INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

COURSE MODULE

TRACK/STRAND

COURSE CODE
COURSE DESCRIPTIVE
Earth Science
TITLE

COURSE CREDIT HOURS

PRE-REQUISITE / CO-
REQUISITE /

This learning area is designed to provide a general

background for the understanding of the Earth on a
planetary scale. It presents the history of the Earth
through geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s
COURSE DESCRIPTION
structure and composition, the processes that occur
beneath and on the Earth’s surface, as well as issues,
concerns, and problems pertaining to Earth’s
resources.

MODULE NUMBER
MODULE TITLE Origin and Structure of the Earth
1

INCLUSIVE WEEK / DATE 1st week

I. COURSE OUTCOME

A. Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the formation of the universe and the solar
system.

B. Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to make a concept map and use it to explain how the
geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are interconnected.

C. Learning Competencies: The learners describe the historical development of theories that explain the origin of
the Universe.

II. LEARNING CONTENT

Lesson: The Universe and the Solar System Part 1
Materials:
References: Earth Science (DIWA)
Other Learning Resources:
1. http://molebash.com/doppler/horn/horn1.ht

III. LEARNING TASKS

A. INTRODUCTION/PRE-ASSESSMENT

The Solar System is a collection of planets, moons, asteroids and comets and other rocky objects orbiting the Sun. The
Solar System is believed to extend out to at least 150 000 million km from the Sun, although the planets are all found
within about 6000 million km.

Our Solar System is thought to have formed 4.6 x 109 years ago from a vast, rotating cloud of gas and dust known as
the solar nebula. As the solar nebula rotated, its gravity began to attract gas and dust towards the centre, eventually
forming our Sun.

PRE-ASSESSMENT:
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

ESSAY: What is the importance of Earth Science?

B. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY/MOTIVATION/REVIEW

Connect the lesson to a real-life problem or question

The teacher tells the students that the Universe is at least 13.8 billion of years old and the Earth/ Solar System at least 4.5-4.6
billions of years old. But how large exactly is a billion? The teacher will ask the students how long will it take them to spend 1
billion pesos if they spend 1 peso per second.

• 11 billion/(60 s/min*60 min/hr*24 hr/day*365days/year)

• ~32 years
• How long is 13.8 billion years?

The teacher will show to the students the series of photographs as follows:

Solar System
Milky Way TheGalaxy
View from Hubble. milky
way is but part of billions galaxies
in the universe.

C. LESSON PROPER 4As (Activity-Analysis-Abstraction-Application)

ACTIVITY:

Word Hunt
Find the terms listed in the term bank from the jumbled letters.

Term Bank
Thermonuclear Reaction Dark Energy Dark Matter
Baryonic Matter Proto Star Light Years
Main Sequence Star

T A R Y P R O T O S T A R O Z A S Z V B M
W H Q D N M D C H J M K B F X W R S T D V
M B E H T A A E Y E W J K D Y A K L W O A
A Q I R D R R P M S G Q H A A T Y U K R H
I A K Y M W K L A D F S K S D P O I L T W
N Z L U X O E S R R D C Q D S T Y K R W F
S C M K V Y N E W Q S M W F A W R Y F K Q
E B B W B U E U O P R K Y J G D S L V Q A
Q E V A N P R Z C W Y O Q K S Q W H A E S
U T W D M C G X J L O P E M Q D F R Q M D
E K Q R Q V Y M N T E D G P T V B M S O G
N L T M W B R V M I D A Y K M A T T E R H
C Q H K E M T A S O P P R Q H W F S T F J
E E R Y T N Y H T P W W W E J L Q W R G K
S T P L I G T H Y E A R S R A Y H N E H L
T N H S Y U N O U F T S Y Y M C J G F I P
A Y D G O I L I P G Q J P T S W T L C O O
R K A K Y P G U Q H Y W K D T A J I V P I
R J W M W D F Y E J E S G F E D S L O W U
B A R Y O N I C M A T T E R X N Q W D N Y
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

JUMBLED LETTERS

ANALYSIS:

Based on the activity the teacher will ask the students if they have any ideas about the words in the word hunt. After that the
teacher will give the alternative terms about those words.

ABSTRACTION:

A. Origin of the Universe

Non-scientific Thought
• Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising
of the sun.
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-covered
Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon.
• In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky,
earth, sun, and moon respectively
• The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim that a supreme being created the universe, including man
and other living organisms.

