Editorial Board

Herman Darman
Chief Editor
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V.
P.O. Box 162, 2501 AN, The Hague – The Netherlands
Fax: +31-70 377 4978
E-mail: [email protected]

Minarwan
Deputy Chief Editor
Repsol Exploración SA
Paseo de la Castellana, 278-280, Madrid 28046 Spain
E-mail: [email protected]

Fuad Ahmadin Nasution

PT. Energi Mega Persada Tbk/EMP Tonga
Bakrie 24th Floor, Rasuna Epicentrum, Jl. H.R Rasuna Said
Jakarta 12960-Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]

Fatrial Bahesti
NAD-North Sumatra Assets
Standard Chartered Building 23rd Floor, Jl Prof Dr Satrio No 164
Jakarta 12950 - Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]

Wayan Ismara Heru Young

University Link coordinator
Legian Kaja, Kuta, Bali 80361, Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]

Julianta Panjaitan
Membership coordinator
PT. Schlumberger Geophysics Nusantara,
Data & Consulting Services,
Jl. Mulawarman Km. 20, P.O.Box 117,
Kelurahan Manggar, Balikpapan 76117,
Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia,
E-mail: [email protected]

Advisory Board
Prof. Yahdi Zaim—Quarternary Geology—Institute of Technology, Bandung
Prof. R. P. Koesoemadinata—Emeritus Professor—Institute of Technology, Bandung

Berita Sedimentologi

• Published 3 times a year in February, June and October.by the Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (Forum
Sedimentologiwan Indonesia—FOSI), a commission of the Indonesian Association of Geologists (Ikatan
Ahli Geologi Indonesia—IAGI).
• Cover topics related to sedimentary geology, includes their depositional processes, deformation, minerals,
basin fill, etc.
Volume 20— February 2011 Page 2
 Number 20 / February 2011

Berita Sedimentologi
Sedimentological journal of the Indonesian Sedimentologists
Forum (FOSI), a commission of the Indonesian Association of
Geologist (IAGI)

From the editors

Last year, 2010, the Indonesian tologi will be published electroni- be geographical. For this edition,
Association of Geologist (IAGI) cally in PDF format to reduce for example, we will focus on
celebrate the 50th anniversary of cost and give higher flexibility in SUMATRA.
the organization. This event give journal editing. Electronic journal
As a ‘new’ publication we would
a new momentum to the Indone- also give more freedom to pub-
like to hear comments from our
sian Sedimentologists Forum lish color figures with different
readers, especially FOSI and
(FOSI) to reactivate the bulletin. level of resolution. On top of
IAGI members. If you like to
that, the electronic journal will
participate in the editorial team.
also reach larger number of read-
Please let us know.
ers as it will be easier to access.
We hope the 3000+ members of
the Indonesian Geologists Asso- Herman Darman
ciation (IAGI) who live in differ-
ent part of the world can get the Editor in Chief
benefit of this journal as well.
The editorial board will pick a
theme for each journal and it will
The last ‘Berita Sedimentologi‘
journal was published in 2000 in Inside this issue:
paper format. Thereafter many
key people in the editorial board
left Indonesia and we admitted Bird Foot Print 5
that the hand-over was not suc-
cessful.
Talang Akar Formation 7
A new editorial board was set
with many new members. We
Ombilin Basin 12
hope that the coming publication
of Berita Sedimentologi will
achieved the following goal: Andaman-Sumatra 18
Forearc
• Publish technical journal
regularly Langkat structures 22

• Facilitate discussions related

to sedimentary geology in University news 285
Indonesia and Southeast
Asias region 2

• Provide opportunities for

knowledge transfers through
generations
The coming Berita Sedimen-

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 3

About FOSI

T
he forum was founded in 1995 sia. The forum was accepted as the sedi- at least two years relevant experience.
as the Indonesian Sedimentolo- mentological commission of the Indone-
FOSI has organized 2 international con-
gists Forum (FOSI). This or- sian Association of Geologists (IAGI) in
ganization is a communication ferences in 1999 and 2001, attended by
1996. About 300 members were regis-
and discussion forum for geologists, es- tered in 1999, including industrial and more than 150 international participants.
pecially for those deal with sedimentol- academic fellows, as well as students. Most of FOSI administrative work will
ogy and sedimentary geology in Indone- be handled by the editorial team. IAGI
FOSI has close international relations office in Jakarta will help if necessary.
with the Society of Sedimentary Geology
(SEPM) and the International Associa- The official website of FOSI is: http://
tion of Sedimentologists (IAS). www.iagi.or.id/fosi/

