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THERMODYNAMICS II
LAB MANUALS

UET

SUBMITTED BY:
Group Members:
NAME: Registration No:
M GHULAM MUHAYY UD DIN 2019-ME-307
MUHAMMAD HAROON 2019-ME-343
AASHIR ARBAZ QURESHI 2019-ME-344
MUHAMMAD SHOAIB 2019-ME-345

SUBMITED TO:
MUHAMMAD ALI SHAHBAZ

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE (CITY CAMPUS)
Preface
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In most of the engineering institutions, the laboratory course forms an integral form of the
basic course in Thermodynamics II at undergraduate level. The experiments to be
performed in a laboratory should ideally be designed in such a way as to reinforce the
understanding of the basic principles as well as help the students to visualize the various
phenomenon encountered in different applications.
The objective of this manual is to familiarize the students with practical skills,
measurement techniques and interpretation of results. It is intended to make this manual
self-contained in all respects, so that it can be used as a laboratory manual. In all the
experiments, the relevant theory and general guidelines for the procedure to be followed
have been given. Tabular sheets for entering the observations have also been provided in
each experiment while graph sheets have been included wherever necessary.
It is suggested that the students should complete the computations, is the laboratory itself.
However, the students are advised to refer to the relevant text before interpreting the
results and writing a permanent discussion. The questions provided at the end of each
experiment will reinforce the students understanding of the subject and also help them to
prepare for viva-voce exams.
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General Instructions to Students

 The purpose of this laboratory is to reinforce and enhance your understanding of the
fundamentals of Fluid mechanics and Hydraulic machines. The experiments here are
designed to demonstrate the applications of the basic fluid mechanics principles and to
provide a more intuitive and physical understanding of the theory. The main objective
is to introduce a variety of classical experimental and diagnostic techniques, and the
principles behind these techniques. This laboratory exercise also provides practice in
making engineering judgments, estimates and assessing the reliability of your
measurements, skills which are very important in all engineering disciplines.
 Read the lab manual and any background material needed before you come to the lab.
You must be prepared for your experiments before coming to the lab. In many cases
you may have to go back to your fluid mechanics textbooks to review the principles
dealt with in the experiment.
 Actively participate in class and don’t hesitate to ask questions. Utilize the teaching
assistants. You should be well prepared before coming to the laboratory, unannounced
questions may be asked at any time during the lab.
 Carelessness in personal conduct or in handling equipment may result in serious injury
to the individual or the equipment. Do not run near moving machinery. Always be on
the alert for strange sounds. Guard against entangling clothes in moving parts of
machinery.
 Students must follow the proper dress code inside the laboratory. To protect clothing
from dirt, wear a lab apron. Long hair should be tied back.
 Calculator, graph sheets and drawing accessories are mandatory.
 In performing the experiments, proceed carefully to minimize any water spills,
especially on the electric circuits and wire.
 Make your workplace clean before leaving the laboratory. Maintain silence, order and
discipline inside the lab.
 Cell phones are not allowed inside the laboratory.
 Any injury no matter how small must be reported to the instructor immediately.
 Wish you a nice experience in this lab
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Table of contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................3
General Instructions to Students................................................................................................4
List of Experiments..................................................................................................................10
List of Figure...........................................................................................................................11
List of Tables...........................................................................................................................12
1 LAB SESSION 1..................................................................................................................14
1.1 Learning Objective.........................................................................................................14
1.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................14
1.3 Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor......................................................................14
1.4 Related Theory...............................................................................................................14
1.5 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................16
1.6 Observation and Calculation..........................................................................................17
1.7 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................18
1.8 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................18
1.9 Graph..............................................................................................................................19
1.10 Conclusion:..................................................................................................................19
2 LAB SESSION 2..................................................................................................................20
2.1 Learning Objective:........................................................................................................20
2.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................20
2.3 Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor......................................................................20
2.4 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................20
2.5 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................20
2.6 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................21
2.7 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................22
2.8 Graphs............................................................................................................................22
2.9 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................22
3 Lab Session 3........................................................................................................................23
3.1 Learning Objective:........................................................................................................23
3.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................23
3.3 Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor......................................................................23
3.4 Related Theory...............................................................................................................23
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3.5 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................23

