CONFUSING WORDS AND FALSE FRIENDS CONFUSING WORDS are two or more words which have a similar meaning to each other but are used in a different way. They may be related to the same topic. They look similar, but have a different meaning. FALSE FRIENDS are words in English which have a similar-looking word in another language but which have a different meaning. These words are commonly confused. The following exercises will help you to avoid making mistakes when you use these words. The following exercises will help you to choose the correct answer in the examination. Task 1. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word. 1.-action / activity The police took immediate when they realised the situation was getting out of hand. Economic stagnated as the recession took hold. 2. advice / advise Can you me on the best course of action to take? He offered me some excellent, 3.affect / effect Cuts in spending will have a serious on the National Health Service. The strike will seriously train services. 4.avoid / prevent Rapid government reforms managed to a revolution taking place. He's always trying to taking a decision if he can help it. 5. beside / besides The office is just the railway station. their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening. 6. briefly / shortly _ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border posts. The minister spoke about the need for political reform. 497. channel / canal The television _ _ received a formal complaint about the programme. The Suez was built in the second half of the nineteenth century. 8. conscientious / conscious Most people are _ of the need to protect the environment. __workers should be rewarded for their hard work. 9. control / inspect Environmental health officers regularly _ kitchens and other food preparation areas. The government plans to the price of meat to make sure it doesn't go up too much. 10. criticism(s) / objection(s) They didn't raise any when we insisted on inspecting the figures The government's plan was met with severe 11, damage / injury / harm It was a severe which needed immediate hospital treatment. A lot of | was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm. There's no in taking a break from your job now and then. 12. discover / invent ‘When did he the telephone? Did Alexander Fleming __ _. penicillin? 13. during / for / while Shops were closed. the duration of the conflict. the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes and riots. The bomb went off. __ the President was making his speech. 14. however / moreover The plan was good in theory , in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. The plan was excellent , it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success. 15. job / work Everybody has the right to a decent with good pay. Following the recession, many people are still looking for _ 5016. lay(s) /lie(s) The city of Quito _ _ near the equator. The manager made it clear he intended to down some strict rules. 17. look at / watch We must the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violei flares again. We need to the problem carefully and decide if there is anything we can do about it. 18. permission / permit I'm afraid we can't _ photography in here They received to attend the sessions as long as they didn't interrupt. 19. possibility / chance There is always the that the government will reverse its decision. If we act now, we have a good. of finding a cure for the disease. 20. practice / practise It's important to your English whenever possible. You need more before you take the exam. 21. principal(s) / principle(s) Many people refuse to eat meat on Theof the college is an ardent non-smoker. The country's products are paper and wood. Not many people are familiar with the of nuclear physics. 22. process / procession The ___ made its way down the avenue. Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating 23. raise/rise As prices , demand usually drops. In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to their fares. 24, treat / cure Hospitals are so understatfed that they find it almost impossible to. patients with minor injuries. They were unable to the disease, and hundreds died as a result. 51Task 2. Here are some pairs of adjectives that are easy to confuse. Fill the gap with the correct adjective. 1. continual/ continuous A _____ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure. The computer has given us problems ever since we installed it. 2. inconsiderate / inconsiderable An _ amount of money was wasted. behaviour makes life unpleasant for everybody. 3, intolerable / intolerant I consider his bebaviour to be quite The government is __ of other political parties. Susan is so of other people. She never accepts anyone clse’s opinion, and she always thinks she knows best. 1 find Mark’s behaviour It’s unfair to be so selfish. 4. respectable / respectful The delegates listened in silence as the chairman spoke. They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be 5. unreadable / illegible I couldn’t work out who the letter was from. I know Shakespeare is very popular but I find him totally 6. childish / childlike Sarah is so She's always having temper tantrums. It was wonderful to watch the tiny lambs playing, I got such __ pleasure from the experience. 7. sensible / sensitive Sophie is extremely _ at the moment. Anything you say seems to upset her. Karen is not a very ___ person. She wore high-heeled shoes for our four-mile walk, 8. true / truthful I’ve never known her to tell a lie. She's a very person. I can never watch sad films that are based on a story. They make me cry. 9. economic / economical We're having an crisis at the moment. James has lost his job and I don’t know how we are going to pay the mortgage. It’s more _ to drive slowly. You can do a lot more miles to the gallon. 352Task 3. These words are often confused. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word. Put the verbs into the correct forms. 1. expect / wait for / look forward to We the rain to stop so that we can play tennis. The weather forecast says a lot of rain over the next few days. The children opening their presents on Christmas Day. 2. floor / ground The __was wet from all the rain. We have tiled the in our kitchen. The Men’s Department is on the floor. 3. alone / Ione / lonely like living , Inever feel A survivor could be seen in the life raft. 4. bring / take / fetch 1 usually to school by my father when I was a child. My mother always me back home. Our dog can "sticks if you throw them for him. 5. see / watch / look at you that new Spielberg film yet? The police sat in their car. They every move the man made. this lovely picture little Emma has painted! 6. actually / at the moment / really “What a shame James lost the match.” he won” The children are out playing in the garden You shouldn’t have bothered. 