Fellowship is open to those holding a

recognized degree in geology or a cog-
nate subject and non-graduates who have

FOSI Membership

A
ny person who has a back- the ideal solution, and we may look for
ground in geoscience and/or other alternative in the near future. Hav-
is engaged in the practising ing said that, for the current situation,
or teaching of geoscience or Linked is fit for purpose.
its related business may apply for general International members and students are Total registered members:
membership. As the organization has just
been restarted, we use Linked-in
welcome to join the organization.
119
(www.linkedin.com) as the main data- February 2011
base platform. We realize that it is not

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 4

First Evidence of Miocene Avian Tracks from Sumatra
Short Announcement
Yahdi Zaim*), Rizal Yan*), Gregg F. Gunnell+), Thomas A. Stidham+), Russell L. Ciochon**) and
Aswan*)
* Department of Geology, Institut Teknologi Bandung – Indonesia
+ Laboratory Paleontology, University of Michigan – USA
** Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa – USA

T
he islands of oceanic southern Asia
(Indonesia, Malaysia, and New
Guinea) have played an influential
role in the development of evolu-
tionary thought, initially because of the his-
toric studies by Alfred Russel Wallace and
later by the discovery of Pleistocene human
remains on Java by Eugene Dubois. Unlike
the majority of Sunda Islands, much of the
central core of Sumatra was emergent from
the early Eocene through the early Miocene.
Freshwater lacustrine sediments of the early
Eocene Sangkarewang Formation have
yielded an abundant diversity of fishes and a
single bird skeleton but no other evidence of
terrestrial vertebrates is known until the Pleis-
tocene. In the summer of 2007 a reconnais-
sance survey of Cenozoic sediments were
initiated in the Ombilin Basin located in the
Barisan Mountains of central Sumatra (Figure
1).The outcrop are well exposed in Sa-
Figure 1: Ombilin Basin located in the Barisan Mountains of central Sumatra. On the left is Sing-
wahlunto and Ombilin Coal Mining areas
karak Lake (Picture from Google Earth,2009)
consists of alternating conglomerates, quartz
sandstones and shale. In addition to exploring
the Sangkarewang Formation we examined
sediments of the Sawahlunto and overlying
Sawahtambang formations which span the Figure 2: General Stratigraphy of
early part of the Miocene. In the Sawahlunto the bird foot print location
Formation we discovered two series of avian
tracks representing two different shorebirds
(Figure 2). These tracks were found at the
base of a thinly laminated, coarsening upward
sandstone overlain by a relatively thin layer
(0.5 meter) of coaly shale, followed by a
quartz-sand conglomerate at the top of the
local section (12 meters total thickness). The
sandstone contains carbonaceous debris and
small to medium, parallel ripples are formed
(Figures 3). One set of tracks has an angle of
90 degrees between digits one and three and
is of relatively small size and probably repre-
sents a gruiform (rail). The second set of
tracks has a 120 degree angle between digits
one and three and was likely made by a cha-
radriid (plover) or scolopacid (sandpiper)
shorebird (Figures 4 and 5). In addition to the
bird tracks, small, circular traces (Skolithos
ichnofacies) are present probably representing

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 5

tubes of suspension feeding invertebrates such as clams or worms (Figure 6). The presence of these traces suggests that the bird trcks were formed
on an intertidal beach and the birds may well have been feeding on these invertebrates. The presence of these track ways suggest that further explo-
ration of Tertiary sediments in Sumatra is warranted. The avian tracks from the Sawahlunto Formation are as the first discovery of the Bird Foot-
print Fossils in Indonesia.

Figure 3: Outcrop shows the sandstone contains carbonaceous debris Figure 4: First discovery of avian tracks, the Bird Footprint Fossils
and small to medium, parallel ripples. The avian tracks are found at the in Indonesia from Sawahlunto Formation of Early to Middle Mio-
base of this outcrop. cene in age.