3.6 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................24
3.7 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................24
3.8 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................25
3.9 Graph..............................................................................................................................25
3.10 Conclusion...................................................................................................................27
4 Lab Session 4........................................................................................................................28
4.1 Learning Objective:........................................................................................................28
4.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................28
4.3 Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor......................................................................28
4.4 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................28
4.5 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................28
4.6 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................30
4.7 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................31
4.8 Graph..............................................................................................................................31
4.9 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................31
5 Lab Session 5........................................................................................................................32
5.1 Objective........................................................................................................................32
5.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................32
5.3 Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor......................................................................32
5.4 Theory............................................................................................................................32
5.5 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................32
5.6 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................33
5.7 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................33
Table 5.2: Results.................................................................................................................35
5.8 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................35
5.9 Graphs............................................................................................................................35
5.10 Conclusion...................................................................................................................35
6 Lab Session 6........................................................................................................................37
6.1 Objective........................................................................................................................37
6.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................37
6.3 Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor......................................................................37
6.4 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................37
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6.5 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................37

6.6 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................38
6.7 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................40
6.8 Graphs............................................................................................................................40
6.9 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................40
7 Lab Session 7........................................................................................................................41
7.1 Objective........................................................................................................................41
7.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................41
7.3 Main Parts of Impulse Turbine......................................................................................41
7.4 Theory............................................................................................................................41
7.5 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................42
7.6 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................42
7.7 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................43
7.8 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................43
7.9 Graphs............................................................................................................................43
7.10 Conclusion...................................................................................................................43
8 Lab Session 8........................................................................................................................45
8.1 Objective........................................................................................................................45
8.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................45
8.3 Main Parts of Impulse Turbine......................................................................................45
8.4 Experimental Procedure.................................................................................................45
8.5 Observations & Calculations.........................................................................................45
8.6 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................46
8.7Statistical Analysis..........................................................................................................46
8.8 Graphs............................................................................................................................46
8.9 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................47
9 Lab Session 9........................................................................................................................48
9.1 Objective........................................................................................................................48
9.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................48
9.3 Main Parts of Reaction Turbine.....................................................................................48
9.3 Theory............................................................................................................................48
9.4 Observations and Calculations.......................................................................................49
9.5 Specimen Calculations...................................................................................................49
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9.6 Statistical Analysis.........................................................................................................50

9.7 Graphs............................................................................................................................50
9.8 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................50
10 Lab Session 10....................................................................................................................51
10.1 Objective......................................................................................................................51
10.2 Apparatus.....................................................................................................................51
10.3Main Parts of Reaction Turbine....................................................................................51
10.4 Experimental Procedure...............................................................................................51
10.5 Observations & Calculations.......................................................................................51
10.6 Specimen Calculations.................................................................................................52
10.7 Statistical Analysis.......................................................................................................52
10.8 Graphs..........................................................................................................................52
10.9 Conclusion...................................................................................................................53
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List of Experiments

Experiment No. Description

To investigate the variation of air flow rate with compressor ratio
Experiment No. 1 (without intercooling)

To investigate the variation of air flow rate with compressor ratio

Experiment No. 2 (with intercooling)

To investigate the variation in the volumetric efficiency with

Experiment No. 3 compressor ratio (without intercooling)

To investigate the variation in the volumetric efficiency with

Experiment No. 4 compressor ratio (with intercooling)

To investigate the variation of isothermal efficiency with compressor

Experiment No. 5 ratio (without intercooler)

To investigate the variation of isothermal efficiency with compressor

Experiment No. 6 ratio (with intercooler)

To investigate the torque and power characteristics of a single stage

Experiment No. 7 impulse turbine

To determine the isentropic efficiency of a single stage impulse

Experiment No. 8 turbine

To investigate the torque and power characteristics of a reaction

Experiment No. 9 turbine

To determine the isentropic efficiency of a reaction turbine

Experiment No. 10

Determination of all end state properties of air and water from tables
Experiment No. 11 or charts and the application of the steady flow equation to selected
systems to draw up energy and mass balances.
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Table of Figure:
Figure 1 (Compressor)..............................................................................................................11
Figure 2 (Block Diagram).........................................................................................................12
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Lab Session No. 3

To investigate the variation in the volumetric efficiency with compressor ratio (without
intercooling)

3.1: Learning Objective:

At the end of this study, student will be able to
 Explain the relationship of volumetric efficiency with compressor ratio.

3.2: Apparatus:
Two stage reciprocating compressors

3.3: Main Parts of Reciprocating Compressor:

1. 1st stage compressor
2. 2nd stage compressor
3. Intercooler
4. Pressure gauges
5. Water purge valve
6. Rota-meter

3.4: Related Theory:

Air Compressor:
A machine suck low pressure, low temperature air from atmosphere and compresses it to high
pressure and high temperature by reciprocating motion of compressor is called a compressor.

