Engineering Drawing (Graphics)

Technical Drawing

Lesson 1: Introduction

Asst. Prof Touraj Farsadi

Aerospace Engineering Department, ATU
 Drawing :
Describing any object/ information diagrammatically

 Engineering Drawing:
Graphical means of expression of technical details without the barrier of a language.

Universal language for engineers

 Typical Branches of Engineering Drawings

Commercial Buildings
Residential Buildings
Institutional Buildings
Environmental Space Forms

Architectural
 Typical Branches of Engineering Drawings

Power Generation
Power Application
Transportation
Illumination
Industrial Electronics
Communications
Instrumentation
Military Electronics

Electrical
 Typical Branches of Engineering Drawings

Aerodynamics
Structural Design
Instrumentation
Propulsion Systems
Materials
Reliability Testing
Production Methods

Aerospace
 Diagrams/sketches/pictures are communication skills

 We grasp information easily if it is illustrated with diagrams, sketches, pictures,

etc.
 Impossible to describe the details of the Airbus A380
 Difficult to describe the details of the Helicopter
 Graphical representation of an object – Drawing

 Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object that contains all information

- like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing methods, etc., required for its
construction.

- No construction/manufacturing of any (man-made) engineering objects is

possible without engineering drawing.

- Drawings can be 3-dimensional, or 2-dimensional.

Isometric and three-view depiction of the Transport Aircraft
Isometric and three-view depiction of the Business Jet
Isometric and three-view depiction of the Fighter Jet
Isometric and three-view depiction of the Helicopter
Isometric and three-view depiction of the Space Shuttle
 Advantages :

 It would just be impossible to communicate all necessary details about the

Airplanes/ Missiles/ Helicopters verbally or in writing – Illustration
(picture/drawing) is useful.

 A picture/drawing is worth a thousand words..

 The Airplanes/ Missiles/ Helicopters would be impossible to create without

computer graphics and drawing models.

 Drawings are the road maps which show how to manufacture products and
structures.
 What will you learn in this course?

You will learn - How industry communicates technical information.

• Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual information.

• Graphics theory – geometry and projection techniques.
• Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are made and technical drawings
are represented.
• Conventions – commonly accepted practices and methods used for technical
drawings.
• Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and models.
• Applications – the various uses for technical drawings.
 Engineering Drawing

Manual Drawing CAD

(Computer Aided Drawing)

 Computer has a major impact on the methods used to design and

create technical drawings.

 Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less time consuming.
 CAD
Computer Aided Drawing

• AutoCAD MicroStation ArchiCAD NX ProEngineer BricsCAD

(IntelliCAD) BRL-STR Caddie CATIA GStariCAD CADKey
ProgeCAD QCAD Shark CAD Solid edge Solidworks

Faster
Precise
Complicated shapes
Solid modelling
CAM (CNC)
 Why we go for manual drawing?

 Computer cannot replace the drafting board and equipment as a learning tool.

 Once you have learned the basics of mathematics, now after class 12, you are
allowed the use of calculator and computer.

 If basic fundamentals are clear, better use can be made of the power of the
software.

 To be an expert in technical drawing, this first course on Engineering (manual)

Drawing is the first step.
 Items required for drawing Items required for drawing

Drawing board Drawing sheet

Mini-drafter/drafting machine/ T- square

Drawing pencils

Eraser
For our class
Standard sizes of drawing sheets as per BIS
Lay out of a drawing sheet
 Lay out of a drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (mm) d (mm)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Title box – An important feature – a must in every drawing sheet – for technical
and administrative details

• Location - Bottom right corner – 185

mm x 65 mm (BIS) Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology

• Divided into two zones

• Identification zone
• Registration or identification number
• Drawing title
• Name of the legal owner of the
drawing, i.e., name of the firm or the
company
 Drawing Pencils

Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters

Mechanical clutch pencils – Not allowed
• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of hardness.

Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H and HB pencils – to be practiced
in this course.
Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing
Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing
Uses of different types of lines in a given drawing
lines in a given drawing
Drawing a Horizontal line
Drawing a Vertical Line
Drawing with Protractors
Drawing with Compass
 Standards and Conventions

 No effective communication without an agreed upon standard of signs or symbols.

 Standards and conventions are the alphabet of technical drawing, and plane, solid,
and descriptive geometry are the science(grammar) which underlies the graphics
language.
 Following the standard rules (grammar) of any language (Hindi/English) –
communication of thought between people becomes easier.
 If words in a sentence were presented randomly – understanding becomes very
difficult.
 For effective communication of technical (graphics) information– set of standards
and conventions – a must.

Standards and Conventions – very important

Conventions – commonly accepted practices, rules, or methods.

Dashed lines are used to represent

hidden features of an
engineering drawing..

Hidden lines – location of drilled

hole’s diameter, in a view where
the hole cannot be directly seen.
Standards – set of rules that govern how technical drawings are represented..

Drawings are dimensioned using an accepted set of standards such as placing the
dimension text such that it is read from the bottom of the sheet.
 Units of Measure

 International systems of units (SI) – which is based on the meter.

 Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit of measure on engineering drawing.
 Individual identification of linear units is not required if all dimensions on a drawing
are in the same unit (mm).
 The drawing shall however contain a note:

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm. (Bottom left corner outside the title box)
 Dimensioning

 Indicating on a drawing, the size of the object and other details essential for its
construction and function, using lines, numerals, symbols, notes, etc.

 Dimensions indicated on a drawing should be those that are essential for the
production, inspection and functioning of the object and should not be mistaken as
those that are required to make the drawing of an object.
Dimensions showing the sizes of
features, such as width, height and
depths of the parts and the
diameter of the hole

Dimensions showing the

location and orientations of
features, such as location of the
center of the hole
Dimension line
A thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of a dimension.
Dimension lines are broken for insertion of the dimension numbers.

Should be placed at least 10

mm away from the outline and
all other parallel dimensions
should be at least 6 mm apart,
or more if space permits.
Various types of dimension lines
Important elements of a dimensioning
Important elements of a dimensioning
Dimensioning of angles
 Correct way of dimensioning

Correct dimensioning Wrong dimensioning