7. ashamed / embarrassed / nervous The actors were really before the first performance. He was when his trousers split feel so I shouldn’t have lied. 8. priceless / worthless paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. As inflation spirailed out of control, paper money suddenly became, 53Task 4. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word. 1. opposite / compared / unlike / different This programme is any other programme on TV at the moment. I know that I'm quite lucky, to a lot of other people. My opinion on this subject is the of yours. Our house is from the others in the road. 2. eut / reduced / shortened / lost Sean has ___a lot of weight and looks quite thin now. These trousers to be = they're too long for me. The number of unemployed people considerably last month, Ive ___a few words from the paragraph because it's too long. 3. lifting / gaining / advancing / rising Im _ a lot of knowledge on this course. The level of the water was fast People were their children onto their shoulders so that they could see. Technology is __all the time. 4, resulting / turning / causing / creating The management is currently a lot of new jobs at the company. Pressure at work is her to become quite depressed. ‘The new manager is the company into a very successful one. Economic problems are in a lot of job losses. 5. sources / means / origins / materials What are the used in making this product? We need to find more of income to increase our profit. Trams and bikes are the most popular _ of transport in this city. I've been learning about the __ of the sport of rugby. 6. placed / set / brought / made She carefully cach piece of furniture around the room. T've just cleaned that window and you've already a markonit. When he'd finished cooking, he the food to the table. Somebody the building on fire during the night. 7. Even/ Although / As/ Despite the weather wasn't very good, we had an enjoyable day. having very little money, they're quite happy. Iwas feeling very tired, I went to bed early Georgia was angry, and she doesn't usually get angry. 8. really / properly / surely / fully He didn't do the job____ it was full of mistakes, The apartment was furnished, so we didn't have to buy any furniture. I did try hard, but I wasn't able to do it. You don't intend to do such a stupid thing, do you? 349. pass / extend / cover / spread The news will quickly and soon everyone will know what happened. She was enjoying herself in Paris and she decided to her stay there. We're going to a distance about 1000km on our trip. You the university as you drive along that road. 10. learnt / noticed / known / experienced Ive recently that Mia seems a lot happier than she used to be. Jack is an honest person but he's been ___ to tell lies occasionally. Tve a lot about the past from talking to my grandparents. The same feeling of shock was by everyone in the room. 11. prove / happen / come/end How did this problem about? She was worried about what was going to to her in that dangerous situation, The treatment is likely to successful and he will probably recover completely. He's very clever and hell probably up with a very good job. 12. achieve / land / get / reach Because of the delay, we didn't our destination on time. That insect is going to (on our food in a moment. She's very happy because she's managed to her ambition. We have to to the airport two hours before our flight. Task 5. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. AL. Insects are attracted to flowers that reflect ultraviolet light. 1. affected by 2. inspiringto 3. perplexedby 4. drawn towards imi 1. desire 2. copy 3. disrupt 4, arouse ‘A3. A simple society is based on an exchange of goods and services. 1. acycle 2. a harmony 3. atrade 4, acollection ‘Ad, Most advanced countries have compulsory education. 1. considerable 2. required 3. elaborate 4, high-powered ‘AS. In 1962 James Meredith made his first attempt at enrolling at the University of Mississippi. 1. appeal 2. try 3. headway 4. overthrow A6. A bad winter storm can paralyze an urban area. 1. immobilize 2. evacuate 3. isolate 4, stabilize AT. In 1605 the Mughal Empire ruled most India 1. separated 2. employed 3. controlled 4, influenced A8. Jack London was a bold, rugged adventurer. 1. fearless 2. ambitious 3. astute 4. bizarre 55Task 6. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. A1. A major portion of water in the US is used for agricultural purposes. 1. needs 2. farmland 3. innovation 4, surveys A2. Young teenage boys are often shorter than girls their age. 1. not as creative 2. not as tall 3. more aggressive 4. more active A3. Scientists around the world are working on methods of predicting earthquakes. 1. surmising 2. foretelling 3. verifying 4, advocating A4, Mythical creatures have been a part of the folklore of many cultures throughout the centuries. 1. Appealing 2. Magical 3. Legendary 4. Fighting AS. From an airplane, farms dotting the countryside look like toys. 1. scattered across 2. bordering 3. separating 4. running into AG. One of the most celebrated holidays in the United States is Christmas. 1. curious 2. elaborate 3. imitated 4. famous ‘AT. The precision of tools in a computer manufacturing company is critical. 1. cleanliness 2. accuracy 3. temperature 4. size A8. Everyone would like a panacea for health problems. . protection against 2. advice for 3, acure-all for 4. a decrease in A9. People often marvel over the intense colours of tropical sunsets. 1. vivid 2. glowing 3. harsh 4. penetrating A10. Nonfat milk has slightly less fat than low-fat milk. 1. even 2. much 3. alot 4. alittle 11. It can be detrimental to your health to eat decayed food. 1. rotten 2. raw 3. dirty 4. ripe A12. Science researchers are looking into ways to extend human life. 1. impeding 2. anticipating 3. dissecting 4. investigating 13. In order to be a good cheerleader, one must be very enthusiastic 1. healthy 2. excited 3. limber 4, strong A14. A new president tries to embody a new policy during his first term in office. 1. enjoy 2, demonstrate 3. expand 4. gain AIS. The gruesome details of Edgar Allan Poe's stories often stick in people’s minds. 1. gratifying 2. exhilarating 3. fiery 4. horrible 56Task 7. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. AI. Mass production yields vast quantities of goods for domestic and foreign use. 1. expanding 2. diverse 3. enormous 4. intense A2. The Smithsonian Institution houses administrative offices as well as museums. 1. shelters 2. builds 3. places 4. rents ‘A3. In many parts of the world wild animals are practically nonexistent. 1. primitive 2. dangerous 3. undisturbed 4. _undomesticated A4. Cold jewelry is as dazzling as it is expensive. 1. shocking 2. brilliant 3. colorful 4, valued ‘AS. The earliest Islamic metal objects reveal past traditions in their decoration. 