Theory of Machines II LAB

LAB Report

Submitted by:
Taha Anees 2016-ME-56

16-Mar-19
Table of Contents
1.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Theory: ................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1 Static balancing:............................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 Dynamic balancing: ......................................................................................... 6
1.5 Formulas: ................................................................................................................ 6
1.6 Observation:............................................................................................................ 6
1.7 Comments: .............................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Formulas: ................................................................................................................ 8
2.5 Observation:............................................................................................................ 8
2.6 Comments: .............................................................................................................. 9
3.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................. 10
3.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................. 10
3.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Formulas: .............................................................................................................. 10
3.5 Observation:.......................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Comments: ............................................................................................................ 11
4.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................. 12
4.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................. 12
4.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................. 12
4.4 Formulas: .............................................................................................................. 12
4.5 Observation:.......................................................................................................... 12
4.6 Comments: ............................................................................................................ 13
5.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................. 14
5.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................. 14
5.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................. 14
5.4 Formulas: .............................................................................................................. 14
5.5 Observation:.......................................................................................................... 14

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5.6 Comments: ............................................................................................................ 15
6.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................. 16
6.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................. 16
6.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................. 16
6.4 Formulas: .............................................................................................................. 16
6.5 Observation:.......................................................................................................... 16
6.6 Comments: ............................................................................................................ 17
7.1 Objective: ............................................................................................................. 18
7.2 Apparatus:............................................................................................................. 18
7.3 Related theory: ...................................................................................................... 18
7.3.1 Friction: ......................................................................................................... 18
7.3.2 Static friction: ................................................................................................ 18
7.3.3 Kinetic friction: .............................................................................................. 19
7.4 Procedure: ............................................................................................................. 20
7.5 Formulas: .............................................................................................................. 20
7.6 Observation:.......................................................................................................... 20
7.7 Comments: ............................................................................................................ 20

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Experiment No.1

1.1 Objective:
To balance a rotating mass (disturbing mass) with same balancing mass rotating at equal radii
in same plane.

1.2 Apparatus:

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1 Balancing apparatus

1.3 Procedure:
 The first step that is to be performed is whether the apparatus shows that it is balanced
without the application of any mass.
 Then, the plane in which the masses are to be placed is selected.
 Attach one mass at a specific angle at a specific radius in one of the slots.
 The other balancing mass having the same mass and the same slot radius is to be
attached at the opposite end, i.e. having an angle of 180 degrees difference.
 To check whether the balancing is effective, the motor is turned on.
 Repetition of experiment is suggested for greater accuracy.

1.4 Theory:

1.4.1 Static balancing:

Static balancing occurs if the center of gravity of body/ object lies on axis of rotation. This
thing restricts the object to remain stationary on horizontal axis without any application of
any braking or external force.

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 Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-2 Static unbalance

1.4.2 Dynamic balancing:

Dynamic balancing can be define as: “Dynamic balancing is the way of balancing machines
by rotating parts quickly and measuring the imbalance using electronic equipment and then
the imbalance measured can be corrected by adding or subtracting weight from the rotating
parts until the vibration is reduced.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-3 Dynamic unbalance

1.5 Formulas:
H = (md1*rd1 cosƟ+md2rd2cosƟ)*w2

H = (md1*rd2sinƟ+md2rd2 sinƟ)*w2

Fd = √ Ɵd = arctan(V/H)

Ɵb = Ɵd +180 Fd = Fb

1.6 Observation:

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1.7 Comments:
 Vibrations in machines can do much harm and so to minimize these vibrations,
balancing plays an important role.
 The presence of vibrations in a machine that is rotating can be indicative of the
presence of non-uniform distribution of mass.
 Ensure that the clamps are secure and the rotating plates have no clearance with the
masses.
 If any of the masses are loose, this will have a profound effect on whether the masses
are balanced or not.

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Experiment No.2

2.1 Objective:
To balance a rotating mass (disturbing mass) with a balancing mass rotating at different radii
in same plane.

2.2 Apparatus:
 Balancing apparatus
 Weights
 Nuts and Bolts

2.3 Procedure:
 The first step that is to be performed is whether the apparatus shows that it is balanced
without the application of any mass.
 Then, the plane in which the masses are to be placed is selected.
 Attach one mass at a specific angle at a specific radius in one of the slots.
 By calculation of the product of the radius and the disturbing mass, the radius at
which the balancing mass is to be attached is calculated.
 The other balancing mass having the same mass and the balancing slot radius is to be
attached at the opposite end, i.e. having an angle of 180 degrees difference.
 To check whether the balancing is effective, the motor is turned on.
 Repetition of experiment is suggested for greater accuracy.

