0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views8 pagesAvesta - Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Seawater
Publication - Painting, Coating & Corrosion Protection
Uploaded by
zinha_alCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views8 pagesAvesta - Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Seawater
Publication - Painting, Coating & Corrosion Protection
Uploaded by
zinha_alCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 8
All rights reserved. Comments and correspondence can be
directed to Sten von Matérn, Technical Ecitor, Aveste AB,
S-77401 Avesta, Sweden. Tel. +48 (0)226-818 00.
Telex 40976 AVESTA §, teleiax +46 (0)226-54507.
NO 1-1988
acom
AVESTA CORROSION MANAGEMEN'
The crevice corrosion of stainless steels in chloride
containing environments, including seawater, cen limi
their use, This paper investigates the seawater crevice
corrosion resistance of a series of commercially
available stainless steels, together with a series of high
purity experimental alloys of the AISI 316 type and the
20% chromium, 6% molybdenum type, using both
exposure and accelerated test techniques.
Tho experimental materials were producedwith «range
of nickel contents, 10% to 30% for the AISI 316 type of
material and 20% ‘to 40% for the 20% chromium. 6%
molybdenum alloys. The commercial alloys comprised
five austenitic materials, two superferritic and one
duplex stainless steal.
Rosults show the strong influence of surface roughness
and pretreatment on resistance to crevice corrosion
initiation, a pickled, rough suriace being better than
sither a ground or highly polished surface. In general,
resistance to initiation of attack improves as the
temperature decreases trom TOC to 5*C, the range
covered in this work,
Crevice Corrosion
of Stainless Steels
in Seawater
by JWOutiela,
Consultant to the Nickel Development Institute, Cortest Laboratories Ltd, Sheffield, $3 7BA, U.K.
Nickel is shown to be extremely beneticial in improving
resistance to corrosion propagation in the AlSI316 type
‘of alloys. In the 20% chromium, 6% molybdenum.
experimental alloys, nickel above 20% did not
Ssgrificantiy affect corrosion rates, the rates being low
‘over the range of nickel studied. The low levels of nickel
in the commercial superferritic alloys resulted in
relatively high corrosion rates for these materials.
Incroasing temperature results in increased corrosion
rates for both sets of experimental alloys, and those
‘commercial alloys that corroded.
Of the eight commercial alloys tested, thres materials,
id not corrode in any of the exposure tests carried out;
these were two 6% and one 4.5% molybdenum.
austenitic stainless stocls.
Pavasia Introduction
Stainless steels rely ona thin protective passive film on
their surface to prevent corrosion; this fim is a function
of the specific alloy, being more resistant to corrosion
for the higher alloyed materials.
Under many circumstances, particularly in chloride
containing environments such 2s seawater, this passive
film can breakdown resulting in ‘localised corrosion’ (1).
Of the various types of locelised corrosion which can
occur crevice corrosion is perhaps the most
troublesome since itis affected by so many factors in
addition to the alloy itself (2). For example the crevice
geometry can detetmine whether or not corrosion will
‘occur for a given alloy in a given environment (8).
This work investigates the crevice corrosion resistance
of a series of commercial stainless steels in seawater
and compares their resistance to that of a series of
experimental stainless steels with particular emphasis
on nicke’ content. The compositions of these alloys are
given in Tables 1 and 2
In studying crevice cortosionitis necessary to separate
corrosion initiation from corrosion propagation. In this
work exposure testing has beencarried out; times tothe
onset of corrosion have been usedtoassess resistance
to initiation of attack while depth of attack mee-
‘surements have been used to assess resistance to pro
pagation. In additon an accelerated test technique
based on a mathematical model of crevice corrosion
has been usedtoassess resistance to initiation ofattack
@.
The eim of the work has been to study the effect of
temperature endalloy composition on the resistance to
both initiation and propagation of crevice corrosion in
seawater. In the course of the workimportant offocts of
surfaco roughness and pretreatment came to light
Experimental
Materials
Eight commercial alloys and ten experimental alloys
were tested in this work. The commercial alloys, all in
plate form, comprised five austenitic materials, one
duplex and two ferttic, their compositions are civen in
Table 1.
