WOLDIA UNIVERSTY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION STREAM
INTERSHIP REPORT
FROM FEBRUARY 24 –MAY

HOSTING COMPANY:-AMHARA MEDIA CORPORATION

[WOLLO FM 87.9]

NAME OF INTERNS ID

1. BINIYAM FENTAW 1212284

2. ALEMU GETAHUN 1212274
3. AHADU MISAW 00286
4. EDEN GASHAW 01240
5. SAMRAWIT MEKETE 03346

Submission Date 8/9/2013

Advisor Mr. Abera .H

WOLDIA, ETHIOPIA
 DECLARATION
We are declare this internship report were carried out and written by our group members with
the help of Mr. Abera H. from school of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stream of
Communication and with the help of the practical supervisor Mr. Solomon.

Name signature

1. Biniyam Fentaw __________________

2. Alemu Getahun __________________
3. Ahadu Misaw ___________________
4. Eden Gashaw ____________________
5. Samrawit Mekete ____________________

Advisor Name signature

Mr. Abera Haile _____________________

Place: Dessie

Date: May 2013 E.C

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to God Almighty for helping us get here first and for all to succeed. We would like to
express our gratitude and respect to our supervisor Mr. Eliyas and supervisor Mr. Solomon.
Then, we would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to technician supervisors Mr. Yordanos, Mr.
Mohammed, Mr. Haylemaryiam and Miss Bertukan.

Finally, we would like to express our special thanks to Wollo University Administration staffs
and who support this internship from start to the end and to our family.

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is express about the internship experiences that have been under taken during the two
consecutive months and two weeks. In this report, we have tried to list the overall aspects of the
internship experience.

In the first unit of the report, it provides general information about the hosting company. It starts
from the brief history of the company and from the time it has been established.

In second unit of the report it describes mainly about the internship experience. It starts by
describing the sections we had been working on and continues to tell the different types of tasks
that we had accomplished.

In the third chapter it describes benefits gained from internship program such as theoretical,
practical team playing skill, inter personal skill and leadership skills and time management skill.

In the fourth chapter, it describes the project related to the company, which is the drawback of
the company.

The last chapter contains conclusions and recommendation. We have briefly summarized what is
expected in the next chapters in this report. Generally we have tried to list general concepts
during our internship program.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...............................................................................................................ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................iii

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1

1. General overview about the internship....................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the organization.............................................................................................1

1.1.1 Description of the organization...........................................................................................1

1.1.2 Brief History of the company..............................................................................................1

1.1.3 Vision............................................................................................................................3

1.1.4 Mission..........................................................................................................................3

1.1.5 Main products of the company............................................................................................3

1.1.6 Main customers...................................................................................................................4

1.1.7 Workflow in the company...................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................6

2. Overall internship experience..................................................................................................6

2.1. Objectives of the company....................................................................................................6

2.3.2 Basic principle of radio communication.............................................................................7

2.7 Our Strengths and areas of improvement.............................................................................24

Our Strength...............................................................................................................................24

Our areas of improvement..........................................................................................................24

CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................25

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3 Benefits We Gained from the Internship............................................................................................25

3.1 Theoretical knowledge and practical skills..........................................................................25

3.1.1 Team playing Skill............................................................................................................26

3.1.2 Interpersonal Skills...........................................................................................................27

3.1.3 Leadership Skills...............................................................................................................28

3.1.4 Time management skill.....................................................................................................28

CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................30

4 PROJECT WORK...............................................................................................................................30

Abstract......................................................................................................................................30

4.1 Statement of problem...........................................................................................................33

4.2 Objectives of the Project......................................................................................................33

4. 4.1 General objectives............................................................................................................33

4.4.2 Specific Objectives...........................................................................................................33

4.2 Literature Review.................................................................................................................34

4. 4 Scope of the project.............................................................................................................35

4.4 .1 Material needed................................................................................................................36

4.4 Methodology........................................................................................................................36

4.6 Project summary..................................................................................................................39

CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................40

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................................................40

5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................40

5.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................40

REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................42

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: overall organizational structure........................................................................................5
Figure 2: basic principle of radio working......................................................................................7
Figure 3: studio site........................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: production room...............................................................................................................9
Figure 5: Microphone....................................................................................................................10
Figure 6: Mixer..............................................................................................................................11
Figure 7: CD player.......................................................................................................................12
Figure 8: Headphone & distributer................................................................................................12
Figure 9: Cough button..................................................................................................................13
Figure 10: Telephone hybrid.........................................................................................................14
Figure 11: Distribution amplifier...................................................................................................14
Figure 12: Link transmitter............................................................................................................15
Figure 13: Yagie antenna...............................................................................................................16
Figure 14: Battery (UPS)..............................................................................................................17
Figure 15: Lightening protection...................................................................................................18
Figure 16: Antenna tower..............................................................................................................19
Figure 17: TX/Rx Controller.........................................................................................................20
Figure 18: Exciter and combiner...................................................................................................22
Figure 4.1: analogue mixer............................................................................................................32
Figure 4.2: digital mixer................................................................................................................32
Figure 4.3: flow chart....................................................................................................................36
Figure 4.4: wiring..........................................................................................................................38

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AM- Amplitude Modulation
AMC- Amhara Media Corporation
ACL- access control list
FM- Frequency Modulation
LAN-local area network
MAC-media access control
QOS- quality of service
RBS- Radio Base Station
RF- Radio Frequency
SRL-studio receiver link
STL- Studio Transmission Link
SIDA-Swidish International Development Authority
TRX- Transceiver
TV-Television
UPS-Uninterruptable Power Supply
VLAN-virtual local area network
VOIP- voice over internet protocol

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1. General overview about the internship
Internship is typically structured work experience related to a student’s career. It involves a
student working in a professional setting under the supervision of a professional.
The main aim of this internship is to engage students with a practical knowledge, which they are
theoretically familiar with during their previous learning time. It also helps students to gain very
important additional knowledge’s.
Besides its academic importance, it also improves student skill of leadership, competence,
communication, and time management.
Practically it helps students to:
 Relate knowledge gained through learning with the real world
 To seek for innovative ideas that will help in tackling societal problems
 To meet new people and practice networking skills while establishing a network of
professional contacts, mentors, and references

1.1 Background of the organization

1.1.1 Description of the organization

Wollo FM 87.9 is a governmental radio station serving almost in all Amhara Regional state
including range of 780km north of Dessie, 300km west of Dessie and 180km east of Dessie.
It is operate by Amhara media Corporation. It was established in 2005 had test broadcasting for six
months and it has been 9 years since it started live broadcasting with a schedule of Amharic
broadcasting for six hours a day every day except for Saturday on Saturday it is seven hours and
Oromic broadcasting by linking from AMC on Monday from 9:00-11:30.