2.4 Formulas:

H = (md1*rd1 cosƟ+md2rd2cosƟ)*w2

H = (md1*rd2sinƟ+md2rd2 sinƟ)*w2

Fd = √ Ɵd = arctan(V/H)

Ɵb = Ɵd +180 Fd = Fb

2.5 Observation:

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2.6 Comments:

 Vibrations in machines can do much harm and so to minimize these vibrations,

balancing plays an important role.
 The presence of vibrations in a machine that is rotating can be indicative of the
presence of non-uniform distribution of mass.
 Ensure that the clamps are secure and the rotating plates have no clearance with the
masses.
 If any of the masses are loose, this will have a profound effect on whether the masses
are balanced or not.

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Experiment No.3
3.1 Objective:
To balance two rotating masses (disturbing mass) with a balancing mass rotating at same
radii in same plane.

3.2 Apparatus:
 Balancing apparatus
 Weights
 Nuts and Bolts

3.3 Procedure:
 The first step that is to be performed is whether the apparatus shows that it is balanced
without the application of any mass.
 Then, the plane in which the masses are to be placed is selected.
 Attach two masses at specific angles at a specific radius in one of the slots.
 By calculations, the mass that can balance these two disturbing masses is evaluated,
given a specific value of radius is used that is available, i.e. 3, 4 or 5 inches.
 The balancing mass is to be attached at the balancing angle that is calculated through
the formula.
 To check whether the balancing is effective, the motor is turned on.
 Repetition of experiment is suggested for greater accuracy.

3.4 Formulas:

H = (md1*rd1 cosƟ+md2rd2cosƟ)*w2

H = (md1*rd2sinƟ+md2rd2 sinƟ)*w2

Fd = √ Ɵd = arctan(V/H)

Ɵb = Ɵd +180 Fd = Fb

3.5 Observation:

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3.6 Comments:
 Vibrations in machines can do much harm and so to minimize these vibrations,
balancing plays an important role.
 The presence of vibrations in a machine that is rotating can be indicative of the
presence of non-uniform distribution of mass.
 Ensure that the clamps are secure and the rotating plates have no clearance with the
masses.
 If any of the masses are loose, this will have a profound effect on whether the masses
are balanced or not.

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Experiment No.4

4.1 Objective:
To balance two rotating mass (disturbing mass) at different radius with single balancing mass
rotating at any radius in the same plane.

4.2 Apparatus:
 Balancing apparatus
 Weights
 Nuts and Bolts

4.3 Procedure:
 The first step that is to be performed is whether the apparatus shows that it is balanced
without the application of any mass.
 Then, the plane in which the masses are to be placed is selected.
 Attach two masses at specific different angles at any combination of radii in the slots.
 By calculations, the mass that can balance these two disturbing masses is evaluated,
given a specific value of radius for placing this balancing mass is used from one of
those that are available, i.e. 3, 4 or 5 inches.
 The balancing mass is to be attached at the balancing angle that is calculated through
the formula.
 To check whether the balancing is effective, the motor is turned on.
 Repetition of experiment is suggested for greater accuracy.

4.4 Formulas:
H = (md1*rd1 cosƟ+md2rd2cosƟ)*w2

H = (md1*rd2sinƟ+md2rd2 sinƟ)*w2

Fd = √ Ɵd = arctan(V/H)

Ɵb = Ɵd +180 Fd = Fb

4.5 Observation:

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4.6 Comments:
 Vibrations in machines can do much harm and so to minimize these vibrations,
balancing plays an important role.
 The presence of vibrations in a machine that is rotating can be indicative of the
presence of non-uniform distribution of mass.
 Ensure that the clamps are secure and the rotating plates have no clearance with the
masses.
 If any of the masses are loose, this will have a profound effect on whether the masses
are balanced or not.

Page 13 of 20
Experiment No.5

5.1 Objective:
To balance three rotating mass (disturbing mass) with single balancing mass rotating at same
radius in the same plane.

5.2 Apparatus:
 Balancing apparatus
 Weights
 Nuts and Bolts

5.3 Procedure:
 The first step that is to be performed is whether the apparatus shows that it is balanced
without the application of any mass.
 Then, the plane in which the masses are to be placed is selected.
 Attach three masses at specific different angles at the same radius in the slots.
 By calculations, the mass that can balance these three disturbing masses is evaluated,
by using the value of radius at which the disturbing masses were placed.
 The balancing mass is to be attached at the balancing angle that is calculated through
the formula.
 To check whether the balancing is effective, the motor is turned on.
 Repetition of experiment is suggested for greater accuracy.

