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Chapter 6 CMT

The document describes the parts and functions of a universal testing machine (UTM). It explains that a UTM consists of a loading unit and control unit. The loading unit applies tensile, compressive, or transverse stresses to test specimens through movable crossheads. It measures the specimen's elongation. The control unit applies and records the load through a hydraulic power unit and load measuring device. It can perform various tests like tension, compression, bending, and friction tests to analyze a specimen's mechanical properties.

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Rizette Palogan
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77 views

Chapter 6 CMT

The document describes the parts and functions of a universal testing machine (UTM). It explains that a UTM consists of a loading unit and control unit. The loading unit applies tensile, compressive, or transverse stresses to test specimens through movable crossheads. It measures the specimen's elongation. The control unit applies and records the load through a hydraulic power unit and load measuring device. It can perform various tests like tension, compression, bending, and friction tests to analyze a specimen's mechanical properties.

Uploaded by

Rizette Palogan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIZETTE PALOGAN

BSCE - 2A

CHAPTER 6
FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
OF THE UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

A UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE UTM IS USED TO TEST THE


MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TENSION, COMPRESSION ETC OF A GIVEN
TEST SPECIMEN BY EXERTING TENSILE, COMPRESSIVE OR
TRANSVERSE STRESSES. THE MACHINE HAS BEEN NAMED SO BECAUSE
OF THE WIDE RANGE OF TESTS IT CAN PERFORM OVER DIFFERENT
KIND OF MATERIALS. DIFFERENT TESTS LIKE PEEL TEST, FLEXURAL
TEST, TENSION TEST, BEND TEST, FRICTION TEST, SPRING TEST ETC.
CAN BE PERFORMED WITH THE HELP OF UTM.

A UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE IS CONSIST OF TWO PARTS:


1. LOADING UNIT
2. CONTROL UNIT

THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE TEST SPECIMEN AND THE EXERTION OF


THE LOAD IS HELD IN THE LOADING UNIT. THE VARIATIONS IN THE
APPLICATION OF THE LOAD AND THE CORRESPONDING TEST RESULT
ARE OBTAINED FROM THE CONTROL UNIT.

IN THE FIGURE, THE LEFT UNIT WITH TABLE AND CROSSHEAD


FORM THE LOADING UNIT. THE RIGHT UNIT WITH A LOAD
INDICATOR ARRANGEMENT IS THE CONTROL UNIT.
LOADING UNIT
IN THIS UNIT ACTUAL LOADING OF THE SPECIMEN TAKES PLACE -
CONSISTS OF THREE CROSS HEADS NAMELY UPPER HEAD, MIDDLE HEAD
AND LOWER HEAD. USING APPROPRIATE CROSS HEADS TENSILE,
COMPRESSIVE, SHEAR, BENDING LOAD WITH THE HELP OF DIFFERENT
ATTACHMENT CAN BE APPLIED.
THE LOADING UNIT OF A UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE CONSISTS
OF THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS:
1. LOAD CELL
2. LOAD FRAME
3. UPPER CROSSHEAD AND LOWER CROSSHEAD
4. ELONGATION SCALE

LOAD CELL
LOAD CELL IS CALLED AS THE HEART OF UNIVERSAL TESTING
MACHINE. THIS IS A LOAD / FORCE MEASURING SENSOR WHICH
DETERMINES THE LEVEL OF ACCURACY OF THE FINAL RESULTS. LOAD
CELL IS REQUIRED TO CALIBRATE ON TIME DEPENDING ON THE
FREQUENCY OF YOUR USE.

LOAD FRAME
THE LOAD FRAME OF A UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE CAN BE
MADE EITHER BY SINGLE SUPPORT OR BY DOUBLE SUPPORT. THE LOAD
FRAME CONSISTS OF A TABLE WHERE THE SPECIMEN IS PLACED FOR
THE COMPRESSION TEST , UPPER CROSSHEAD, AND LOWER CROSSHEAD.

UPPER CROSSHEAD AND LOWER CROSSHEAD


THE UPPER CROSSHEAD IS USED TO CLAMP ONE END OF THE TEST
SPECIMEN. THE LOWER CROSSHEAD IN THE LOAD FRAME IS THE
MOVABLE CROSSHEAD WHOSE SCREWS CAN BE LOOSENED FOR HEIGHT
ADJUSTMENT AND TIGHTENED. BOTH THE CROSSHEADS HAVE A
TAPERED SLOT AT THE CENTER. THIS SLOT HAS A PAIR OF RACKED
JAWS THAT IS INTENDED TO GRIP AND HOLD THE TENSILE TEST
SPECIMEN.