1.1.2 Brief History of the company

The Amhara Regional State Media has been in operation since 1985 when it reorganized the
regional government offices, according to a study conducted by the Amhara National Regional
State Media Agency (1997). When it was established as an advertising office, it began compiling
regional information and sending it to the federal media center (Zini Kemahu). None of the
regional media outlets created following the realization of the Amhara Regional Information

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Bureau was ahead of the regional newspaper. Bekur Gazeta started its work as a regional
language on December 7, 1987 and is an eight-page publication with 4,000 copies per week and
distributed to the region's readers and regular subscribers in Addis Ababa. The Amhara Media
Organization's modern media sector journey, especially in 1988 due to structural changes at the
regional level, was renamed the "One Department" of the Culture, Tourism and Information
Bureau under the new structure. It was also decided that the media sector, which was previously
organized under the Information Office, would be managed under the new department.
Following this, on May 6, 1989, the Voice of the Amhara National Region and on April 9, 1992
laid the foundation for the establishment of the weekly Amhara Television 30 Minute Program.
According to various sources, two years after the establishment of Amhara Television, on March 22,
1994, FM Bahir Dar 96.9 launched a two-hour trial broadcast.(1)
Zone FM radio stations
FM Dessie 87.9
According to the Amhara Media Organization's plan to expand the service quality and
accessibility, the regional government has built two FM radio stations in Dessie and Debre
Berhan in 2004 E.C. The construction of the former Dessie FM 87.9 or Wollo FM 87.9 and the
former Debre Berhan FM 91.4 or the Shoa FM 91.4 radio stations will not only create
opportunities for the local community to speak and express their views, but also broadcast
stations from the studio in Bahir Dar. They have created more capacity to deliver quality: The
construction of the stations in both cities was completed and FM Wollo 87.9 started broadcasting
the test on the evening of October 20, 2005, explained the station's coordinator and deputy editor
journalist, Abdu Mohamed. According to journalist Abdu, the station will continue broadcasting
in conjunction with FM Bahir Dar 96.9 until after the end of the trial period.
According to journalist Abdu, the three-hour broadcaster has started broadcasting daily from
May 19, 2006 after conducting a trial broadcast on Ethiopian FM Wollo 87.9 radio station in
collaboration with FM Bahir Dar 96.9. He also said that due to the increasing participation of the
community, the daily distribution principle should be doubled. According to the new distribution
schedule, the timing was as follows.
 Morning at h3: 00-6: 00
 Day at h8: 00-11: 00

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During the 2nd Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) period, there is a plan to increase the
local distribution to 12 hours a day, journalist Abdu explained. Despite the fact that the radio
station is gaining popularity, it has not been heard well in the western woredas of South Wollo
Zone, journalist Abdu said. The construction of a zonal television studio is planned in the 2nd
Growth and Transformation Plan, but nothing has been done yet. He is also said to be working
on a budget. FM Wollo 87.9 radio station currently broadcasts six hours a day, while FM Bahir
Dar 96.9 broadcasts 18 hours a day, according to the station's head, Abdu Mohammed. The site
currently has 14 programs, one of which is being run by affiliates. At the time of writing, FM
Dessie 87.9 radio station has a total of 28 employees. But now the company has 32 employees.
[1]
1.1. 1 Vision:
To be an epitome and accredited media institution in 2020 E.C through imparting information
that will bring forth and foster an ideology breakthrough in inducing developmental democracy.
To see the Amhara media corporation being primary and favorite developmental institutes of
information delivery throughout the country [1].
1.1.2. Mission:
Becoming a leading age in bringing about national consensus and evoke ideological
transformation via broadcasting information that catalyze inspiration and change; hence pushing
forward individual and collective consciousness that will grant economic and social wellbeing.
To deprave media technology to use it effectively and to gather sufficient information practical
for the regional political, economic and joint social movement and to dispatch and organize to
make know how, to teach and relax, create a feedback collection stream. On this account,
regional and national attitude shall be strengthened, courageous. The democracy policy and the
regional principle will be cemented and will be built fundamentally [1].

1.1.3 Main products of the company

The AMC (Corporation) launched the first magazine in the region-Bekur Magazine, radio and
television transmission. In order to upgrade radio transmission, the corporation fixed a medium
wave transmitter at Zeghe by the support of the regional government and SIDA. It also opened
several branches of FM radio stations indifferent cities of the Amhara region one of them being
Dessie FM 87.9.

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The main product of the company is transmitting information through radio. The media plays
great role to the realization of development and democratization process.
The company also:
 Encourage participatory community development
 Promote active involvement of underprivileged groups such as women and young people
 Intensify the sharing of information within the community

1.1.4 Main customers

The main customers of Wollo FM 87.9 are the people who are living within the city of Dessie
and its surrounding areas.

1.1.5 Workflow in the company

In a radio station, there are basically three different parts. They are
1. Program wing
In this field of area employee work to organize and prepare things for broadcasting.
2. Administration wing:
This wing mainly provides the support needed to run the radio station.
3. Engineering Wing
In this field of area, there may not be many employees relative to program wing. Their work is
to operate on the control room and to ensure that all equipment are functioning well.