1. suggest 2. inherit 3. fabricate 4. display A6. The Japanese tea ceremony embodies a simple and direct spirit. 1: ghost 2. soul 3. feeling 4. solution AT. It is common to find a great number of museum items preserved in storage rooms. 1. features 2. manufactured 3. prepared 4, protected A8. Most teachers spend considerable time planning lessons and correcting papers. 1, much 2. important 3. quality 4. excessive AQ. Selected animals around the world are being studied for the purpose of preserving threatened species. 1. angry 2. harmful 3. endangered 4, menacing 10. The newly planned satellite flights will begin a new phase in the American space program. 1. system - 2. season 3. stage 4. position A11. A deficiency in zinc can cause birth defects in rodents. 1. A lack of 2. Anoverdose of 3. Animpurityin 4. A defect in 12. One of the mundane tasks in life is cleaning the house. 1. boring 2. manual 3. ordinary 4. necessary A13. Some people feel queasy when taking ocean trips. 1. nauseous 2. energized 3. confused 4, afraid A14, The U.S. park system employs hundreds of people each year to clear paths for visitors’ use. 1, latrines 2. walkways 3. campsites 4, amphitheaters A15. AUSS. president has the power to veto a bill. 1. enforce 2. modify 3. reject 4, verify A16. Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin. 1. an isolated 2. adrafty 3. acozy 4. a wooden 37Task 8. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. AI. In San Francisco ferries are sometimes used to take people to work. 1. cable cars 2. boats 3. subways 4. trams A2. Today, in this global state, the English language has more variety of local expressions than it ever has had before. 1. condition 2. territory 3. rank 4. government ‘A3. A pontil is a tool used to handle hot glass while it is being shaped during glassmaking. 1. disposed of 2. copied 3. designed 4. formed A4, English furniture made between 1714 and 1830 is called Georgian, after the reigning monarchs of that time, 1. ruling 2. historic 3. winning 4. scholarly AS. From the beginnings of history, literature has recorded the story of human dreams. 1. processed 2. transformed 3. preserved 4. reproduced ‘A6. The Puritans, early American settlers, shared many of the same beliefs as the Pilgrims. 1. divided 2. enjoyed 3. contributed 4, had A7. The Roman Pantheon and the Colosseum represent two of the world's most durable examples of concrete architecture. 1. are 2. erected 3. support 4, belong to 8. Some plants can produce a chemical that stunts the growth of insects. 1. increases 2. halts 3. releases 4. submerges A9.The mountains around the Li River have lured poets and artists for centuries. 1. intrigued 2. mystified 3. inspired 4, attracted A10. Harsh arctic and desert environments have always posed great challenges to human life. Severe 2. Barren 3. Bright 4. Exceptional AIL. Human beings share a common heritage of a life cycle that includes trial and error, success, and failure. 1. hierarchy 2. inheritance 3. mark 4. problem A12. The Northwest is an important area for the lumber industry. 1. steel 2. garment 3. timber 4. fishing A13. It is possible that an emotional condition can trigger a physical reaction. 1. cause 2. diminish 3, enhance 4, supersede A14. Toddlers sometimes require special attention, 1. Elderly people 2. Babies 3. Pets 4. Houseplants 15. Minoan kings had such strong navies that they were able to build unfortified palaces. 1. unprotected 2. undeveloped 3. unequaled 4. unidentified 58Task 9. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. Al. Tempe, Arizona was known as Hayden's Ferry when it was founded in 1872. 1, discovered 2. destroyed 3. established 4, built A2. Chester Alan Arthur, 21st president of the United States, was a handsome man with a ruddy complexion. 1. broad shoulders 2. red-colored skin 3. aslightlimp 4: wavy hair A3. Automation has done away with much of the drudgery of work. 1. uniqueness 2. dirtiness 3. unpleasantness 4. slowness. ‘A4. In the spring, one might see newly born animals taking their first wobbly steps. 1. unsteady 2. mincing 3. baby 4. tentative AS. Marion Anderson's European debut was triumphant. 1. luxuriant 2. disastrous 3. victorious 4. newsworthy ‘A6. In his conquest of the Mediterranean, Alexander the Great seized many of the coastal cities held by the Russian navy. I. released 2. captured 3. surrounded 4, segregated 7. In some parts of the world, an everyday outfit consists of a colorful shirt and baggy pants. 1. tight 2. worn 3. loose 4. woven A8. Gradually, air conditioning and air travel have changed vacation habits. 1. Little by little 2. Recently 3. Suddenly 4, Allat once AQ. In ballet, Degas discovered the subject that was ideal for his talents. 1. representative of 2. perfect for 3. challenging for 4. old-fashioned for A10. A pamphlet will usually explain brief information about a new product. 1.Assmall booklet 2. Alargesign 3. Anadvertisement 4. A slip of paper Al11. The early 1930s were years of great hardship in North America. 1. famine 2. floods 3. commerce 4. suffering A12. Schools must protect children from the dangers of asbestos material. 1. threaten 2. promote 3. guard 4, mask A13. The first major effort to cope with soil erosion in the United States began in the 1930s. 1. select 2. advance 3. fund 4, manage ‘A14. Sometimes a psychological problem will trigger a physical reaction. 1. release 2. initiate 3. perform 4. settle AIS. The Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. presents a wide variety of Asian pottery and sculpture. 1. gives 2. sees 3. displays 4. preserves 59Task 10. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the under or phrase of the original sentence. AI. Begonias are hardy and easy to grow under favorable conditions. 1. sunny 2. valuable 3. credit 4, advantageous A2, Since language is a cultural system, specific languages may classify objects and ideas in totally different fashions. 1. families 2. manners 3. levels 4. grades A3. The first spectacles were probably invented by Roger Bacon in the 13th century. 1. telescopes 2. eyeglasses 3. microscopes 4. binoculars A4. Fascinated with the idea of space travel as a child, Robert Goddard grew up to fire the world’s first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. 1, Studious about 2. Attracted by 3. Involved in 4. Attached to ‘AS. Some doctors are not in favor of extending life, and they argue that people should have the right to die when they want. 1. creating 2. prolonging 3. hampering 4, redeeming ‘A6. Even though there are many schools of martial art, one principle is common to all: training one's mind and body. 1. colleges 2. abilities 3. types 4, levels AT. The colors of the ocean and the sky merge into one on the horizon. 1. blend 2. maintain 3. vanish 4, alter A8. Few scientific breakthroughs are discovered merely by coincidence. 