A MOVABLE CROSSHEAD IS CONTROLLED TO MOVE UP OR


DOWN. USUALLY THIS IS AT A CONSTANT SPEED: SOMETIMES
CALLED A CONSTANT RATE OF EXTENSION  CRE MACHINE. SOME
MACHINES CAN PROGRAM THE CROSSHEAD SPEED OR CONDUCT
CYCLICAL TESTING, TESTING AT CONSTANT FORCE, TESTING AT
CONSTANT DEFORMATION, ETC. ELECTROMECHANICAL, SERVO-
HYDRAULIC, LINEAR DRIVE, AND RESONANCE DRIVE ARE USED.

ELLONGATION SCALE
THE RELATIVE MOVEMENT OF THE LOWER AND UPPER TABLE IS
MEASURED BY AN ELONGATION SCALE WHICH IS PROVIDED ALONG
WITH THE LOADING UNIT.

CONTROL UNIT
THE LOAD IS APPLIED AND RECORDED BY THIS UNIT. THE LOAD IS
APPLIED WITH CONTROL VALVE AND RELEASED BY RELEASE VALVE.
THE LOAD IS APPLIED WITH THE HELP OF HYDRAULIC PRESSURE.
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CONTROL UNIT IN A UNIVERSAL
TESTING MACHINE ARE:
1. HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT
2. LOAD MEASURING UNIT
3. CONTROL DEVICES

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT


THIS UNIT CONSISTS OF AN OIL PUMP THAT PROVIDES NON-
PULSATING OIL FLOW INTO THE MAIN CYLINDER OF THE LOAD UNIT.
THIS FLOW HELPS IN THE SMOOTH APPLICATION OF LOAD ON THE
SPECIMEN. THE OIL PUMP IN A HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT IS RUN BY AN
ELECTRIC MOTOR AND SUMP.

LOAD MEASURING UNIT


THIS UNIT HAS A PENDULUM DYNAMOMETER UNIT THAT HAS A
SMALL CYLINDER WITH A PISTON WHICH MOVES WITH THE NON-
PULSATING OIL FLOW. THE PENDULUM IS CONNECTED TO THE PISTON
BY PIVOT LEVER. THE PIVOT LEVER DEFLECTS BASED ON THE LOAD
APPLIED TO THE SPECIMEN. THIS DEFLECTION IS CONVERTED TO THE
LOAD POINTER AND DISPLAYS AS THE LOAD ON THE DIAL.

THE RANGE OF LOAD APPLICATION CAN BE ADJUSTED BY MEANS OF


A KNOB IN THE LOAD MEASURING UNIT 0-100 KN; 0-250 KN; 0-500 KN AND
0-1000 KN . THE ACCURACY OF MEASURING UNIT CONTROLS THE
OVERALL ACCURACY OF THE MACHINE.
CONTROL DEVICES
THE CONTROL DEVICES CAN BE ELECTRIC OR HYDRAULIC.
ELECTRIC CONTROL DEVICES MAKE USE OF SWITCHES TO MOVE THE
CROSSHEADS AND SWITCH ON/OFF THE UNIT. A HYDRAULIC CONTROL
DEVICE CONSISTS OF TWO VALVES, RIGHT CONTROL VALVE AND LEFT
CONTROL VALVE OR RELEASE VALVE. A RIGHT CONTROL VALVE IS
USED TO APPLY LOAD ON THE SPECIMEN. 

FUNCTIONS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE


THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF UTM ARE TO TEST THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS. THE STANDARD TESTS PERFORMED BY
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE ARE:

1. TENSTILE TEST 4, PULL-OUT TEST


2. COMPRESSION TEST 5. BENDING TEST
3. ADHESION TEST 6.HYSTERESIS TEST
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE PROVIDES THE VALUE OF LOAD
APPLICATION AND THE RESPECTIVE DISPLACEMENTS. FROM THE
OBSERVED VALUE, THE LOAD DEFLECTION GRAPH IS OBTAINED. WITH
THE LOAD VALUE IN THE Y-AXIS AND THE DISPLACEMENT IN THE X-
AXIS. THE DISPLACEMENT IS ACTUALLY THE MOVEMENT OF THE
CROSSHEADS DURING THE LOAD APPLICATION.

FROM THE LOAD DEFLECTION GRAPH, THE STRESS-STRAIN


ANALYSIS, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, YIELD STRENGTH OF THE
SPECIMEN TESTED CAN BE DETERMINED.

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