Figure 6: Small, circular traces (Skolithos ichnofacies) are proba-

Figure 5: One set of tracks has an angle of 90 degrees between digits bly representing tubes of suspension feeding invertebrates.
one and three,probably represents a gruiform (rail), and the second set
of tracks has a 120 degree angle between digits.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 6

Outcrops Conservation of Tanjung Baru or Lower Talang Akar
Formation, Baturaja City of Palembang Area - South Sumatra
Basin: How important?
Premonowati*),
* Department of Geology, Faculty of Mineral Technology, UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta

ABSTRACT of channel plug was deposited in a very low weathered basement granite and quartzite, are
energy environment before the channel was effective reservoirs in ten fields in South
Tanjung Baru Formation only outcropped in
abandoned. Some parts have shaly and coal Sumatra with gas reserves totaling 106
one location so called Tanjung Baru,
streaks with mafic and feldspatic minerals. MMBOE ultimate recoverable reserves
Palembang, South Sumatra. In total this
This formation has an indication to be an (Sardjito, et al, 1991; Petroconsultants, 1996).
formation is expossed in an area of about one
excellent reservoir. This fact is very important and it is therefore
acre. The outcrop is a quartz sandstone
absolutely urgent for the goverment of
quarry, which has become smaller in size The geology of Tanjung Baru Formation is an
Baturaja District, South Sumatra Province to
rapidly because of intensive mining activities important object to study because it is the one
conserve and to protect the outcrops of the
by the local community. The formation is also and only outcrop that needs to be conserved.
Lower TAF. The outcrops have very
called Gritsand Member (GRM) of the Lower The objective is to save this outcrop from
important value to Earth Sciences and
Talang Akar Formation/Lemat Formation/ extinction. A socialization to the Governor of
exploration in geology, mining and petroleum
Lahat Formation. A different name from South Sumatra Province and Head of
engineering. The aim of the conservation is to
Talang Akar Formation was given to this Palembang Regent needs to be done. The
avoid outcrop mining for other purposes.
formation because it has an important role in government has to create a regulation to stop
the tectonostratigraphy context. Tanjung Baru the mining activities, build a boundary for the An integrated study (fieldtrip and core
Formations has different genetic, location and outcrops with plantation and put an analysis) was held by P.T. Medco E&P
section type from that of Talang Akar information board to explain that it’s a Indonesia (PT. MEPI) for the Graduate
Formation. The formation consists of conservation area. Let all geology students Geoscientists Training 2-2008 at sections
conglomeratic sandstone of channel deposit. and also people of all generations to have a Baturaja-Muara Dua-Palembang and
The sections indicate five times of channeling possibility to learn Tanjung Baru Formation Palembang Core Storage. The methodology
with each channel has a geometry of 20 m from this outcrop as a geopark. of outcrop description has been conducted for
long and 9 m thick. This lag sedimentary the basement rocks to the top formation in
deposit consists of fine- to very coarse- South Sumatra Basin.
grained sandstones. The erosional base Introduction
The Lemat (Old and Young) Formation has
contact has polymictic conglomeratic Hydrocarbon production in the South Sumatra outcropped in the sandstone quarry at
sandstone outcrop with gradded bedding and Basin is ranked at the 2nd place after Kutei Tanjung Baru (proposed as locality type and
planar crossbedding that indicate high energy Basin in term of total productions. The strato type) and Napalan river in Baturaja
deposition like channelized environment in primary reservoirs are within the Talang City, Palembang, South Sumatra Province.
shallow marine. The fining upward Akar, Baturaja and Gumai Formations and a The outcrop of Lemat Formation is found in
succession was a result of lateral accretion of smaller amount in the fractured basement. Tanjung Baru Sandstone Quarry (TAF
channel shifting or a fluvial channel system The uplifted areas and paleohighs, including equivalent the Gritsand Member). The
depositional environment. The very fine sand the Mesozoic and Eocene fractured and

Figure 1. Left: South Sumatra Basin configurations. Right: Quarry location of Tanjung Baru sandstone outcrops (See arrow)

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 7

 Tanjung
Baru Fm.