Table 1: Composition of commercial materials (balance Fe)
‘Table 2: Composition of experimental materials
(balance Fe)
Aloy ct Gg Ni Mo
Eat 005 ~~«168~=~«TOSC«CT
2 006 689180248.
3 O05 72 20 252
4 00517280
5 00s 17298.
For oo ~«8@~«COASSC DM
2 005 199250.
3 oz = 199 OT.
4 003 «198 5024
6 0s 0.
The experimental alloys consisied of five hich purity
versions of commercial alloy A (ie. AISI 316) but with
rickel contents of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% and five
versions of commercial alloy C (Le. a 6% Mo stainless
steel) but with nickel contents of 20, 25, 30, 35 anc 40%.
The alloy compositions are given in Table 2.
‘The experimental alloys were produced by vacuum
melting 8kg ingots of high purity material After casting,
the ingots were cropped and, if necessary, machined to
remove defects. They were then homogenizedin an air
furnace and hot rolled down to 3-5 mm. Finally, the
material was annealed and water quenched.
Exposure tests
Exposure tests were carried out in synthetic seawater
solution made up to DEF 1053/BS 3900/BS 2001 atthree
temperatures, 5°C, 70°C and ambient temperature with
a lower limit of 20°C.
Alayout of the components of the crevice corrosion test,
‘essemblyis shown in Figure 1. This consists of atitanium
nut, bolt end washors and two 'Perspox’ crevice formers.
vith 5 mm annuli. An assembly ready for testis shown in.
Figure 2. inall tests carried out inthis workthe assembly
vas torqued to 10 Nm.
‘The materials to be tested were cut to approximately
100x70 mm with ¢ 16mm hole being drilled through the
centre. All the commercial alloys, with tho exception of
alloy H, wore tested with the as received surface finish
Alloy H was ground to an Ra value of 0.8 ym.
Roy Stricture ic or Ni No cu N
x austenitic 038 167 108 268 3 03
B i ov 204 25.1 437 146 07
c 5 20. 205 oar 630 : 04
D : 015 201 182 609 or 21
& i (020 219 455 083 131
FE duplex 040 246 eit 310 196 -
s teri 24, 290 58 a7 03
H 3 10 276 376 222 - 02
* Contains 212% Cb + Ta
COM No. 1-38 Figure t
Components of the crevice corosion assembly used for
exposure testing
Figure 2
A crevice corrosion assembly ready for testing
Allthe experimental alloys were ground to an Ra value of
0.8 1m over an aroawhore the crevice would be formed.
This can be saen in Figure 1
Table 3: Exposure test programme.
Temperature [Test Duration [Commercial Experimental
(cays) alloys alloys
‘Ambient Ey x x
18 x -
0c 2 x x
eC 2 x x
“This test was canfiod oul in both the picked and as received
conaiton,
Table 3 summarizes the exposure test programme. In all
cases duplicate samples were thoroughly degreased
prior to testing. The effect of surface pretreatment was
‘examined by testing the commercial alloys in the
pickled, as well as the as received condition. The
pickling procedure used was 5-10 minutes at 20-40°C
in 4-B% hydrofluoric acid and 15% nitric acid,
Accelerated tests
To complement the exposure testing, accelerated
testing for resistance to crevice corrosion
carredout using an olectrochemicaltechnique coupled
with a mathematical model of crevice corrosion (4).
Using this technique a series of anodic polarisation
curves ate obtained for each alloy in increasingly
aggressive solutions, namely lower pH and higher
Chloride level. From. these curves a critical crevice
solution (CCS) is determined; this is the solution at
which the anodic active current peak reaches a value of
10 uA/on®. The significance of the CCS is that it is
aggressive enough to break down the protective
passive film on the alloy in question and thereby cause
localized corrosion, The CCS value is thenused as input
to a mathematical model of crevice corrosion which
simulates the crevice corrosion process and provides
an alloy ranking.
