Open Book Test
Open Book Test
Subject:
Physical Chemistry
Topic:
Open Book Test
Submitted To:
Sir Abdul Hamid
Submitted By:
Syed Adnan Bukhari
F19-BS CHEM-1029
BS Chemistry 3rd (M)
Open Book Test
Introduction:
It is obvious that the reaction can proceed in either way and the arrangement of the
system at equilibrium is motionless and stationary. At the equilibrium state the reaction
continues in both directions at equal rates so that the rate of formation of the products is
exactly equal to the rate of disappearance of the reactants.
Characteristics:
Physical equilibrium
Only change in Physical state of reactants
No other change is occurring
Chemical equilibrium
Only change occur in chemical composition
Homogenous equilibrium
Only 1 phase exist
Such as either gas, liquid, solid all reactants are only in 1 phase
Heterogeneous equilibrium
More than one phase exists
Such as solid and liquid or liquid and gas phases exists etc.
Dynamic equilibrium
Apparently looks that there is no change but reactions are
occurring on both sides
Reactants and products are in equal concentrations
This law was first articulated by C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage in 1864 and helps us
to find the relations between the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium in the
reactions.
“The law states that at persistent temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is
proportional to the active masses of reacting substances.”
xA+yB mC+nD
Kf= [A][B]
Kr=[C][D]
Kc= Kf/Kr
Kc= Kf/Kr
Kc=([C]m[D]n)/([A]x[B]y)
kp = kc(RT)np-nr
Units:
Kc & Kp may have different values and units but their formula of derivation of units are
general.
For Kc
Kc=(MolL-1)np-nr
And for kp
Kp=(atm-1)np-nr
Example:
Kc = [HI]2 / ([H][I])
Kp = Kc (RT)np-nr
Kp = Kc (RT)2-1-1
Kp = Kc (RT)2-1-1
Kp = Kc (RT)0
Kp = Kc (1)
Kc = Kp
1-Extent of Reaction:
Kc > 103
When Kc value is very larger than a lot of products are there
and doesn’t need to attain equilibrium or end.
H2 + O 2 2H2O (Kc = 2.4 x 1047)
Kc (Not larger Not smaller)
When Kc value is very small than a lot of reactants are there and
need to attain equilibrium or end.(Means formation of products will
occur)
2-Direction of Reaction:
aA + bB cC + dD
For this reaction both constants have diffent values and we can determine
direction of rection by compairing them as such:
Kc = 57
Qc = 8
Kc >Qc
Reaction will proceed in forward direction
Because reactants are greater in number
Kc =Qc
Kc Qc
For HI production its value is; For HI production its value is;
Kc = 57 Qc = 8
Le Chatelier’s Principle:
Applications:
1. Synthesis of Ammonia
Nitrogen = (1-α) / V
Hydrogen = (3-3 α) / V
Ammonia = (2α) / V
Nitrogen = 1
Hydrogen = 3
Ammonia = 2
Kc = (4 α2V2) / (27{1- α })
Effect of P/V:
Decreased p------------------Forward
Change in Concentration:
Decreased P------------------Backward
Effect of Temperature:
Decreased Product------------------Forward
Decreased Reactants------------------Backward
N2 + O 2 2NO
Effect of P/V
Change in Concentration
When products are less and reactants are greater then reaction will be move in
forward direction and vice versa.
Effect of Temperature
When we increase the temperature reaction goes in forward direction and vice versa.
Calculation Of α From Density Measurement
1 0 0
At equilibrium
Let;
D∝ 1/V
So , D=constant 1/V
d∝ 1/V(1+ α )
So , d=constant 1/V(1+ α )
So,
α = D/d -1
α/v b/v 0 0
At equilibrium
kc = ([CH3COOH][C2H5OH]) / ([H2O][CH3COOC2H5])
kc = x2 / (a-x)(b-x)
Heterogeneous Equilibrium:
Density capacities are a reliable way to check the purity of diluents (raw, middle, or
final products) in various industries such as chemical, pharmacological, petrochemical,
cosmetic, and individual care.
The densitometer can be used to check the purity of solvents. To ensure accurate,
comparable results, the measured density (d) – obtained at the dimension temperature – must
be remunerated to a orientation temperature. Recompense of results to a reference
temperature entails facts of the alpha (α) coefficient for each solvent.
∆G is the variation of Gibbs (free) energy for a organization and ∆G° is the Gibbs
energy variation for a system under usual conditions (1 atm, and 298K). Where ∆G is the
difference in the energy between reactants and products. In addition ∆G is genuine by
external features that variation the kinetics of the reaction.
aA + bB cC + dD
G = G2 - G1
G =nRT ln P2 / P1
G=Go + RT ln P2/1
G=Go + RT ln P
G =∑G(P) - ∑GR
G= G + RT ln [C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b
At equilibrium;
when G =0 then
0= G + RT ln [C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b
G =- RT ln kp
When G is 0 then there will be equilibrium and if G is with positive reaction
It states that:
Go = Ho - TS
Go = _RT ln K
Go = Ho - TS
ln K ={ - Ho / RT } + { S/R }
For different temperature Vant’s Hoff equation will be different such as;
ln K1 ={ - Ho / RT } + { S/R }
1
ln K2 ={ - Ho / RT } + { S/R }
2
Converting ln to log10
(II). Prepare 30 authentic MCQs related to chemical kinetics with answer key.