1. talent 2. laymen 3. chance 4, imagination A9. Bison are characterized by huge head massive humps 1. novel 2. flimsy 3. large 4. fat A10. In 1863 President Lincoln proclaimed all slaves to be free. 1. dedicated 2. requested 3. decided 4. declared AIL. Man's awareness of time is basically his consciousness of past, present, and future. 1. innocence 2. knowledge 3. capability 4. system A12, Thomas A. Edison was a celebrated inventor in the 19th century. 1. an ingenious 2. a creative 3. an eminent 4, a successful A13. Vincent Van Gogh is renowned for his post-impressionist paintings. 1. regarded 2. applauded 3. accomplished 4. famous A14, Extreme sunbum can cause small blisters on the skin. 1. spots 2. swellings 3. wounds 4. bites AIS. Natural occurrences such as hurricanes, Earthquakes, and tomadoes can have catastrophic effects on people. 1. disastrous 2. killing 3. categorical 4, unimaginable 60Task 11. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. Al. Jane Coodall has written a new, comprehensive book on her study of the chimpanzees in Africa. 1. complete 2. factual 3. festive 4. illustrated A2. The earthworm is a segmented worm found in "most all parts of the world. 1. plated 2. round 3. long 4. sectional A3. Ammonia is a chemical with a penetrating odour. 1. smell 2. flavor 3. sting, 4. bum ‘A4. After the American Civil War, the Southem armies were granted amnesty. 1. punished 2. frightened 3. pardoned 4. separated AS. Amphibians like frogs and toads have moist skin. 1. wet 2. slimy 3. sticky 4, tough AG. The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 resulted in severe criticism of President Kennedy by the American people. 1. deep 2. special 3. tight 4. harsh A7. Coral is made by a small, sedentary animal that lives in the ocean. 1. secluded 2. hard-working 3. immobile 4. lively A8. Charles Darwin formulated his famous theory of evolution during his five-year cruise on the Beagle. 1. expanded 2. developed 3. critiqued 4. finished ‘A9. By the end of the Crimean War, the name of Florence Nightingale was legendary. 1. imaginary 2. novel 3. gratifying 4, famous ‘A10. A devastating earthquake in North America occurred in Alaska in 1964. 1. damaging 2. divisive 3. crushing 4. shocking AIL. In many coastal areas of the U.S. there is a deficiency of sand, causing an erosion problem. 1. quality 2. propagation 3. movement 4. lack A12. A credit card allows the user to receive credit at the time of a purchase. 1. donate 2. arbitrate 3. reject 4. obtain 13. Credit card holders can postpone payment on their purchases by accepting a monthly interest charge. 1. provide 2. decrease 3. mail 4. defer A14. William Faulkner, a brilliant American novelist, was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in literature. 1. intelligent 2. starry 3. captive 4. well-known AIS. When frost appears on a window, it often has a delicate and curious pattern. 1. special 2. strange 3. fine 4, cute 61Task 12. Choose the word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase of the original sentence. AL. When the earth turns, the moon appears to rise in the east and set in the west. 1. refers 2. seems 3. is likely 4. is supposed 2. One goal of a physical fitness program is to maximize a person's strength and endurance. 1. split 2. distinguish 3. increase 4. combine ‘A3. Among the dangers of drilling for oil in the ocean is the problem of potential leaks. 1. serious 2. dangerous 3. influential 4. possible A4, Kangaroos give birth to babies that develop within their mothers’ pouches 1. abdominal sacks 2. tender care 3. range of hearing 4. concealed nests AS.Unicoms, dragons, and centaurs are all imaginary animals. 1. magic 2. unimportant 3. pictorial 4. unreal A6. The Milky Way consists of about a hundred billion stars. 1. isconscious of 2. surrounds 3. is composed of 4. makes A7. To make raisins, the ripened grapes are usually picked by hand, placed on trays, and set in the sun for several days. 1. dried 2. cleaned 3. crushed 4. mature AT. Scientific probes have searched for life beyond the earth. I. over 2. outside of 3. surpassing 4. exceeding A8. A beam of light contains all the colors of the rainbow. 1. speck 2. signal 3. stream 4. crosspiece A9. Because of Nicolaus Copemicus’ writings in the 1Sth century, people began to take a fresh interest in astronomy. 1. bright 2. cool 3. bold 4. new A10. Many people consider automobiles to be essential to American life. 1. critical 2. accessible 3. necessary 4, advantageous 11. Icarus and Daedalus are familiar from one of the earliest legends of flying. 1. stories 2. histories 3. epics 4. heroes A12. Saint Thomas Aquinas had a powerful influence on the thinking of his time. 1. effect 2. critique 3. affection 4, domination A13. Food that is considered a delicacy in one culture may be abhorred in another. 1. basic 2. special 3. satisfactory 4. plentiful 14, The ancient Romans built huge aqueduets that ran through tunnels and over bridges. 1. ampressive 2. solid 3. large 4, high AIS. Vision is one of the five basic senses of animals in the animal kingdom. 1. accurate 2. exceptional 3. fundamental 4. beneficial 62Task 13. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word. AL. “This jacket was a. bargain. It was reduced from £100 to £25. 1. big 2. real 3. important 4. complete ‘A2._Ididn't have much cash so I decided to pay cheque. lin 2. 0n 3. with 4. by A3. There was a really _ queue outside the cinema. 1. large 2. long 3. wide 4. broad A4, Lalways wait to buy my clothes the sales. lon 2. with 3. to 4.in AS. We try to budget all the unexpected expenses that can come up. 1. with 2. for 3.to 4.on A6. I got a big discount this table because it had a scratch on it. 1 with 2. for 3. to 4.0 A. Lasked them but they wouldn't me a refund. 1. give 2.do 3. make 4. have A8. This DVD player doesn't work, Weill have to it back to the shop. 1. return 2. bring 3. have 4. take A9. Do you have these trousers . grey? lin 2.0n 3. for 4.at A10. Footballer Jimmie White was in the second half of the match in a tackle with the goalkeeper. 1. wounded 2. injured 3. damaged AIL. Suddenly Tom felt a sharp in his stomach. 1. pain 2. ache 3. indigestion A12. Whenever I eat shellfish I get all over my body. 1. bruises 2. arash 3. warts A13. Lots of people are to nuts. 1. allergic to 2. allergic with 3. allergic from 14, Ouch! I’ve got on my heel from these new shoes. 1. a blister 2. ablemish 3. aboil AIS. My uncle hates heights. When he looks down he feels 1. drowsy 2. tipsy 3. dizzy A16. There’s nothing seriously wrong with me. I'm just a bit because I’ve been working so hard recently. 1. munin 2. run over 3. run down 633AJAHMA SK3AMEHAUMOBHOPLO THITA (MULTIPLE CHOICE) ananue Ha ynorpeGmenue seKCHYeCKHX eAHHM ¢ y4eTOM CoveTAeMOCTH COB B KOMMYHMUKATHBHOM KOHTeKcTe (2a1aHHe Ha 2aMOsHEHMe MpONYCKOB H3 MHOAeCTBEHHOFO BpiGopa) A22-A28 1, Tlpexae acero, npounaiite Beck TeKCT, TOOK MOHSTH cro OOulee comeprKAHHe. 