Experimental details of the method and the
mathematical model are given olsewhare (2, 5)
Results
Exposure tests
‘The results of the exposure tests programme carried
‘out on the commercial alloys are summarized in Tables
4and 5 (page 4), Table 4 showsthat of the fveaustenitic
materials tested alloys B, Dand E did not corrode in any
of the tests. Alloys A and C corroded in all the tesis
‘except at §C, however the calculated maximum
corrosion rates for alloy C weremuchlowerthan foralloy
A
The results obteined on the experimental alloys EA and
EC ate summarized in Tables 6 and 7 (page 4). Al five
versions cf aloy EA corroded at all tee temperatures
used for the testing. The number of sides attacked and
‘the mirimum time to breakdown eppear independent of
the nickel content of the alloy. The maximum depth of
attack and corrosion rata on the other hand decrease
‘significantly as the level of nickel in the alloy isincreased
and as the temperature is decreased.
‘The results on the five versions ofalloy ECdo not lead to
Straightforward Interpretation. The number of sides
attacked appears independent ofnickel contentat 70°C
but increases with temperature. The minimum timos 10
breakdown appear independent of nickel content at
70°C. At ambient temperatures the 25 and 30% nickel
alloys were the only two showing no corrosion while at
SC the 30, 35 and 40% nickel materials showed no
‘corrosion. The maximum depth of attack and corrosion
rate at 70:C appear independent of nickel content.
Accelerated tests
Values obtained for the critical crevice solution (CCS) of
the eight commercial and ten experimental alloys are
given in Tables 8 and9 (page 5). Also included in these
tables are the alloy rankings produced using the
mathematical model of crevice corrosion desoribed in
references 2 and 4; the alloy rankings for both
commercial and experimental alloys are compared in
Figure 3 (page §). These rankings are on an arbitrary
scale and relate to the resistance ofthe alloy tocrevice
corrosion initiation in ambient temperature seawater.
acom Wo. 1-38 4
Table 4: Summary of exposure test results on austenitic commercial alloys
Alloy Duration ‘Temperature Sides Min TTB! Max DOA? Max CFP
(cays) ‘attacked (cays) (mm) (mmy)
(max)
x 30 ‘Ambient 7 107, 033 6B
30 ‘Ambionts a <2 053, Nos
180 Ambient 4 158 73, 18
30 SC a . = =
30 70°C 2 38 060, £9
iS 30 Ambient zi a7 <.0025 NC
30 ‘Ambient® 1 <2 <.0025 NC
180 Ambient 2 2 0076 016
| 90 sc a 5 = =
| 30 70°C 2 18 <.0025 No
| TTB. = time to breakdown
2 DOA = depth of attack
2 CR = corrosion rate
4 Tests carried out on picKled samples
°.NG = not catcuiated because of uncertainty in elther TTB or DOA.
Note: Aloys, 8, D and E did not corrode in any of the tesis
Table 5: Summary of exposure tost results on duplex and fertitic commercial alloys.
Alloy Duration Temperature ‘Sides Min 1B Max DOA Max CR
(deys) attacked (days) am) (mmiy)
(max)
F 30 ‘Ambient 0 = = =
30 Ambient 0 = = =
180 Ambient 0 a [ =
30 C ° = a =
20 70°C 1 24.8 <.0028 No
e 30 ‘Ambient ° = = 5
30 ‘Ambient! 4 <0 <.0025 No
180 Ambient 2 139 14 22
30 eC 0 . = =
30 70°C oO = Es =
a 30 ‘Ambient oO = = =
30 ‘Ambient! 0 a - -
180 Ambient o = = -
30 5c ° . a
30 70°C 1 38 aa 34
1 Toate cauriod out on plolled samples
Note: See Table 4 for explanation of abbrovictions
Table
‘experimental alloy EA
: Summary of exposure test results on
Table 7: Summary of exposure test results on
experimental alloy EC
Aloy|Tempera- [Sides Min Wax MaxCR Alloy |Tempera- [Sides Min Max MaxCR
ture’ Jattacked TTB DOA ‘ure attacked TTB DOA
(imax) (days) cm) (my) (max) (days) mm) (my)
EAT |5C ls 2 08 Bt cree 1