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 General Manager

Department Manager

Plane and Income

Audience Division

Radio
Engineering

News

Figure 1: overall organizational structure

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1. Objectives of the company

 Encourage freedom of speech in relation to the law of the state and other eligible politics.
 Play a supportive role in political, socio economic and democratization process.
 To increase understanding of the people concerning of good governance advantages and
democratic practices with its objective.
 To declare and give information about the principle of democracy to the people freedom.
2.2. How did we get in to the Company?
Woldia University prepared a form to find a hosting company for the internship program. After
asking different hosting companies, Wollo FM 87.9 was able to accept our acceptance paper.
The first time when we went to the station, we meet the manager Mr. Eliyas and he accepts our
acceptance paper and signed on it. Then he allows joining the Engineering dep’t, mainly the
technical work is done here.
2.3. Working sections in the Station
Wollo FM 87.9 is assigned to practice FM studio firstly and organizing current issues around the
Wollo region through video format and sending it to AMC. We were assigned only to the FM
studio since the TV work requires a lot of field work and experience. As long as we were
assigned to the audio work only for the first month of our stay we were assign to the control
room so that we can get to know all about the studio-suite and its equipment’s and by time we
get familiar with the equipment’s and how transmission works and for the rest of the months we
proceed to server, production and technician rooms and we went to Tossa mountain to look the
FM tower, we will see them in detail below.
2.3.1 Getting to know the studio
The studio-suite, that is the studio and its associated control center, is the workshop of
broadcasting. A thorough knowledge of its characteristics and facilities is essential for any radio
producer.
The studio’s wall must be soundproof in order to avoid noises and transmit a clear broadcast and
It also must have a see-through glass, which allows the DJ to see right through the control room.

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2.3.2 Basic principle of radio communication
Radio usage in the first rapid response force is a complex and displined task- however this
complexity mainly comes from the amount of communication and not the complexity of
individual tasks. At their core, radio usage is very simple. Below you will find the major
principles explained.
 Frequency
A frequency forms the base of any radio communication. Radios work- at a very basic level- by
emitting electromagnetic waves, which have different oscillation frequencies. By turning to a
frequency, the radio is able to receive and transmit on the specified frequency. Frequencies with
very similar wavelengths can interfere with each other so a good communication plan will ensure
that frequencies are not overlapping. Only one radio network can operate per frequency.
 Channels
A channel is pre-programmed channel on a radio device that allows for rapid switching to pre-
programmed networks.
 Network
A defined use of given frequency that is used by a set of call signs to communicate with one and
other for designated purpose.

Audio pre- RF-

Microphone amplifier Modulator To antenna
amplifier

Oscillator

Figure 2: basic principle of radio working

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 Figure 3: studio site

 Studio systems
The group of studios in a broadcasting center is known as the studio complex. In a simple center,
it may consist of only one studio and a control booth. In a large broadcasting center, it will have
several studios of different sizes, recording rooms, an echo chamber, a master control and
switching room, and a quality control room. The various units of the complex are interconnected
and can be joined together in a variety of combinations-more than one studio may, for instance,
be used in a single production where isolation of the different sound elements is needed. There
are two principal systems of operational control. In the continuity system all program material,
whether from another studio, from tape, or from an outside broadcast point passes through a
studio where an announcer and a technical operator are on continuous duty. In this system, the
announcer’s continuity studio has final control of all program material before it leaves the
broadcasting center for the transmitter.
 Studio Equipment
Studio equipment can be classified as source equipment example computers, microphone and
others. In addition, transmission equipment example audio processor, antenna and others we will
see one by one as follows.

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Source equipment
The source equipment in a studio may include CD players, turntables, and cassette Players or
even reel to-reel tape players. Of course, none of this equipment is required for a radio station we
only need as much of it as we want to use.
 Computers
There are a number of uses for computers in the studio, and the requirements for a computer will
depend on its intended use. If we only want a computer for internet access, we will not need a
fast processor, a giant hard drive, a fancy soundcard, or really anything beyond the bare
minimum. If we want to stream our programming over the internet, we will not need a fancy
computer, but we will need one computer dedicated for encoding and streaming whenever we are
on the air.
 Production room
Whenever there is a broadcast, everything must be recorded and this recorded file is
automatically stored on the computers that are found in production room. All the editing and
organizing of files takes place in this room.

Figure 4: production room

 Microphones
A studio should have one microphone for each DJ or host and a few for the guests. Try not to
have more than 4 microphones total in the any studio having lots of microphones active at once

9
leads to a lot of background noise. Guests can share microphones, if it is needed! Microphones
can be either directional or Omni-directional. Directional microphones only pick up sound waves
from one direction, and as a result pick up less ambient noise (equipment hum, paper-shuffling,
etc….) Omni directional microphones pick up sound from all directions, and are therefore useful
for speakers who don't have experience using microphones or will be moving a lot while talking.

Figure 5: Microphone

Microphone booms or stands

 It is important to have an arm to position each microphone at a comfortable position relative
to the speaker’s mouse.
Mixer or console
An audio mixer takes input from multiple audio sources and lets the user determine which
channels to use in the output, and at what levels. A console is generally the same thing as a
mixer, but sometimes has some additional fancy features used just for radio. A mixer or console
is essential for any station that will broadcast using multiple audio sources. A nice mixer should
have ample channels to accommodate all audio sources and easily visible level meters with
sliding controls. Another useful feature is monitor muting, which automatically mutes the studio
monitor speakers whenever a microphone channel is on. Without this, the sound from the
speakers goes back into the microphone and creates feedback, if the mixer does not include
automatic monitor muting, you can make or buy a speaker-muting device that does this
automatically, or the DJ can mute the speakers manually to avoid feedback.

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 Figure 6: Mixer

FM tuner
It is important to have an FM tuner so the technician can listen to the signal that is being sent
over the airwaves. The receiver should be tuned to the frequency at which the station is
broadcasting. The technician can switch between the on-air signal and the console signal to make
sure the station is broadcasting loud and clear.
Monitor speakers
Monitor speakers let the technician listen to what they are playing. The monitor speakers might
be internally amplified, or might require an external amp for power. The best monitor speakers
have a flat response so that the sound coming out of the speakers sounds as much as possible like
the audio going into them, but any old speakers will work in a pinch.

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 Figure 7: CD player
Headphones
There should be enough headphones for the DJs or Hosts, and as many guests as will be in the
studio. Headphones tend to wear out quickly, so durability is an important consideration if you
want to avoid replacing them frequently. It's also a good idea to keep a couple pairs in reserve. If
there are lots of headphones in the studio, you might want a Headphone amplifier to split up the
signal and allow all of the guests to set their listening level to whatever is comfortable for them.