2, Touae cMsicn npemOxeHHs, B KOTOPOM MIpOMYHIeHO COBO, MBICHIEHHO MOCTaBETe KAKABII 13 NpenCTABNCHHEIX BAPHAHTOB OTRETA B MPOMYCK, YTOOKI ONPeNeTHTs, IHAYCHHe KAKOrO cHOBA TOuHO CooTBETCTRYET COMepAAHHIO TEKCTA, 3. YGequrecs # TOM, YO BEIGpantice BaMH cs1oBO CoueTAeTCA CO CNORAMM, CTOSILINMM 10 1 Mocme mponycka, Oco6oe suuMaHHe yaenuTe ¢pazopbIM raaronam, rvaromam ¢ mpesoramn, YCTOMMMBBIM CONeTAHHAM CHIOB, Task 1. Tpounraiire Texer ¢ nponyckamu, oGosHaveHHBIMH HoMepamH A22-A28, StH HoMepa coorseteTaytoT sanaHHaM A22-A28, B KOTOPKIX MpeMCTABNeHS! BOIMOKHBIC BapHAHTEt orpetos. OGseaHTe HoMep BEIGpaHHOTo BaMH BapHaHTa OTRETA, Many film critics think that The Matrix is one of the best films of the 21" century so far. In my opinion, the main reason for this is that the A22 is both original and extremely mysterious. Of course the special effects are amazing as well, especially all the fight A23 when the actors do* incredible kungfu A24 For me, the most memorable scene in the film is the one where Keanu Reeves, who AS. the part of Neo, and Morpheus meet for the first time. The tension reaches a A26, when we learn the truth about the Matrix. 1 first saw this film in the front A27___of my local cinema but like many people [ have watched it many times since then on DVD, on the small screens of my lap top computer. Although the A28____ didn't quite live up to my expectations, | still think the first film is great, [A22] 1) plot 2) scene 3) role [A23] 1) areas 2) places 3) sequences A24) 1) acts 2) games 3) stunts A25]| 1) does 2) plays 3) makes ‘A26] 1) summit 2) top 3) climax ‘A27] 1) line 2) queue 3) row A28| 1) sequels 2) remakes 3) developmentsTask 2. Tpownraiire Texcr c mponyckamy, o6osHaeHHBIMH HoMepaMH A22-A28, STH HoMepa cootserctayioT sananisim A22-A28, B KOTOPEIX MPeNCTABIEHBI BOSMOKHHE BapHaHTst ornetos, OOzemute HoMep BEIOpaHHoro BaMH BapHaHtTa OTBETA. ‘There was a famous criminal lawyer who had defended many people. One week, he was involved ina very controversial murder A22 and I decided to go along and watch the proceedings. The defendant was A23 of having murdered his wife. One night, they had a violent argument. At one point, the man put his hands around the woman's neck. He claimed that he had not been trying to strangle her but that he was acting in self defence. She collapsed and soon afterwards he Am. asleep from exhaustion. When he woke up and saw his wife, he was horrified to discover that she was dead. He phoned the police to A25. the crime and they came and arrested him. The man was charged with murder. If he had been A26___, he would have received a long prison sentence, since A27_ punishment had already been abolished, but the crime was still very serious. Various experts were called to give evidence about the woman's death, but they couldn't agree about exactly how she had died. The jury thought the evidence was so confusing that it took them three pel days to A28___a verdict. In the end, they decided the man was innocent, and he walked away ree. [A22] 1) trial 2) court 3) judgement 4) decision [A23] 1) blamed 2) prosecuted 3) accused 4) arrested [A24] 1) fell 2) dropped 3) slid 4) went [A25] 1) state 2) report 3) inform 4) notify [A26] 1) found 2) stated 3) shown 4) revealed [A27] 1) mortal 2) capital 3) fatal 4) death [A28} 1) make 2) amive 3) reach 4) have 65Task 3. TIpourrralire tex c nponyckamn, o6osHayenusimn Homepamn A22-A28. Stu nomepa cootserctayioT sananvam A22-A28, B KOTOpbIX MPeNCTABNCHDI BOIMOKHBIC BapHAHTH orseros. OGzemute Homep BuIpaHtHoro BaMH BapiiaHTa oTBeTA, We know a good deal about the history of coins. The first coins were issued in the ancient kingdom of Lydia, probably by King Croesus, in the A22 seventh century BC. The first Greek drachmas were not far behind and before early coins were being used throughout the Mediterranean. Soon they had caught up all over the developed world. We know so much about the history of coins because there are still a lot of them around. Before the A23 of banks people often buried coins for A24 keeping, sometimes so thoroughly that centuries passed before they were found again. Coins often have a tale to tell. They provide us with what are sometimes the only A2S we have of the rulers of the past, giving us what amounts at a gallery in miniature of the great and powerful. By tracing the distribution of buried coins we can A26 at a record of the territories these people controlled or influenced and the trade links they made with other nations. For example, Roman coins have come up as far away as India and ancient Greek silver coins have been found in Italy, North Africa and A27 As the fortunes of these city states varied so did the purity of the metals they used in their coins. Gold, silver, copper and brass have, in times of hardship, been mixed with other less valuable metals or have been replaced altogether by nickel, iron and even cardboard and leather. Though these materials are not so durable, it seems that coins themselves are here to A28 Azz] 1) late 2) end 3) final 4) finish A23 | 1) days 2) weeks 3) years 4) times [A24] 1) security 2) safe 3) certain 4) guarded ‘A25] 1) views 2) visions 3) portraits 4) profiles [A26] 1) reach 2) arrive 3) get 4) come ‘A27] 1) far 2) away 3) off 4) distant [A28] 1) remains 2) stop 3) last 4) stay 66Task 4. Tipownraiire texet ¢ mponycKamn, oGosHavextibiMa HoMepaMH A2~A28. StH Homepa coorsercrayior sananuam A22~A28, B KOTOPEIX MIPENCTABNEH! BOSMOKHBIE BapHarTst orpeton. OOnemHTe HOMep BEIOpAHHOTO BaMH BapHattTa OTBETA. In Europe, Midsummer Night’s Eve, also known as St John’s Eve, occurs on June 23. It originates from the pagan celebrations of the summer solstice which were held on June 21". On that night throughout Europe bonfires were lit along hillsides to A22 the shortest night of the year. It must have looked as if some kind of violent insurrection was taking A23 down the coast of Scotland and England, but these signal fires in fact had a very important purpose. Bones of farm animals slaughtered the previous autumn were bumed and, when the fires had gone out, the remaining ash was put to good use: it was spread on the fields to enrich the land and A24, a good harvest. The word ‘bonfire’ is derived from “bone fire’. In Brazil too St John’s Eve means bonfires and fireworks. Another quaint tradition involves the A2S, of small paper hot-air balloons, although they are prohibited by law in the cities because of the fire hazard. Bonfires mark the beginning of spring rather than the summer in Sweden and are lit on the last night of April. In the Swedish Midsummer's Eve A26 , held on June 24", a large pole, decorated with flowers and leaves, is placed in the ground. Thistles also have a A27 role in the celebration of Midsummer’s Night in Europe. In the past they were thought to ward off witches. The