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Selecting Discount Rate: Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return

1) Lower discount rates favor projects with high upfront capital costs or long-term benefits, while higher discount rates favor projects with shorter-term benefits or costs that are delayed. 2) Selecting an appropriate discount rate is important as it impacts the number and types of projects deemed financially viable. 3) Discount rates are used to evaluate both public and private sector projects, with the public sector often using bond yields and social rates rather than purely financial considerations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views

Selecting Discount Rate: Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return

1) Lower discount rates favor projects with high upfront capital costs or long-term benefits, while higher discount rates favor projects with shorter-term benefits or costs that are delayed. 2) Selecting an appropriate discount rate is important as it impacts the number and types of projects deemed financially viable. 3) Discount rates are used to evaluate both public and private sector projects, with the public sector often using bond yields and social rates rather than purely financial considerations.

Uploaded by

scamfalm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Selecting 

Discount Rate
Lower discount rates: Higher Discount Rates:
Increase the number of  Decrease the number of 
Evaluation Issues viable projects viable projects
Favour projects with high  Favour projects with more 
CVEN9701 initial capital outlay of the costs being delayed, 
such as maintenance costs
Favour projects with long  Favour projects with short 
term benefits term benefits

Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return Private Sector – Sources of Funds


• The lowest return that you would accept  • Internally generated funds (retained earnings)
given: • Implies that not all profits will be distributed as 
dividends
– The risks associated with this project
• Debt
– The other opportunities available for investment  • Borrow money from a bank or issue bonds
(opportunity cost) • Principal and interest must be repaid on schedule
– Your ability to raise money. • Equity
• Issue stock
• No fixed timetable for repayment
• Giving up a portion of ownership of the company

Equity Financing Debt Financing
• Information is presented to potential stockholders in a  • Information is presented to a bank
prospectus
– Previous business performance – Previous business performance
– Business plan and future expectations – Business plan and future expectations
– Risks and opportunities – Risks and opportunities
• Investors purchase stock if value is less than their 
perception of value • Quantity raised depends upon
– Expected future dividends and stock price – Bankers expectation of what the company can repay
– Investor perception of risk – may be different to the 
company • Interest Rates determined from
– Investor discount rate – General market rates
• Stock price determined by market – Risk premium – comparison with similar projects

Economic Evaluation ‐ Issues 1
WACC MARR > WACC
• Weighted Average Cost of Capital • Some money is spent on compulsory 
“investments” because of government 
• WACC = (E/V)ie + (D/V)id * (1 – tr) regulations, enhancing employee morale, 
safety
• E = the firm’s total equity
• D = the firm’s total debt
• V = E + D
• ie, id = cost of equity, debt
• tr = tax rate

Business Activity Risk Capital Asset Pricing Model – CAPM


No points can be
• Some activities are riskier than others above the line
– Eg mining exploration is very risky because minerals  100% investment in Security with
may not be found highest expected return
Expected Return

• The return paid by companies varies due to many 
risk factors
Points below the line are
– Overall economy dominated by other portfolios
– Industry specific
– Company specific 100% investment in
Minimum Variance
• Companies with higher variability are more risky Portfolio
– Chance of low or even negative returns
Variance

CAPM – Security Market Line Financial Risk


• Investors in a company have different levels of 
risk if company becomes insolvent
– Secured creditors
Expected Return

– Unsecured Creditors
Market Portfolio
– Shareholders

Risk free return

Variance

Economic Evaluation ‐ Issues 2
Leverage Leverage is risky
No borrowing With borrowing
• Companies can increase return on equity by 
borrowing Amount to invest $10 000 $10 000
No borrowing With borrowing Extra from borrowing $10 000
Amount to invest $10 000 $10 000
Total investment $10 000 $20 000
Extra from borrowing $10 000
Total investment $10 000 $20 000 Loss @ 5% ‐ $500 ‐$1 000
Return @ 20% $2 000 $4 000 Interest @ 10% ‐$1 000
Interest @ 10% $1 000
Return after repaying debt  ‐ $500 ‐$2 000
Return after repaying debt  $2 000 $3 000
and capital
and capital
Rate of return on capital 20% 30% Rate of return on capital ‐5% ‐20%

Time and Risk Public Sector – Sources of Funds


• Risk may change over the life of a project: • Taxation
• Mining exploration ‐> Mining – This removes money from private sector spending
• Research ‐> Development ‐> Manufacturing • Borrowing
– Government Bonds
– Australian government primarily uses bonds for 
• Example construction project
monetary policy rather than raising money
– One bank finance construction at 10%
– Another bank refinance at 8% when tenanted

Public Sector – Discount Rate Project Life


• Average yield on long term bonds • How long should we consider benefits?
• Social opportunity cost – Project life is often shortened or lengthened
• Social time preference rate • High discount rates ignore the far future
• Alternate private investments – Global warming
• Intergenerational Equity
• Ultimately it is a political decision
• http://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/__data/asset
s/pdf_file/0016/7414/tpp07‐5.pdf

Economic Evaluation ‐ Issues 3
Triple Bottom Line Weightings
• Economic • Who decides?
• Ecological / Environmental • Should they be linear?
• Social
• Private sector only interested in profit
– (and reputation)

• Public sector expected to consider public

Example – Environmental Index Multi – Objective Analysis


• Checklist covers all environmental parameters • Non inferior set
• Measurement scale for each parameter EI A
C
• Transformation and weightings
F
m B

 
E

EI   wi Vi 1  Vi 0 D
i1
NPV
• Red flags for special problems • Eliminate B and D
– Environmental quality may not be fungible • Linear weightings would also rule out F

Intangibles Externalities
• Shadow Prices • Costs to third parties
– What price would you be willing to pay to reduce  • Benefits to third parties
a constraint
– Pay to have vs pay to accept • How do we ensure these are considered?
– Incentives
• Example: Carbon Trading – Deterrents

• Risk Society

Economic Evaluation ‐ Issues 4
Life Cycle Cost Sensitivity
• Some projects may have large costs at the end  • Small changes in exponent make big changes 
of their life in exponential result
– For example nuclear reactor clean up cost
– How to ensure that money is put aside? • How accurate is the forecast?
• Non‐environmentally friendly materials
• Expensive disposal of materials
– Different party must pay
– No fore‐knowledge

Economic Evaluation ‐ Issues 5

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