Figure 8: Headphone & distributer

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Cough button
It is the device that used to when the journalist transmit news , immediate action is exist or
unwanted sound is exist because it is on air then the journalist push the cough button that stop the
sound that can’t reach on air.

Figure 9: Cough button

Equipment Racks
Some audio equipment can be free standing, but in many cases a studio will want to Rack mount
the equipment. There is a wide variety of free standing wood and metal racks that you can hang
Equipment, or install shelves in for equipment’s that doesn’t come with racks ears. Equipment
racks keep the equipment secure and the cables hidden out of the way, which is nice for the
aesthetics of the studio, but not necessarily important for basic functionality.
Furniture
Some companies provide pre-built studio furniture’s, and other will custom build to suit you
studio’s specific needs. However, the cost for custom-built furniture from a specialty company
can be extravagant, so we recommend contracting local carpenters if you want custom furniture.
Transmission equipment’s
 Telephone system
Most studios will have at least one telephone. If you plan to put callers on the air, you will need a
Telephone Hybrid. The hybrid feeds the signal from the phone line into the console (Mixer), and
feeds another signal back to the caller. More complex (and more expensive) caller management

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systems are also available to handle multiple calls in cue, and sometimes do audio processing
with the phone signal as well.

Figure 10: Telephone hybrid

 Audio cables and connectors

Audio cables transmit audio signals from one place to another, such as from an audio source to
the console. You will likely need an assortment of connectors to make custom cables, depending
on what equipment you use.
 On-air light and rely circuitry
An on-air light notifies others outside of the studio when the technician has microphones on in
the studio. There is usually rely circuitry outside of the console to turn the light on and off. Some
switches inside of the console usually control it. An on-air light is not essential but it will make
things easier for the technician and for any visitors to the studio.
 Distribution amplifier
A distribution amplifier split the signal from the audio console and sends it in multiple
directions. If you have many destinations for your signal-for instance, a cassette recorder, CD
recorder, steaming computer, production studio and transmitter- you might need one of this.
Then distribution amplifier is connect directly with console or mixer and directly connect with
link transmitter then the link transmitter also connected with yagie antenna.

Figure 11: Distribution amplifier

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 .Audio processor
The audio processor ensures that the amplitude of the audio signal does not exceed a certain
limit. Without a processor the signal can become over modulated, which decrease the quality of
the resulting radio signal and can cause splatter on other frequencies.
 Link Transmitter
Transmitter is an electronic device, which produces radio waves with an antenna. The transmitter
itself generates a radio frequency alternative current, which is applied to the antenna. When
excited by alternating current the antenna radiates radio waves.
The transmitter modulates the audio signal, turning it from a sound wave that our ears can hear
into a radio wave that FM receivers can detect.

Figure 12: Link transmitter

 Antenna
The antenna radiates the modulated signal. Some antennas radiate equally in all directions, while
others are focused in particular directions. Then in this company the antenna type is yagie
antenna. This antenna is parallel to the antenna found on Tossa Mountain, there is not any
blocking thing between them because it works on the principle of frequency modulation.

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 Figure 13: Yagie antenna

 Uninterrupted power supply (UPS)

The company has an automatic generator that starts automatically when there is a blackout.
However, it takes some time delay around five minutes to start.
The battery shown in the picture below is very useful when there is a blackout in the studio. It
works during those five minutes so that there will not be any disconnection during a broadcast.

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 Figure 14: Battery (UPS)
 Studio to transmitter link
The studio transmitter link (STL) carries the audio signal from the studio site to the transmitter
and antenna site. If your studio is close to your transmitter for instance, if the studio is in a
building and the transmitter and antenna are on the roof- you may be able to use a long audio
cable. If the transmitter location is further from the studio, options include microwave transmitter
systems with directional dishes, a “dry pair” (unused telephone line) provided by a phone
company, unlicensed wireless internet or streaming over the public internet.
When needed to link broadcasting from the AMC, Wollo FM 87.9 uses unused telephone line
provided by Ethio Telecom.
 Radio Base station
Wollo FM 87.9 has a base station located at the top of a mountain called Tossa. A radio base
station contains

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 Grounding and lighting protection
An antenna structure should be connected to an electrical ground. This will allow charges to
drain from the structure to ground, preventing a charge build-up. A strong path to ground also
help to reduce the damage to equipment’s if lightning strikes.

Figure 15: Lightening protection

 Antennas that relay radio messages

As stated above antenna radiates the modulated signal. Wollo FM uses a one-directional antenna
to transmit signal from the studio to the radio base station.
 Transceivers (TRX)
Transceiver is a device which can transmit and receive signals usually a transceiver contains a
both a transmitter and receiver however if the transmitter and receiver only share a common
housing and nothing else the device is called transmitter-receiver.
 Duplexers
A duplexer is an electronic device that allows bi-directional (Duplex) communication over a
single path. In radar and radio communications systems, it isolates the receiver from the
transmitter while permitting them to share a common antenna.

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 Amplifiers
An amplifier is an electronic device that can increase the power of the signal. It is a two port
electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a
signal applied to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal as its
output. RF amplifiers amplify frequencies in the radio frequency range between 20 kHz and 300
GHz. Wollo FM’s carrier frequency after amplified is 89.7 MHz
 Radio Towers
Radio towers are typically, tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunication
and broadcasting, including TV. Wollo FM 87.9 station tower is located at the radio base station
which is at the top of mountain Tossa.

Figure 16: Antenna tower

2.4 How our supervisor support our work with the responsibility we were assigned
Our supervisor introduced to the DJ’s and technicians to all employees on our first day.

19
He described briefly the equipment’s and how they work using studio B before we get in to the
main studio where we were assigned to so that we wouldn’t be totally new to the work. Around
our third week, he took the RBS and showed its equipment’s.

Figure 17: TX/Rx Controller

The above TRX receives signal transmitted by the directional antenna down at the studio,
amplify it, and transmit it using the tower.
It consists of a backup which contains batteries in case of emergency. There is also a button
which allows you to adjust the frequency.
General operation of FM station on Tossa Mountain
At the station found in dessie town the yage antenna is line of sight with the antenna found on
the mountain then it sends EMW at the mountain the receiver antenna receives. At the start the
signal is modulated by 464MHz and then demodulated by link transmitter , after this only audio
signal is present this audio signal is very weak then at the station it has 12 amplifiers then the
signal is amplified .