pretty plant was nailed over barn doors in the circular shape being a A28 of the turning of the seasons. ‘A22] 1) celebrate 2) honour 3) commemorate 4) commiserate ‘A23] 1) space 2) place 3) site 4) location A24} 1) assure 2) safeguard 3) ensure 4) endanger ‘A25] 1) landing 2) launching 3) propelling 4) ejecting A26] 1) tradition 2) custom 3) ceremony 4) practice A27] 1) decisive 2) serious 3) trivial 4) significant ‘A28] 1) sign 2) password 3) logo 4) symbol 67Task 5. TIpounraiire texct ¢ nponyckamn, oGosHavennbimH HoMepamH A22-A28. StH Homepa coorsetcTsyioT 3aqaHuaM A22-A28, B KOTOpbIX MpeacTaBIeHbI BOIMOXKHBIE BApHaHTSI orseros. OGnemuTe HOMep BbIGpaHHoro BaMH BapHaHTa OTBETA. On 31* March 2002 I had my only first-hand experience of a fairly small natural disaster, when, within four hours, about 224 litres of water per square metre A22 on the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where I live. The evening before we noticed some unusual cloud formations that looked as if they were carrying a huge volume of water. It didn't rain during the night but in the moming we noticed that the air was hot and A23 . At around midday it began to drizzle but this quickly developed into quite a heavy downpour. It didn't stop. The rain continued to A24 down until about five o'clock when there was a brief pause. We didn't go outside as we were too busy mopping up all the water that had come in through small cracks in the roof. The people who did, soon discovered that they were mistaken if they thought the storm had A25___. Instead there was thunder and lightning and more torrential rain, Cars were swept A26___, houses flooded and seven people lost their lives. After the storm, many people spent days without either electricity or water and others were A27_____in temporary shelters until the roads could be cleared of the mud and fallen trees. It seems strange that in a place where there is a volcano that could A28 and where there are occasional arth tremors, the first real natural disaster I experienced was a flood!! ‘A2] 1) dropped 2) felt 3) fell 4) showered A23 | 1) humid 2) damp 3) wet 4) moist [A24] 1) spill 2) go 3) put 4) pour ‘A25] 1) gone out 2) moved through 3) blown over 4) passed up ‘A26] 1) off 2) away 3) over 4) down ‘A27] 1) putout 2) put up 3) putin 4) put down ‘A28] 1) explode 2) light 3) burn 4) erupt 68Task 6. Tipownraitre reker ¢ mponyckamu, OGosHayeHHBIMH HoMepamH A22-A28. 91H Homepa coorsetcrsytor sanaHHam A22-A28, B KOTOpEIX MpesCTABNEHbI BOIMOKHBIC BApHaHTEI orpeTos, OGzeaHTe HOMep BEIpaHHOro BAMM BapHaHTa OTBETA, | Tony Wheeler and his wife Maureen started the company known as Lonely Planet after a year- long journey across Asia in 1973. They were amazed to find that their friends were A22 to read their accounts of the trip, which had taken them well off the beaten track. It was not long before they formed a company and began publishing guides to independent travel. In their early books they A23 to write about those destinations for which there were no existing guidebooks. Since then, they've A24 the company and have published more than four hundred guides which cover everything from low-budget exploration to more luxurious adventures. Even today, the Lonely Planet Guide to Mongolia is the only one of its A25, Tony says it was easier to write the first guide than later ones because they had actually done the trips they were writing about. Nevertheless, the guides remain very popular and include information on every A26. of travelling, from what brand of insect repellent to use, to where to get a haircut or have your clothes washed. Tony and Maisreen are A27 of all of their guides but say their favourite is the guide to India. The couple have not stopped travelling - they still A28 backpacking themselves, and usually head for or the Himalayas, which they love. Naturally enough, on these trips Tony and Maureen take the Lonely Planet Guide to India with them! ‘A22] 1) eager 2) enthusiastic 3)-_ motivated 4) committed [A23] 1) set out 2) went in 3) made for 4) took off [A24] 1) extended 2) expanded 3) increased 4) broadened ‘A25] 1) sort 2) nature 3) character 4) kind ‘A2%6] 1) subject 2) matter 3) aspect 4) concern [A27] 1) pleased 2) excited 3) keen 4) proud A28| 1) do 2) make 3) go 4) have 69Task 7. Tpownraiire texer c nponyckamn, oGosHayenHBiMn HoMepamH A22-A28, StH Homepa cooraercTsyioT sazannam A22-A28, B KOTOPEIX MpeCTARMeHEI BOSMOXKHBIE BApHaHTEI oTpetos. OOsemuTe HoMep BHIGpaHHOTO BAMH BapHaHTa OTReTA. Once upon a time, people left school or university, joined a company and stayed with it until they retired. The concept of a job for life is now long gone, and nowadays many employees find it hard to stay loyal to their companies for even a relatively short A22 of time. According to a recent survey, this is particularly A23 in London, where more than half of those asked said that they constantly A24____one eye on other job opportunities, even if they are fairly happy in their existing jobs. A high number of London workers say that they are always on the A25 , although they are content and motivated in their current position. Job seekers find that the Internet A26 them with a quick and easy way to find out what's available, and 53 per cent said that they had applied for a job or registered with an employment agency in the past 12 months. This proactive approach means that people can look for a perfect job match with the A27 of effort. But while this is good for job hunters, the growing lack of company loyalty could A28 up being a big problem for employers. Perhaps surprisingly, the biggest factor attracting job seekers was not more money, but challenging and interesting work. [A22] 1) stage 2) point 3) section 4) period ‘A23] 1) right 2) tme 3) actual 4) real [24] 1) hold 2) put 3) keep 4) place ‘A25] 1) lookout 2) search 3) watch 4) pursuit ‘A26] 1) serves 2) delivers 3) provides 4) fulfils ‘A27] 1) least 2) smallest 3) lowest 4) minimum ‘A28] 1) come 2) end 3) lead 4) run 70Task 8. Tlpowntaiire texct ¢ nponyckamH, oGosHayennbimn WoMepamH A22-A28. Stu Homepa coorserctayiot saqaHaM A22-A28, 8 KOTOPBIX MIpeyCTARNeHS BOSMOXKHEIe BapHANTEI orseros. OGBemuTe HOMep BEIOpaHHOro BaMH BapHiaHTa OTBETA, Most companies spend a large proportion of their budgets persuading us to buy their products, and it is their marketing executives who have to decide how to make consumers aware of new products. To do this, they usually set up an advertising A22 of some kind. Generally, A23 a new product involves TV and radio commercials, and there may also be large advertisements on A24 along motorways and major roads. In the past, companies employed people to sell the product A25 but nowadays there is a far more popular technique which uses the telephone. Staff in large call-centres telephone potential A26 , tell them about the product and try to convince