Steady State Model

• The now discredited steady state model of the universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and Gould and by Hoyle. It maintains
that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density.
• Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.

Big Bang Theory

• As the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the universe, the Big Bang Theory postulates that 13.8 billion
years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state.
• The theory rests on two ideas: General Relativity and the Cosmological Principle. In Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity,
gravity is thought of as a distortion of space-time and no longer described by a gravitational field in contrast to the Law of
Gravity of Isaac Newton. General Relativity explains the peculiarities of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the
Sun and has passed rigorous tests. The Cosmological Principle assumes that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when
averaged over large scales. This is consistent with our current large-scale image of the universe. But keep in mind that it is
clumpy at smaller scales.
• The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for expansion: 1) the redshift 2) abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium,
and 3) the uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave background radiation-the remnant heat from the bang.

Evolution of the Universe according to the Big Bang Theory

• From time zero (13.8 billion years ago) until 10-43 second later, all matter and energy in the universe existed as a hot, dense,
tiny state (fig. 7). It then underwent extremely rapid, exponential inflation until 10-32 second later after which and until 10
seconds from time zero, conditions allowed the existence of only quarks, hadrons, and leptons.
• Then, Big Bang nucleosynthesis took place and produced protons, neutrons, atomic nuclei, and then hydrogen, helium, and
lithium until 20 minutes after time zero when sufficient cooling did not allow further nucleosynthesis
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

• From then on until 380,000 years, the cooling universe entered a matter-dominated period when photons decoupled from
matter and light could travel freely as still observed today in the form of cosmic microwave background radiation.
• As the universe continued to cool down, matter collected into clouds giving rise to only stars after 380,000 years and
eventually galaxies would form after 100 million years from time zero during which, through nucleosynthesis in stars, carbon
and elements heavier than carbon were produced.
• From 9.8 billion years until the present, the universe became dark-energy dominated and underwent accelerating expansion. At
about 9.8 billion years after the big bang, the solar system was formed.

B. Structure, Composition, and Age

• The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time, and all matter & energy in it.
• It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (matter that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4% dark
energy (a source of antigravity)
• Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity
alone to do so while dark energy can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
• Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements.
• Stars - the building block of galaxies born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies (fig. 4). Instabilities within the clouds
eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to a protostar-the core of a future star as
thermonuclear reactions set in.
• Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined/fused together. Most stars such as the Sun
belong to the so-called “main sequence stars.” In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through thermonuclear
reactions to make helium atoms (fig. 4). Massive main sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster than smaller stars. Stars like
our Sun burn up hydrogen in about 10 billion years.

• The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary
system.
• A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an
empty space. This organization of matter in the universe suggests that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But at a large scale,
it appears homogeneous and isotropic.
• Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at
least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year = 9.4607 × 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3.

C. Expanding Universe
• In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the “redshift” (fig. 5) and its interpretation that galaxies are
moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General
Relativity.
• He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a prism are shifted toward the red part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, i.e., toward the band of lower frequency; thus, the inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us.

Red shift as evidence for an expanding universe. The positions of the absorptions lines for helium for
light coming from the Sun (A) are shifted towards the red end as compared with those for a distant
star (B).
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

• This evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of a static and unchanging universe.

E. Cosmic Microwave Background

• There is a pervasive cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation in the universe. Its accidental discovery in 1964 by Arno
Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson earned them the physics Nobel Prize in 1978.
• It can be observed as a strikingly uniform faint glow in the microwave band coming from all directions-blackbody radiation
with an average temperature of about 2.7 degrees above absolute zero

Cosmic microwave background radiation map showing small variations from

WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe).

APPLICATION:

Doppler Effect and Interactive (http://molebash.com/doppler/horn/horn1.ht)

The teacher will ask the students to watch two short video clips filmed inside a car. They will try to determine where the horn is
coming from. Is it coming from inside the car or outside the car? If outside the car, where?
- Video 1 - horn is coming from the inside of the car. There is hardly any change in the volume and pitch of the horn.
- Video 2 - horn is coming from outside of the car. Specifically, the horn is coming from another car travelling in an opposite
direction. Notice how the pitch and volume of the car varies with distance from the other car. Pitch and volume increases as the
other car approaches.