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These amplified audio signals are insert into the combiner, at this carrier frequency generates
87.9MHz. This generated frequency inserts into Exciter, this filter out and becomes smooth then
it goes to the antenna with 3MW power to cover wide area.
At this station, we can check the revers and forward power, the reverse power is 2W but the
forward power is 3MW. The revers power cannot be zero but it must less than 5W.

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 Figure 18: Exciter and combiner

2.5 Qualities we developed which allowed to succeed in our daily duties

From this internship, we have gained so many skills, which help us in our daily duties alongside
theoretical and technical knowledge for instance,
 Time management
After this internship, we have showed a lot of change on how we manage our time. We have
become more efficient and we take priorities appropriately to make sure things be done.
 Working in a busy team
Since Wollo FM’s Saturday afternoon schedule include a quiz broadcast where audiences call to
give answers for questions asked by the DJ’s, it’s a bit chaos in the control room. Being one of

22
the team members in the control room we have learned to manage working under pressure in a
busy team. This will help to solve difficult working environments and we also hope this
experience will help our tackle studies when exams are near.
 Communication
After this internship, our communication skill has grown and we have been more social towards
other people and we have gained confidence to ask different questions, to make discussions with
workers and to answer questions asked by our supervisor.
 Responsibility
Being an Intern means you are responsible for the job you are given so this internship helped us
to be more responsible in our daily life.
 Self-awareness
This internship has helped to know our weakness and strengths. After this internship we have
come to know that we need to work extra hard with our studies and pay attention on theoretical
and also lab sessions.
2.6 Challenges we faced and Measures taken
There are challenges throughout any real world task. When we come to my case as an internee,
we have faced many challenges, but we have tried to solve those challenges using different
methodologies. When we go to any situation we usually assume that everything will run
smoothly if we have think over it.
And that the overall experience will offer what we hoped for; in this case an opportunity to grow
both personally and professionally, you may found yourself faced with challenges that you don’t
feel able to handle. But the two important things to remember is to maintain professionalism and
always work to find that are mutually beneficial to all, which will help to solve the problems we
have faced. It is the way that you will develop self-confident, professionalism, and personal skill
for how to find the solutions for the problems when you are faced too. So, while we are doing in
our intern period, the following challenges faced more or less.
1. Some of The personnel, that we asked any question, were not voluntary to answer on the
asked time because they are busy.
2. we have been working sitting on different materials all the day

23
 3. Mostly faults are occurring outside company. So, especially experienced person in
maintenance and operation are always work in field. Sometimes we do not have chance
to work when faults are occurring. Because some sites are very far.
Counter Measurements are:
 Everything in the world may not be performed on time even the thing that is done by our
self. Even though the time were losing up, we do not give up because our aim is that to
accomplish our tasks in the internship period. Therefore, waiting them until perform
his/her tasks and more or less we get the thing that we want.
 It is not a major problems and influential. Being patience is enough.
 We tried to go with the workers to near sites where faults are occurring.

2.7 Our Strengths and areas of improvement

Our Strength
 Adaptability: we are very adaptable and we try not to complain also we make sure we
endure difficult working environments if needed.
 Time management: We give attention to every work we are given and we take priorities
responsibly
 Critical thinking: We try to analyze and evaluate a situation or issue and form a judgement.
But we lack the technician skill to implement our ideas.
 Initiative: We get exited whenever we see a device we don’t know and we ask what its use
and how it work.
 Receptiveness: we receive feedback positively and try to improve we also respect all
employees
 Being a fast learner: we understand easily and we don’t need to be told many times.

Our areas of improvement

 Lack of some skills: we realized we are a bit lacking when it comes to technical knowledge
however, we are willing to improve for the next work.
 lack of confidence: we have a lack of confidence on our skills and competence so it was a bit
hard for our to answer technical questions asked by our supervisor
 Not being able to concentrate after working continues hours.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. Benefits We Gained from the Internship

We confident to say something, to suggest our opinion for every question or idea those are
forwarded to our member; it is nothing but due to the skill that we have developed throughout
the internship program. Getting experience is a great way to build confidence. What's more, if we
have an impressive resume, we will be more confident in our chances of securing a job. After we
have done an internship, if an interviewer asks if you know how to do something, we will not say
“um (doubt), yes, we would be able to do that but can say “absolutely and supplement our
assertion with examples. For something, that takes inputs there is something in return, a benefit.
In our internship too, there were some benefits gained accordingly. The benefits we gained and
their detail explanation are listed below:
 Improving Practical skills
 Applying Theoretical Knowledge
 Interpersonal communication skills
 Team playing Skill
 Leadership skills
 Develop Work ethics skills
 Entrepreneur skills
 Time management skill
 Properly use of materials

3.1 Theoretical knowledge and practical skills

Most educational programs are focused on theoretical part. Students have to acquire a lot of
theoretical knowledge, though the gap between theory and practice may be rather broad. Even
trying to imitate the atmosphere of real working environment is helpful for improving one’s
living standards and developing one’s practical skills. Even if one’s job is difficult to related
one’s professional sphere if we have got a certain working experience we will be sure of one’s
abilities and skills. At the same time receiving practical skills might be helpful for enhancing the
effectiveness of the working process and adapting challenges. The internship program was an
excellent opportunity to gain some hands on experience in our field. We acquired many new
skills and developed many skills like:

25
  Responsibility
 Possessing a positive attitude
 Adaptability
 Honesty and integrity
 Motivation to work
 Willing to grow and learn
 Strong self-confidence
 Professionalism
 Punctuality
The academicals theoretical and practical knowledge is combined and practiced in order to
compose them together throughout the intern. An internship can be seen as the pinnacle (the
most successful point) of our aim of education and give us the chance to use the skills we have
learned in the classroom to apply on a real-world setting. It’s a chance to prove the worth of we
qualifications and to show that we can perform in the role we have been given. The internship
program upgrades both theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
 Give equal respect for each person in team
 Be reasonable when we give solution
 Good communication skill
 Fast decision making skill
 Self-confidence