Figure 1 (Compressor)
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Working Principle:
Work must be done upon the gas by an external agency. An air compressor takes in air at
atmospheric pressure, compresses it at the cost of the work supplied, and delivers the high-
pressure air to a storage vessel called receiver from which it may be conveyed by the pipe line
to a place where the supply of compressed air is required.

Types of compressors:

Figure 2( Block Diagram)

Volumetric Efficiency:
Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the actual volume of gas drawn into the cylinder to the
piston displacement. The volumetric efficiency directly affects the capacity because the
capacity depends directly on the cylinder’s piston displacement.

3.5: Experimental Procedure:

Procedure starts by entering fresh air from any source at the inlet of first compressor and
conditions like temperature pressure are noted at that condition compressor increase the
pressure of air, after this output of this air is used as input of second compressor second
compressor increases pressure mire to a higher value than first one. Note temperature and
pressure readings at this condition.

3.6: Observations and Calculations:

Compressor swept volume per revolution = 0.3544×10-3
1
X av= (x 1 + x2 + x 3 )
n

1
Sx=
√ 2 2 2
[ ( x − X av ) + ( x2 −X av ) + ( x 3−X av ) ]
n−1 1

Table 3.1: Calculation of compressor ratio without intercooling

No. Inlet Air Air Air 1st stag 2nd stage Manometri Compressor Compressor
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of Temperature exit inlet exists pressure pressure c height Speed Current

obs 1st of 2nd of 2nd P1 P2
T1 H Nc
. stage stage stage 2 2
kNm- kNm-
o
C T2 rpm
T3 T4
o
C o o
C C
1. 14.9 66 23.5 24.9 240 100 96 1350 7
2. 15.4 91 37.5 36.8 280 200 95 1350 7.1
3. 15.8 103.4 51 50.7 300 300 95 1320 7.15
4. 16.2 113.1 63.4 66 300 400 94 1290 7.17
5. 16.7 115.2 71.5 77.2 300 500 94 1050 7.19

3.7: Specimen Calculations:

T1 = 15.8 0C,
T2 = 103.4 0C,
T3 = 51 0C,
T4 = 50.7 0C
1st stage pressure = P1 = 300 kNm-2
2nd stage pressure = P2 = 300 kNm-2
Manometric height=h= 95 m
Air flow measurement= qv = 4.71384×10-5√ h ×(T 1+273) = 7.80792 ×10−3 m3/s
Where;
 qv = air flow volume
 h= orifice plate manometer pressure mmWg
Inlet abs =Pia = Pi + Patm = 0 + 101.325 = 101.325 KNm-2
1st stage abs= P1a = P1 + Patm = 300 + 101.325 = 401.325 KNm-2
2nd stage abs = P2a =P2 + Patm= 300 + 101.325 = 401.325 KNm-2
P 1 a 401.325
1st stage pressure ratio = = = 3.9608
Pia 101.325
P 2 a 401.325
2nd stage pressure ratio = = =1
P 1 a 401.325
P 2 a 401.325
Overall pressure ratio = = = 3.9608
Pia 101.325
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Va= (compressor swept volume per revolution × Nc) / 60 = 7.974×10-3 m3/ second
qv
ηv= × 100 = 98.2 %
va

Table 3.2: Results

Sr.# qv Va ηv Overall P/R
01 7.8366 ×10−3 7.974×10-3 98.2% 1.9869
02 7.8025 ×10−3 7.974×10-3 97.8% 2.9738
03 7.8079 ×10−3 7.79×10-3 100.2% 3.9608

04 7.7721× 10−3 7.619×10-3 102% 4.9477

05 7.7788 ×10−3 6.202×10-3 125.2% 5.9346

3.8: Statistical Analysis:

1
X av= (x 1 + x2 + x 3 )
n

X av=7.7796 × 10−3

1
Sx=
√ n−1
2 2 2
[ ( x 1− X av ) + ( x2 −X av ) + ( x 3−X av ) ]

Standard Derivation: S x =¿

3.9: Graph:
Graph between overall pressure ratio and volumetric efficiency.

125

120

115
ηv

110

105

100

95
2 4 6
Overall P/R

3.10: Conclusion:
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The effect of increase in rpm, offsets the effect of decrease in volumetric efficiency on mass

flow rate. And increase in volumetric efficiency cause increase in overall pressure ratio.