 435
ignition temp.
Flammability — Flammable Flame- Flame- Flame- Non-
retardant retardant retardant flammable
Gases — Explosive Explosive Explosive Explosive Explosive

Ecological — Bio- Non-toxic, Bio- Bio- Bio-

aspects degradable non- degradable degradable degradable
polluting

1) Class A (standard)/Class B (low-temperature oil)

844
16.3.3 Gaseous insulating materials

Table 16-12
Properties of air and SF6

Gas Density1) Breakdown Dielectric constant

field strength
kg/m3 Ed kV/ mm (50 Hz) εr (50 Hz)

Air (dry) 1.205 2.1 1.000576

Sulphur hexafluoride 6.07 6 1.0021
SF6

1) at 20 °C and 1013 mbar

Curves of pressure, temperature and density for SF6 gas are shown in Fig. 11-1.
The insulating and arc-quenching properties of this gas are dealt with in Sections 10.4.4
and 11.2.2.

16.4 Semi-finished products

16.4.1 Dimensions and weights of metal sheets, DIN EN 10130

Table 16-13
Weight per 1 m2 of sheet, in kg

Thickness Steel Aluminium Copper Brass Zinc Ribbed Profiled

s in mm sheet treadplate

0.5 3.925 1.34 4.45 4.275 3.6 – –

0.75 5.888 2.01 6.657 6.413 5.4 – –
1 7.85 2.68 8.9 8.55 7.2 – –
1.5 11.775 4.02 13.35 12.825 10.8 – –
2 15.7 5.36 17.8 17.10 14.4 – –
2.5 19.63 6.7 22.25 21.38 18.0 – –
3 23.6 8.04 26.7 26.65 21.6 30 25
4 31.4 10.72 35.6 34.20 28.8 38 34
5 39.3 13.4 44.5 42.75 36 46 42
6 47.2 16.08 53.4 51.3 43.2 54 51
8 64.0 21.6 71.6 68.4 57.6 70 67

Normal panel size 1000 mm × 2 000 mm

Switchboard sheet 1250 mm × 2 500 mm
Ribbed sheet and profiled treadplate 1250 mm × 2 500 mm
16

845
16.4.2 Slotted steel strip

Table 16-14
Slotted steel strip, hot-galvanized

Dimensions Slot size Weight Standard roll, in cut lengths

length 3 m approx.,
mm mm kg / m m m / bundle

20 × 1.5 40 × 5.5 0.187 200 60

20 × 2 40 × 5.5 0.245 200 60
25 × 2 40 × 5.5 0.326 200 60
30 × 2.5 40 × 5.5 0.508 150 60

20 × 3 40 × 6.5 0.368 120 60

25 × 3 40 × 6.5 0.489 120 60
30 × 3 40 × 6.5 0.640 120 60

30 × 4 60 × 8.5 0.716 100 30

40 × 4 70 × 8.5 1.038 180 30
50 × 4 70 × 8.5 1.360 180 30

Steel earthing strip, hot-galvanized, DIN 48801

Dimensions Weight Standard roll

mm kg / m m

20 × 2.5 0.400 100

30 × 3.5 0.840 100 (50)
30 × 4.0 0.961 130
40 × 5.0 1.600 150

Accessories, plastic anchor plugs

Size Plug length Hole For screws

mm mm dia. mm dia. mm

15 25 15 2.5 – 14
16 30 16 3.5 – 15
16 60 16 3.5 – 15
18 40 18 4.5 – 16
18 75 18 4.5 – 16
10 50 10 61. – 18
12 60 12 81. – 10

846
16.4.3 Screws and accessories
Table 16-15
Standard screws and bolts (the figures denote DIN numbers)1)

960 558

EN ISO 24 014 EN ISO 24 017 EN ISO 4762

EN ISO 10 642

EN ISO 7045 7988

603

EN ISO 27 436

975

EN ISO 1481
16

1) as DlN-Normblatt-Verzeichnis. Published by Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA).

DIN and DIN ISO numbers shown abridged.

847
Table 16-16
Standard washers and nuts (the figures denote DIN numbers)1)

128 128

EN ISO 1234

555 934 970

971 972 6915
330386 64032
ISO 4032
EN 24032 ISO 4034
EN ISO 10 511

EN ISO 742, 10 513

1) as DlN-Normblatt-Verzeichnis. Published by Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA).

DIN and DIN ISO numbers shown abridged.