3.1.1 Team playing Skill

Teamwork is also a very important interpersonal skill to have in workplace. All the company
workers collaborate with each other and share ideas with them to come to a common goal. This
skill was developed easily and rapidly. It begins when we were in campus. Some assignments
given were done in groups. This helps us to handle different characters of the persons we worked
with. The reason behind this is our work tasks did not allow communicating with colleagues
only, but also co-operated us with the persons we worked with. Even each work task was done
and completed as a team. In the work that we have been engaged, we had to communicate and
work with the Engineers, electricians and the operator moreover we communicate with all the
office organizational structure directly or indirectly. We understand that for the proper
functioning of a team, each member should have:

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  Good communication skill
 Fast decision making skill
 Self-confidence
We also deeply understand that listening, cooperating with people in our workplace,
communicating our thoughts and feelings and it also means we can come to solutions on
problems and also increase productivity of the company.
Teamwork knows we are not the only one at our workplace and that other people have ideas,
knowledge and feelings too and we all are working toward the same common outcome.
Teamwork means knowing that even though some people might be different than our, it is still,
Possible to make a common goal happen by setting those differences aside. We should be able to
express our own opinions in a thoughtful and specific manner and be able to listen to others and
share ideas to help one another. Teamwork is very important to any workplace because there
would be no workplace if we did not have teamwork and everyone working together. Everyone
has his or her own unique role, but each person’s individual role must be recognized and
appreciated. Generally, team playing skill is upgraded throughout the internship since it is a great
time to get together with our fellows as a result the way collaborating with the fellows are highly
developed. So the internship was highly important for me to develop the team playing skill.

3.1.2 Interpersonal Skills

Radio broadcasting work is a teamwork by its nature you will face different individuals with
different professions and personality come up together and communicate with each other to solve
different problems and run the whole work. Through time, we believed that good relationship
and communication skill is the key for getting the experience and knowledge required from the
internship program. We precisely improve my interpersonal communication skills in this
internship program with the employees of Wollo FM. Communication skills are expressed
through Greetings and responding to greetings, giving thanks and responding to thanks, asking
for and giving permission etc.
Greeting is the first and most important part of communication that we exchange everywhere we
meet with someone. It measures the person‘s quality within the society, his/her sociability, polite
and respectful manners. We also improve a skill how to listen others to create good relationships.
We take different measures in order to improve our communication skill. Those understood
others, creating healthful relationships, Understanding the environment etc.

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3.1.3 Leadership Skills
Leadership is one of the critical management skills. It is the ability to motivate a group of people
towards a common goal. This internship has developed our ability of getting and giving
information of each individual for good leadership skills. If we cannot communicate effectively,
then no other leadership skills will compensate for this lack. We must be able to exchange
information effectively for good leadership to occur. The important thing in leadership is to
understand the need and characteristics of the group.
At the beginning, when we went to the office, we had put in to a group where we didn’t know
anyone. It sounds a little bit scary because everyone carries with them a little bit of history. At
white stag, none of that matters. Everyone has the same advantage and opportunities to be the
best person they can be. There is no preconception or limitation on what we can accomplish. So,
we should to learn about everyone else’s need, their character, what make them ‘’tick’’, what
excites them, what motivates them, what they need to succeed and how to support and grow the
group.
Finally, we improved our leadership skill which means knowing and understanding group
resources, controlling the group, counseling, setting examples, planning, evaluation, sharing
leadership. Specially controlling is the most often an overt behavior of leadership. There is also
specific action that we usually took to exert influence over the team. We will display the people
in our patrol in a manner to promote a control, breaking up destructive idea, to encourage greater
participation.

3.1.4 Time management skill

Radio broadcasting work is very interesting work, which ask proper time management because
program is divided in hour, minute and seconds then every person who works in this company
must be punctual. From this, we learn how we can manage time to do our work properly.
3.1 properly use of materials
Any device which are used in radio, TV, and in telecom broadcasting the material must be
secured. Then in Dessie FM the technician keeps the material in proper place, there is some rules
in the company. These are
 every person should not connect his/her cell phone to the computer
 everyone cannot use removable disk (flash)

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  No internet connection use, only local area network which are connected to the server
are used which exchange data in the company only
These the above rules are protect the device from virus. Then from this, we have learned how we
use these type of materials properly.

29
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. PROJECT WORK
What we consider a major problem with the company we have been working with so far is
bankrupt. So we designed this problem in a project way. The following are some of the
highlights of from the company we have been working with so far as a problem. These are
 There is no any fire protection in the company
 The company uses analog mixer instead of digital mixer
 The FM technical cannot easily control the station on the mount unless the guard tells
him to do so because the station on mount has no direct contact with the technical.
We have select the second one because it is very important for FM broadcasting when to increase
the sound quality.
PROJECT
Digital mixer for FM broadcasting with wireless microphone
Abstract: - Examination of the quality of service (Qos) at the end-user level of multimedia
broadcasting system is necessary in order to retain the overall performance and the user’s
satisfaction level from the provided service, by revealing the possible weakness of the systems
specifications. Accordingly we examine digital audio broadcasting (DAB) systems
characteristics at the service level, with a view to propose some extension to the DAB system
and to examine Qos specifications of the sound and digital and analog audio mixer with its
capacity to reduce noise during broadcasting.
Modern recording systems are clean and quiet, so electronic noise in the recording chain is rarely
a problem Masking requires the wanted sound to be louder than the noise in the same frequency
range, especially in the 500Hz to 5 kHz region to which human hearing is most sensitive.
Introduction
A digital mixer means you are dealing with digital audio. Similar to digital recording, a digital
mixer takes the live audio received from microphones and converts it to a digital signal, resulting
in a cleaner sound. The process of this also begins in the same way and the signal is completely
changed than the analog interface system. In addition, it is in an essential language, which is
known as the binary. There is an unavoidable amount of latency involved when it comes to