them that it is worth buying. Another technique is to A27 the new product by post. The company sends colourful catalogue to every house even though people haven't asked for them. They are so unpopular that people call them A28 mail - and even though they may contain free samples or discount vouchers, many people {just put them straight into the rubbish bin! Azz] 1) program 2) campaign 3) approach 4) operation ‘A23] 1) starting 2) commencing 3) launching 4) beginning ‘A24] 1) hoardings 2) boards 3) displays 4) screens ‘A25] 1) inperson 2) to face 3) athand 4) on show ‘A26] 1) shoppers 2) investors 3). buyers 4) customers ‘A27] 1) promote 2) sponsor 3). support 4) demonstrate ‘A28] 1) rubbish 2) garbage 3) junk 4) waste nTask 9. Tipownraitre Texet ¢ nponyckamn, oGosHayenHbimH HoMepamH A22-A28. StH Homepa coorsetcTayioT sanaHvam A22-A28, B KOTOPEIX NpeuCTABAeHLI BOSMOXKHBIe BapHaHTsI orsetos. OOReaHTe HOMep BbIGpaHHoro BAMH BapHariTa OTBETA. We can only see the Earth as it is today, and we can’t tell if itis here simply due to some happy accident. That’s why Earth scientists are A22 a renewed interest in astronomy. Powerful new telescopes A23. to infrared radiation can stare deep into star-forming regions to see what may have happened when our own solar system was bon. Around some of the young stars they have revealed proto-planetary discs, perhaps new solar systems in formation. But the A24 for fully formed Earth-like planets is more difficult. Nevertheless, indirect methods have A25. to the discovery of planets in recent years due to gravitational effects. The clearest and therefore the first discovered effects seem to be due to planets far bigger than Jupiter orbiting far closer to their stars than the Earth is to the Sun, So they could hardly have formed into Earth-like planets. But A26. for solar systems more like our own is beginning to accumulate, though small and hospitable planets like Earth will be hard to A27____. To see such planets directly would take telescopes in space that we can scarcely dream of. But then they might be able to see signs in distant planetary atmosphere and, in particular, they might find ozone. That would A28 Earth-like conditions of climate and chemistry plus the existence of free oxygen which can only be maintained by life. There are ambitious plans in both the USA and Europe for a network of linked infrared telescopes. 1) getting 2) gaining 3) holding 4) taking 1) sensible 2) sensitive 3) appropriate 4) suitable ‘A24 | 1) survey 2) investigation 3) search 4) research A25] 1) directed 2) led 3) guided 4) influenced ‘A26 | 1) evidence 2) announcement 3) confirmation _—_4) proof ‘A27} 1) define 2) reveal 3) detect 4) determine ‘A28 | 1) propose 2) relate 3) concern 4) imply 2Task 10. TIpowntaiire Texcr ¢ nponyckamu, oGosHaveHHBiMH HoMepamH A22~A28. StH HoMepa cooTsercTsyioT salaHHam A22-A28, B KOTOPEIX IpeNCTABNeHI BOIMOKHBIC BapHaHTHI orpetos, OGpenHTe HOMep BEIGpAHHOTO BaMH BapHatiTa OTBeTA. How can a contemporary football coach expect to A22 any real impression on the very wealthy young men in elite football teams like Manchester United? The problem is how to motivate people who have often become used to being treated like kings. Manchester United coach Steve McClaren looked for solutions in sports where coaches had already managed to resolve a similar problem and that meant the US sports in which multi-million-dollar contracts have been commonplace for many years. Here's what he had to say. 'I still read the books of eminent American football and baseball coaches. What they give you is an insight into dealing with millionaire athletes. It's a matter of trying to instill selflessness. You have to A23 them feel “it's ‘we' rather than ‘me’ that matters." With the team I coached before it was mainly a question of analysing the opposition and how best to operate against them, so as to gain an advantage in the match itself. With Manchester it's a matter of focusing 99 per cent on our players. To an extent, competition helps. But you still need to reassure people and resolve their A24 about themselves and their place in the club. Once the training session is over what really A25 a difference is taking a personal interest in the players. Good, strong management helps too. I always A26 my word. The players know that. If there is any tendency to lose motivation, they know there are plenty of others dying to get that promotion from the reserves. The coach's best friend is the bench. At the end of the day, it's the only way you can A27, control over them. Because they all want to play. Sometimes they ask me: "Where the hell do I go from here?" I's a good question since many great players do A28 into trouble when they move on from an elite club. Some do go into coaching, though. The trouble is a lot of players now don't want to start at the bottom. They want an assistant manager's job at least. They don't want to work with kids or the reserves. But you only gain experience through working your way up through the ranks. That's what I resolved to do when I was younger and look where I am today." A22] 1) get 2) achieve 3) do 4) make ‘A23] 1) get 2) have 3) do 4) make ‘Az4] 1) debts 2) doubts 3) debits 4) deficits ‘A25] 1) gets 2) has 3) does 4) makes ‘A26] 1) keep 2) retain 3) maintain 4) hold A27] 1) take 2) obtain 3) gain 4) acquire ‘A28] 1) get 2) hit 3) fall 4) arrive BTask 11. Tpownraiire texer ¢ mponyckamu, oGosHaycHHKIMH HoMepaMH A22-A28. 3tH HoMepa cooreetctayior 3anaHHsM A22-A28, B KOTOPKIX MIpCiICTABNCHSI BOSMOKHBIC BApHaHTE! orpeton, OGReauTe HOMep BbIGpaHHOro BAMH RApHaHTa OTRETA, Many young people dream about sailing on oceans around the world, but few actually get the A22 to do it. Last year, the call went out for young people A23___in joining the crew of the Gypsy Moth IV (GMIV). The boat had originally been sailed by Sir Francis Chichester during his record-breaking 1966 voyage round the world. Amie Mayers had heard about the GMIV project at school and was doing work experience at the United Kingdom Sailing Academy when the call for crew went out. She had enjoyed her week of work experience and was A24 about the prospect of doing something she'd never done before, so she applied to join the crew, and was accepted. Before setting sail, Amie had to make sure she was ADS prepared for her time at sea. Her training included sea survival, health and safety, and in fact. ..the ins and outs of sailing a yacht. Amie wasn't scared throughout the journey. Luckily, she always had another crew member to A26 her company and was under the watchful eye of the skipper. Amie says her experience at sea changed her life, and it seems it has because soon after her voyage she was A27____ a scholarship by the UKSA. She is now training to become a professional watersports instructor. “I'm very, very A28 of what I've done,” says Amie. She now