5.4 Formulas:
H = (md1*rd1 cosƟ1+md2rd2cosƟ2 + md3rd3cosƟ3)*w2

H = (md1*rd2sinƟ1+md2rd2 sinƟ2 + md3rd3 sinƟ3)*w2

Fd = √ Ɵd = arctan(V/H)

Ɵb = Ɵd +180 Fd = Fb

5.5 Observation:

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5.6 Comments:
 Vibrations in machines can do much harm and so to minimize these vibrations,
balancing plays an important role.
 The presence of vibrations in a machine that is rotating can be indicative of the
presence of non-uniform distribution of mass.
 Ensure that the clamps are secure and the rotating plates have no clearance with the
masses.
 If any of the masses are loose, this will have a profound effect on whether the masses
are balanced or not.

Page 15 of 20
Experiment No.6

6.1 Objective:
To balance three rotating masses (disturbing mass) at different radius with single balancing
mass rotating at any radius in the same plane.

6.2 Apparatus:
 Balancing apparatus
 Weights
 Nuts and Bolts

6.3 Procedure:
 The first step that is to be performed is whether the apparatus shows that it is balanced
without the application of any mass.
 Then, the plane in which the masses are to be placed is selected.
 Attach three masses at specific different angles at any combination of radii in the
slots.
 By calculations, the mass that can balance these three disturbing masses is evaluated,
given a specific value of radius for placing this balancing mass is used from one of
those that are available, i.e. 3, 4 or 5 inches.
 The balancing mass is to be attached at the balancing angle that is calculated through
the formula.
 To check whether the balancing is effective, the motor is turned on.
 Repetition of experiment is suggested for greater accuracy.

6.4 Formulas:
H = (md1*rd1 cosƟ+md2rd2cosƟ)*w2

H = (md1*rd2sinƟ+md2rd2 sinƟ)*w2

Fd = √ Ɵd = arctan(V/H)

Ɵb = Ɵd +180 Fd = Fb

6.5 Observation:

Page 16 of 20
6.6 Comments:
 Vibrations in machines can do much harm and so to minimize these vibrations,
balancing plays an important role.
 The presence of vibrations in a machine that is rotating can be indicative of the
presence of non-uniform distribution of mass.
 Ensure that the clamps are secure and the rotating plates have no clearance with the
masses.
 If any of the masses are loose, this will have a profound effect on whether the masses
are balanced or not.

Page 17 of 20
Experiment No.7

7.1 Objective:
To determine the kinetic coefficient of friction of various pairs of wheels.

7.2 Apparatus:
 Kinetic coefficient of friction apparatus
 Various pairs of metallic wheels
 Steel rod
 Stop watch

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-3 Friction Apparatus

7.3 Related theory:

7.3.1 Friction:
Friction is a force that resists motion when two objects are in contact.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-4 friction between two surfaces

7.3.2 Static friction:

Static friction can be defined as the frictional force which resists relative motion of two
bodies when they are in rest.

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 Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-5 static friction

Mathematically,

Fs = µs * FN

Fs = Force of static friction

FN = normal force

µs = coefficient of static friction

7.3.3 Kinetic friction:

Static friction can be defined as the frictional force which resists relative motion of two
bodies when they are in motion.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-6 kinetic friction

Mathematically,

Fk = µk * FN

Fk = Force of kinetic friction

FN = normal force

µk = coefficient of kinetic friction

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7.4 Procedure:
 The rod material to be used in this experiment is steel.
 The wheel materials for which friction has to be found are selected one after the other.
 Carefully set the rod on the wheels and then rotate the wheel so it makes about 10
complete revolutions.
 This is to be done thrice and the time noted for each cycle of 10 revolutions.
 Next the distance ‘s’ between two wheels is to be noted.
 Apply the formula by putting in the values.

7.5 Formulas:
T=2π*√

µk= 2sπ2/T2g

7.6 Observation:

7.7 Comments:
 The effect of friction can be reduced but eliminating it completely is not possible.
 On one hand, friction is a crucial element without whom it is virtually impossible to
perform some basic tasks such as walking and moving even.
 Yet, there is another half of friction that proves to be destructive which causes
wearing of machinery.

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