30
digital audio mixers. Moreover, this delay is caused because of the conversion time required
from digital to analog and this can be measured in about mille seconds.
Now many people might be confused as to which one to choose we must remember that digital
consoles are expensive, difficult to understand and causes delay, while the analog ones are user
friendly and work with absolute light speed though they will always be emitting a different
electronic sound in the background.[1]
Analog audio mixer is a very simple microphone wired, whenever someone uses the microphone
they speak into it, the voice travels through the wire, it turns into electrical signal, and this called
as analog signal. Then this electrical signal is travelled through the wire and is thrown into the
input jacket on the mixing console.
These mixers take the electrical signals into the original form and convert the sound using an
equalizer or even compressor. The best part of this is that this all takes place at the speed of light
and it has no delay between the two the microphone and the speakers.
Whether it’s analog or digital, modest or massive, every live sound mixer has a specific job to
do, which is to take signal from multiple sources, combine them, and send the results to one or
more destinations. The way each mixer accomplishes this goal may vary, and the layouts and
capabilities differ greatly from mixer to mixer. So while the similarities may outweigh the
differences, it’s important to consider the characteristics you can expect from analog and digital
mixers and how they’ll matter for specific applications. [2]
Analog Mixers
Analog live sound mixers hold up perfectly for modest and even large-scale sound reinforcement
applications, but their limitations become apparent when it comes to touring rigs and technically
demanding shows. While the signal flow in an analog mixer is simple, it’s also relatively
inflexible, which often requires the addition of switching systems or patch bays. Likewise, the
limited or nonexistent onboard signal processing can mean supplementing your mixer with a
rack full of outboard compressors, effects, and graphic EQs. Along with the bulky nature of
analog boards, this outboard gear can make touring with an analog rig inconvenient. Lastly,
analog mixers are more susceptible to environmental factors, such as dusty faders, dirty pots, and
bad power that can introduce noise into your sound.[3]

31
 Figure 4.1: analog mixer
Digital mixers
Compared with analog mixers, digital live sound mixing consoles are extremely flexible and
incredibly compact. By substituting digital signal processing chips in place of costly and bulky
analog circuitry, digital mixers can provide you with sophisticated channel equalizers and in-line
dynamics, as well as effects and output processing such as graphic EQs. In addition to being
generally less noisy than analog mixing technology, digital audio mixing often provides you with
advanced routing options and grouping assignments. Since inputs aren’t physically linked to
individual channels, you can control a large number of input channels via a handful of faders by
arranging them in fader layers.

Figure 4.2: digital mixer

32
4.1 Statement of problem
The disadvantage of analogue audio mixers are:-
 Wiring system is very complex
 Noises are common even perfect analogue mixers have magnetic noise
The main problems of the company is using analogue audio mixer instead of digital audio mixer
for radio broadcasting.

4.2 Objectives of the Project

4. 4.1 General objectives

The main objective of this project is to know about digital and analog audio mixers and to
identify which mixer is best for FM broadcasting.

4.4.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this project are:
 To reduce wire complexity
 To increase quality of service
 To minimize noise during broadcasting

33
4.2 Literature Review
The evolution of the broadcast mixing console continues. Much is written about digital consoles
and IP-based systems; but analog consoles are still manufactured and sold.
Back when Yamaha products such as the DX7 synthesizer and SPX90 multi-effect unit were at
the peak of their popularity, Yamaha was busy developing and manufacturing a DSP LSI that
was originally intended for use in Electrons, but which also showed promise for digital mixing
applications. That LSI provided the basis for Yamaha’s first digital mixer, the DMP7. [3]
In the more than 40 years that have passed since Yamaha's first professional live sound console
was released, the PM series has been responsible for a number of important milestones in the
history of sound reinforcement. Many of those innovations have become standard tools that
professionals depend on to this day. A new generation of PM consoles, the RIVAGE PM10 is
here. In terms of sound quality, operation, functionality, reliability, expandability, and more, the
RIVAGE PM10 is a thoroughly refined flagship that defines the direction for future generations.
It is a worthy heir to the PM name that brings true innovation to the evolving live sound scene.

TF-RACK offers all-in-one mixing and processing capability for small to medium scale live
sound, corporate speech events, installations and much more. It packs intuitive user interface,
natural control flow, digital effects/processing units and many shortcuts to great sound into a
compact, portable rack-style unit. This space-saving model is accessible to a wide range of users,
from beginners to seasoned engineers. The TF-RACK is an unbeatable choice when smooth,
intuitive setup and operation is required in limited spaces.
RIVAGE PM7
The PM series has provided fertile ground from which numerous sound reinforcement milestones
have grown ever since. Many of those innovations have become benchmarks that professionals
depend on to this day. The RIVAGE PM7, which is located directly below the new generation
flagship RIVAGE PM10, has already become standards in large-scale live sound applications
because of their unequalled sound, operation, functionality, reliability, expandability, and more.
The Yamaha “PM brand” continues to bring true innovation to the developing live sound scene.

The Yamaha RIVAGE PM series is highly regarded for its outstanding sonic quality and flexible
control, and RIVAGE PM5 and PM3 system gives sound engineers greater choice and flexibility
to deliver optimum sound in a wider range of applications. All RIVAGE PM Systems use the

34
same DSP engines, the same I/O racks, and the same firmware. That means whichever control
surface is used, sound, features, and basic operation remain consistent. The system’s Dual
Console function makes it possible to use a second control surface as a sidecar. Any control
surface can be used for FOH one day, as a monitor console the next, and then as a sidecar as the
need arises. All models feature the same basic fader configuration with up to three bays of 12
faders, so that the same fader layout can be maintained when using different control surfaces on
different days of a tour, for example.

The typical features on the Broadcast Consoles are:

 All Balanced inputs and outputs
 N channel inputs
 1 or more Telephone Hybrids integrated inputs telephone opto-coupled
 Good quality Sliders
 Mono inputs for Microphone
 N Digital input
 Two or three band or equalizer tone control on all input channels
 Meeting function on telephone hybrid
 N Independent Balanced Analog Stereo Outputs
 N Independent Digital Outputs
 Control Room and Studio functions with monitor mode selector & with mute logic
 Internal USB Audio Board for extra versatility connection
 Output input-coupled command
 Remote fader function
 Bluetooth Inputs
We proposed digital mixers are more preferable than analog mixers based on its capacity of filter
out and noise reduction by relating our theoretical knowledge and digital mixers are very
important for audio quality and security .we were proposed digital mixers are more preferable
than analog mixer in Dessie FM 87.9 due to its lower wiring system.

35
4. 4 Scope of the project
The scope of this project is to use digital audio mixer instead of analog audio mixer based on the
criteria wire complexity, noise reduction, amplifier capacity, and sound quality.