D. ASSIGNMENT

D. STUDENT ACTIVITY:

ACTIVITY SUBMISSION DATE/ DEADLINE

1. Word Hunt
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

2. Doppler Effect and Interactive

3. Activity 1.1 Draw your Big Bang

4. Activity 1.3 Red shift

E. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
(Refer to activity sheet)
1. Activity 1.1 Draw your Big Bang
2. Activity 1.3 Red shift

F. OUTCOME ASSESSMENT
(Refer to activity sheet)
1. Long Quiz (1-20)

VII. STUDENT REFLECTION

(Refer to activity sheet)
1. What is the fate of the universe? Will the universe continue to expand or will it eventually
contract because of gravity?

Prepared by: Validated by: Checked by: Approved by:

Elijah Bianca S. Alcoreza ______________ HOWELL M. SABULARSE, LPT ROWENA L. FLORES, Ph.D.
Teacher Co-Teacher Head Teacher Principal

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

NAME:____________________________________ SCORE/MARK:_____________
STRAND/SECTION:__________________________ DATE:____________________
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

I. Type of
 Concept Notes  Laboratory Report
Activity:  Essay/Task Report  Skills: Exercise/Drill
✓ Illustration  Other:

II. Activity No./Title: Activity 1.1 Draw your Big Bang

III. Learning Competencies: The learners describe the historical development of theories that explain the
origin of the Universe (S11ES-Ia-1).
IV. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• describe the structure and composition of the Universe; • state the different hypothesis that preceded the
Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe;
• explain the red-shift and how it used as proof of an expanding universe; and
• explain the Big Bang Theory and evidences supporting the theory

V. Activity Introduction/Information/Directions:
Introduction: Draw the Illustration of Big Bang Theory, from Planck Era to Era of Nucleosysthesis.

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

NAME:____________________________________ SCORE/MARK:_____________
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STRAND/SECTION:__________________________DATE:____________________
VI. Type of
 Concept Notes  Laboratory Report
Activity:  Essay/Task Report  Skills: Exercise/Drill
✓ Illustration  Other:

VII. Activity No./Title: Activity 1.2 Red shift

VIII. Learning Competencies: The learners describe the historical development of theories that explain the
origin of the Universe (S11ES-Ia-1).
IX. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• describe the structure and composition of the Universe; • state the different hypothesis that preceded the
Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe;
• explain the red-shift and how it used as proof of an expanding universe; and
• explain the Big Bang Theory and evidences supporting the theory

X. Activity Introduction/Information/Directions:
The evidence that the universe is expanding comes with
something called the red-shift of light. Light travels to
Earth from other galaxies. As the light from that galaxy
gets closer to Earth, the distance between Earth and the
galaxy increases, which causes the wavelength of that
light to get longer.

1. What is Red Shift Big Bang Theory?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. How does red shift support the Big Bang?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. What does red shift blue shift have to do with the Big Bang?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. What does it mean if a galaxy is red shifted?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. Is the sun red shifted?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Instruction: Draw the Illustration of Red shift.

XI. STUDENT REFLECTION

Reflection Time: Why do you think everything has a beginning?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

QUIZ NO. 1
I. Identification: Identify what is being referred to each statement. (2 points each)
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Bocohan, Lucena City Registration No. 16Q13029

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

1. Fusion of two light atomic nuclei into a single heavier

nucleus by a collision of the two interacting particles at
extremely high temperatures, with the consequent release of a
relatively large amount of energy.
2. A theoretical repulsive force that counteracts gravity and
causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
3. Matter composed of protons and neutrons; ordinary matter,
as distinct from exotic forms.
4. Fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores.
About 90 percent of the stars in the universe, including the
sun.
5. A contracting mass of gas which represents an early stage
in the formation of a star, before nucleosynthesis has begun.
6. A unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the distance
that light travels in one year, which is 9.4607 × 1012 km
(nearly 6 trillion miles).
7. A form of matter thought to account for approximately
85% of the matter in the universe and about a quarter of its
total mass–energy density or about 2.241×10−27 kg/m3.
8. The leading explanation about how the universe began.
9. A view that the universe is always expanding but
maintaining a constant average density, with matter being
continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the
same rate that old ones become unobservable as a
consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of
recession.
10. American astronomer who played a crucial role in
establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is
generally regarded as the leading observational cosmologist

Essay:
1. Why do we need to study Earth Science?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________