wants others to take any opportunities for challenging experiences that come their way. “Grab the opportunity with both hands, because otherwise you're going to regret it,” she says. 1) possibility 2) chance 3) moment 4) occasion 1) willing 2) attracted 3) eager 4) interested ‘A24] 1) keen 2) fond 3) excited 4) fascinated [A25] 1) properly 2) accurately 3) rightly 4) precisely ‘A26] 1) take 2) keep 3) provide 4) mind ‘A27] 1) rewarded 2) assigned 3) awarded 4) donated A28] 1) proud 2) satisfied 3) delighted 4) pleased 14Task 12. Tipounraitre texer ¢ nponyckamu, oGosHayeHHbIMH HoMepaMH A22-A28. Stu Homepa coorserctayior sazanam A22-A28, & KOTOpEIX MpesCTABIEHb! BOSMOKHBIE BapHaHTHL orsetos. OOnegHTe HOMep BBIGpaHHoro BaMH RapHaHiTa OTBETA. Most of American mass media are supported by advertising, commercial radio and television are 100 percent so. Newspapers and magazines A22 heavily upon advertising income. The price of a newspaper does little more than cover distribution costs, leaving all editorial and production costs to paid advertising. It is obvious that television is not all entertainment. The schedule is regularly interspersed with a mosaic of commercials. Some of them appear to be better than the surrounding programming. That advertising should A23. to the format of the medium is not surprising. The role of advertising agencies in mass communication industries is to inject entertainment into commercials. In any case the purpose of television programming is to deliver its audience to the advertisers. It is significant that although only 10 percent of the information that is available to media reporters eventually appears in the news medium, nearly all the advertising is published or broadcast (with only minor A24 such as ads that are for illegal or controversial products, or that simply cannot be squeezed into the available time and space). This may demonstrate the values placed on advertising and information in a commercial society. A highly profitable aspect of filmmaking is A2S with persuasion and information. Commercials are an obvious example. In addition, there are also training and educational films. They have limited appeal and are shown only to special audiences. They constitute a large portion of filmmaking, but they A26 the large audiences which films shown on television can gather. Film today shows considerable persuasive and informational content. It is beginning to make a serious AQT. to being the main medium of cultural transmission showing the triumphs and failures of society. Movies containing a good A28 of social comment have proven profitable. ‘A22 | 1) trust 2) confide 3) rely 4) secure A23 | 1) conform 2) obey 3) agree 4) accept ‘A24] 1) shortcomings —_2) omissions 3) exceptions 4) limitations A25 } 1) referred 2) concerned 3) related 4) involved A26 | 1) miss 2) omit 3) lack 4) fail A27 | 1) statement 2) offer 3) suggestion 4) claim A28 | 1) share 2) deal 3) bargain 4) portion 15Task 13. Tpownraiire texet ¢ nponyckamn, o6o3Ha4eHHKIMH HoMepamH A22-A28. StH Homepa coorserctayior 3a1anHam A22-A28, B KOTOPSIX MpeNCTABNeHbI BOSMOXKHbIe BapHaHTDI orpetos. OGRemuTe HOMep BEIGpanHoro BAMH BapHatTa OTBCTA. For many of us, life is full of man-made sounds: traffic, machinery, television and other human beings. It is not surprising therefore that camping continues to A22 in popularity, as it teaches us to take our focus off these distractions and A23 to enrich our lives. According to a recent report, one holiday A24 eight in Europe is a camping holiday. Despite that, some would still have you believe that camping should be considered an alternative holiday that you are driven towards because money is A25 Nonsense. It is a lifestyle choice to be embraced and enjoyed, for it allows us the freedom to explore in our own time and A26_ our ‘own speed. The opportunities available for mixing camping with some form of recreational activity are as varied as Europe's many thousands of miles of hiking trails, cycling routes, canals, rivers and lakes. Whether your chosen form of activity is recreational or competitive, a sociable hobby or a way of AQT the crowds, there can be nothing more pleasurable than sitting outside your tent after a day of activity with only the hum of dragonflies and the gas stove A28 the peace, ‘And just remember: whatever form of camping you choose, as long as you are out there enjoying yourself and the surroundings, the rest of the world can wait. ‘A22| 1) enlarge 2) grow 3) raise 4) stretch ‘A23 | 1) contributes 2) gives 3) supplies 4) helps [A24] 1) from 2) on 3) for 4) in ‘A25] 1) hard 2) rare 3) tight 4) slim [A26] 1) of 2) at 3) by 4) to [A27] 1) escaping 2) separating 3) clearing 4) departing ‘A28] 1) stopping 2) annoying 3) disturbing 4) breaking 16Task 14. | Mpowraize TeKcT © MpomyckamH, oGosHayentbiMi HoMepamH A22-A28. 31H HoMepa coorserctayior saiaHvam A22-A28, B KOTOPEIX MpeNCTABNeHD BOSMOKHBIC BapHAHTs orseron. OGnegure HoMep BsIOpanHoro BaMM BapuatiTa oTBeTa. Textbooks, which make up about half of the book publishing industry, are expected by their publishers and readers to consist primarily of information. Their voluntary readership is slight, and they are generally read at the direction of an instructor. For this reason publishers frequently attempt to insert humour as a A22, from the heavy dose of information. Not incidentally, publishers also hope to sell a lot of books in order to A23 a profit. The other branches of book publishing ~ trade books, fiction and non-fiction — are freer to depart from pure information, but their information function is still relatively high, A24 a wide variety of topics from which readers choose according to their preferences. Although television's primary function is entertainment, it does include some information. There are newscasts that tend to take on entertainment overtones. They move quickly and dramatically A25____ of the significance of the information they are presenting. Documentaries also take on a dramatic quality and sometimes, but not always, develop a point of view that is designed to A26- to the taste of their massive audience and is not necessarily objective in its analysis. Television cannot be entirely A27 for its brief treatment of serious topics. Profit is the motivating force. Television's ratings A28 massive regular departures of viewers whenever a documentary appears. For instance, would you be more interested in watching an hour-long programme on industrial waste or a network showing a Hollywood blockbuster? ‘A22 | 1) recovery 2) cure 3) relief 4) revival ‘Az3 | 1) reach 2) do 3) deserve 4) make ‘Az4] 1) ranging 2) covering 3) reaching 4) spreading A25] 1) independent 2) separate 3) regardless 4) disconnected ‘A26] 1) apply 2) appeal 3) aim 4) attract ‘A27 | 1) blamed 2) accused 3) charged 4) condemned ‘A28 ] 1) determine 2) identify 3) define 4) indicate 7