4.4 .1 Material needed

 Digital mixer
 Wireless microphone
 Distributed amplifier

4.4 Methodology
 Identify the problems
 Collection of data
 Selection of Material
 Introduce to the company
This project requires a lot of procedures from getting information on how each part functions,
constructing the circuit and combining the software requires audio equalizer, limiter and noise
reduction and making signals smooth but we cannot use any simulation because we have already
introduce to the company about digital mixers that are already designed.

Identify the problems

Collection of data

Selection of Material

Introduce to the company

Figure 4.3: flow chart

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 4.5 Compare analog digital mixer
Analog and digital mixers have particular differences in their prices, quality of sound they
produce and even the design. Here are some of the differences between them; [3]

The price
In general, an analogue mixer is less expensive than a digital sound desk. This is because their
compatibility with a wide range of additional sound systems. Analog consoles are also less
expensive to purchase than digital soundboards. Digital soundboards, on the other hand, are more
expensive to purchase than analogue mixers. This is due to the fact that the bulk of the analogue
systems have been written off and replaced with more sophisticated ones.
Flexibility
Because you can pre-program and recall settings whenever you need them, a digital console is
extremely versatile. This is a feature that is not available on analogue mixing desks. It improves
the efficiency of digital mixing consoles, particularly in situations where different sounds are
required for different scenes. It is also useful for correcting mistakes. Because of their
functionality, expensive outboard gear is probably less necessary as well. Analog soundboards,
by comparison, lack this feature and, as a result, require more attention when operating.
Ease of operation
When compared to digital mixers, analogue desks are more user-friendly. This is due to the
similarity in the layout of analogue mixers. Because the console layout tends to follow signal
flow, if you become proficient with one of the analogue mixers, you will be able to operate the
majority of other analogue desks with ease. Digital desks, by comparison, come in a wide variety
of designs. However, by learning how to use one mixing console, you cannot necessarily expect
to understand the capabilities of all of all of them.
Noise
In comparison to analogue mixers, digital consoles are more resistant to environmental noise.
Even at greater distances, digital transmission is not susceptible to noise. An analogue console,
on the other hand, lacks the digital transmission feature and is thus very susceptible to noise.
Analog mixers can be noisy, especially in larger spaces, but a good quality desk will have a low
noise floor.
Wire complexity

37
In the company, the wiring system is very complex because the company uses analog audio
mixer .this wiring is very difficult to repair during the system is damaged and to reduce this
wiring complexity the company should be use digital audio mixer.

Figure 4.4: wiring

The implementation of digital mixer is done in order to remove the noise signal from the original
signal in the sound file. Therefore, after removing the unwanted frequencies of the original signal
and work convolution between the frequencies, so we get the sound file without noise. The
project is successfully done and whole noise signals were removed. Therefore, we can hear the
sound file in an obvious way without any noise

Future work
If we had enough time we were proposed general operation and how to design the digital mixer,
then process to reduce noise, making signals smooth such process are implemented by using
matlab software but at this time we cannot do the simulation because we haven’t any time to do
the simulation.
If we had time, we would have presented the project in the form of simulation and practical
proposal to the company. We want to work with the organization to make this project a reality in
the future.

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4.6 Project summary
In this company the big problems is the digital or analogue communication which is noise
signals or unwanted signals. Noise signals in sound files are considered in the company. The
digital mixer algorithm was done successfully, and the whole noise signals were removed
without any negative result in the output sound signal. An adaptive filter whose coefficients are
dynamically changing is suggested to use and designed beside the FIR filter in order to get better
results with a short time so the adaptive filters will cancel noise in corrupted signals.
 The major drawback to analog audio mixer technology is that it has a significantly higher
noise floor compared to digital technology.
Even the most high-quality analog tape contains magnetic noise. This is the cause of high hiss in
analogue recordings.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
To conclude, being an intern in wollo FM fit almost all our carrier goals, of course the working
environment is good and friendly, the work itself enjoyable but we are afraid it is a bit lacking
related to enhancing our technical skills. Having interest in what we do, working in a suitable
environment and working in a company that can give us arising opportunity on our knowledge
and technical skill are some of our career goals.
As it is known, the main goal of internship program is to integrate the theoretically acquired
concepts with a tangible practical demonstration. As such, Communication students are more
effective in achieving the indeed learning competency as they have had many lab sessions for
their courses. Therefore, the internship program must be continuing since it has pivoted role in
giving full-fledged skill besides enabling students to be self-confident. Generally speaking,
during the internship program a lot of knowledge and skills have been gained. This program
helps students to develop practical knowledge that can be applied in the real world, how to solve
the problems related to any professional areas, how to meet challenges. That probably encounters
the intern in the future. Moreover, as it is explained above, the internship program has its own
advantage on work ethics and other crosscutting issues.

5.2 Recommendation
Actually Dessie FM has a very welcoming and good working environment for interns even
though it lacks on designing new projects and researches that help interns to improve their
technical skills. It also plays a critical role to contribute for the community.
This internship is very use full in both giving us interns both technical and theoretical skills. It
also improves students’ work ethics, punctuality, communication skill and many more. In
addition to this we recommended that the company should be use digital mixer instead of
analogue mixer, the technical must be direct communicate with the system found on tossa
mountain and the organization must use fire protection.
To the organization:
 Facilitation: the company should have comfortable rooms for interns to do their work.
 Opportunity: the company should give more students to intern in their organization.

40
  The company should have its own library so that interns get the opportunity to refer
things regarding their field of study.
 Technicians do not have manuals or modules. The company has to prepare enough
manuals and put the copy of the manual in the library, so that interns can use them
whenever necessary.
To the university:
 Supervision: the university should keep constantly monitoring the interns so that they are
encouraged and perform their duty attentively not only on intern time practical work must
be available for students.

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REFERENCE
[1][ CITATION www \l 1033 ]
[2][ CITATION Sam \l 1033 ]
[3][ CITATION htt1 \l 1033 ]
[4][ CITATION htt2 \l 1033 ]
[5][ CITATION htt3 \l 1033 ]
[6][ CITATION enm \l 1033 ]
[7][ CITATION www1 \l 1033 ]

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