848
16.4.4 Threads for bolts and screws

Table 16-17
Bolts and screws with metric thread, DIN 13 and DIN ISO 1502, dimensions in mm

Bolt Minor Lead Thick- Thick- Width Washer Drill hole

threads thread ness of ness of across pass for
Nominal diameter head nut flats angles through thread
dia- dia. dia.
meter
d dk h k m s e d1 s1

12 1.509 0.4 1.4 1.6 4 4.6 5 0.3 2.4 1.6

13 2.387 0.5 2 2.4 5.5 6.4 7 0.5 3.4 2.5
14 3.141 0.7 2.8 3.2 7 8.1 9 0.8 4.5 3.3
15 4.019 0.8 3.5 4.7 8 9.2 10 1.0 5.5 4.2
16 4.737 1 4.0 5.2 10 11.6 12.5 1.6 6.6 5.0
18 6.466 1.25 5.3 6.8 13 15 17 1.6 9 6.8
10 8.160 1.5 6.4 8.4 16 18.5 21 2.0 11 8.5
12 9.853 1.75 7.5 10.8 18 20.8 24 2.5 14 10.2
14 11.546 2 9 12.8 21 24.3 28 2.5 16 12
16 13.546 2 10 14.8 24 27.7 30 3 18 14
18 14.933 2.5 11.5 15.8 27 31.2 34 4 20 15.5
20 16.933 2.5 12.5 18 30 34.7 37 3 22 17.5
22 18.933 2.5 14 19.4 34 38.3 39 3 24 19.5
24 20.319 3 15 21.5 36 41.6 44 4 26 21
27 23.051 3 17 23.8 41 47.4 50 4 30 24
30 25.706 3.5 18.7 25.6 46 53.2 56 4 33 26.5
33 28.706 3.5 21 28.7 50 57.8 60 5 36 29.5
36 31.093 4 22.5 31 55 63.5 66 5 39 32
39 34.093 4 25 32 60 69.3 72 6 42 35
42 36.479 4.5 26 34 65 75 78 7 45 37.5

Quality identification and mechanical properties of nuts and bolts: see technical terms of supply as per
DIN 267, and also DIN ISO 8992, DIN EN 20898-2, DIN ISO 3269, DIN ISO 4042, DIN ISO 3506 and
DIN EN ISO 2320.
16

849
16.4.5 Threads for electrical engineering

Table 16-18
Steel conduit threads, DIN 40430, dimensions in mm

Designa- External threads Lead Internal threads

tion Major Minor Major Minor
diameter diameter diameter diameter
d d d1 d1 P D D D1 D1
max. min. max. min. min. max. min. max.

Pg 17 12.5 12.3 11 28 11.08 1.27 12.5 12.65 11.28 11.43

Pg 19 15.2 15 13.86 13.66 1.41 15.2 15.35 13.86 14.01
Pg 11 18.6 18.4 17.26 17.06 1.41 18.6 18.75 17.26 17.41
Pg 13.5 20.4 20.2 19.06 18.86 1.41 20.4 20.55 19.06 19.21
Pg 16 22.5 22.3 21.16 20.96 1.41 22.5 22.65 21.16 21.31
Pg 21 28.3 28 26.78 26.48 1.588 28.3 28.55 26.78 27.03
Pg 29 37 36.7 35.48 35.18 1.588 37 37.25 35.48 35.73
Pg 36 47 46.7 45.48 45.18 1.588 47 47.25 45.48 45.73
Pg 42 54 53.7 52.48 52.18 1.588 54 54.25 52.48 52.73
Pg 48 59.3 59 57.78 57.48 1.588 59.3 59.55 57.78 58.03

Table 16-19
Electrical threads, DIN 40400, dimensions in mm

Designa- Bolt Lead Nut

tion Major Minor Major Minor
diameter diameter diameter diameter
d d d1 d1 P D D D1 D1
max. min. max. min. min. max. min. max.

E 14 13.89 13.70 12.29 12.10 2.822 13.97 14.16 12.37 12.56

E 16 15.97 15.75 14.47 14.25 2.500 16.03 16.25 14.53 14.75
E 18 18.50 18.25 16.80 16.55 3.000 18.60 18.85 16.90 17.15
E 27 26.45 26.15 24.26 23.96 3.629 26.55 26.85 24.36 24.66
E 33 33.05 32.65 30.45 30.05 4.233 33.15 33.55 30.55 30.95

850