Figure 2. Regional Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin (Argakoesoemah and Kamal, 2005). Stratigraphic position of Lemat Formation or Tan-
jung Baru outcrops

siliciclastic sediments outcropped in this area However, the upper member of the Talang The South Sumatera Basin is one of a series
should be named Tanjung Baru sections or Akar Formation called the Transition Member of Tertiary back arc basin located in Sumatera
stratotype and it is also the type locality of (TRM) is included the Talang Akar and Java. The basins occupy a geologic
Tanjung Baru Formation. The location where Formation. Lithostratigraphically, in position between the stable micro-continental
the best siliciclastic sediment outcrop exists is accordance with SSI (1996), the complete block, known as the Sunda Platform, and the
almost 1 km south of the Baturaja town outcrop of Tanjung Baru Sandstone should be active subduction zone caused by the
(Figure 1). determined as Tanjung Baru Formation northward moving Indian Ocean Plate. The
because of the lithology, mappable, basin was formed during the Eocene-
The promotion of GRM into Tanjung Baru
stratigraphic contact and either lateral or Oligocene when a series of northerly trending
Formation is necessary due to its
vertical distribution. grabens developed in response to east-west
tectonostratigraphy importance. Hutchinson
interplate extensional movements. These
(1996) concluded that the Eocene to Every year, the outcrops have less volume
grabens were filled with locally sourced
Oligocene Lahat Formation is composed of due to mining by thelocal community. These
volcanoclastics sandstones and shales of the
synrift deposits that are as much as 700 - highly valuable outcrops of the Tanjung Baru
Lemat Formation in deposition al
1,070 m thick. The formation was deposited Formation have given stratigraphy and
environments ranging from alluvial fan, to
in continental, lacustrine, and brackish sedimentation models the Oligo-Miocene age
fluvial and lacustrine.
lacustrine depositional settings. This reservoir has had outcropped. The outcrops have just
accounts for nearly 88 MMBOE of ultimate one complete section as type locality and The geology of the studied area, particularly
recoverable reserves (Petroconsultants, 1996). strato type. They have excellent porosity and the Musi Platform, is a structural high area
The oldest facies of the Young Lemat is permeability and are analogues to the formed during the Eocene-Oligocene graben-
granite wash overlain by coarse clastic reservoir rocks in the South Sumatra Basin. forming period. It appears to behave as a rigid
deposits consisting of sandstones and breccias The comparison with tonase economic value structural block through most of the Tertiary.
with abundant rock fragments, claystones, for mining, the quartz sandstone remains There is direct evidence to which the area has
coals, and tuffs (Hutchinson, 1996). about 1000 m3. The outcrops should be very been subjected to widespread deformation. To
rare therefore it is crucial to be conserved and the west, the platform gradually shallows due
Firstly, the proposed name of Tanjung Baru
protected. to uplift associated with rising volcanic arc.
Formation is an increase from a member
Baturaja Limestone is exposed at the foothills
status of the conglomeratic quartz sandstone
of the Gumai Mountains. The northwestern
of Lower Talang Akar Formation (Ryacudu,
Geology of Baturaja and southwestern margins of Musi Platform
2005) or the Gritsand Member (GRM).
are controlled by major faults which bound

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 8

 Figure 3 (Upper) Outcrops of Tanjung Baru quartz sandstone quarry of Lower Talang Akar (TAF)-Baturaja City of Palembang. (Lower) Left:
The outcrops has been dug and remains mining’s tools track. Right: Planar cross bedding of quartz polimictic conglomeratic sandstone.

the Eocene-Oligocene grabens. The north, and in the Saungnaga Area, to the and horst areas.
northeastern edge of the block is in the southwest. Generally over the Musi Platform, the Talang
present day Lematang Trough, a syncline Akar Formation or Baturaja Limestone lies
between the Musi Platform and the Plio- unconformably on pre-Tertiary basement.
Pleistocene Lematang fault which has Talang Akar Formation
Talang Akar Formation is interpreted to be a
thousands of feet of overthrusting from the As the subsidence associated with graben lacustrine unit deposited on the eroded
north. Seismic interpretation of the Lematang formation waned during the Middle to Late basement surface. It is separated from the
Trough that forms the northeastern margin of Oligocene, the interbedded sandstones, shales more typically sand-prone Talang Akar
Musi Platform is limited by its proximity to and coals of Talang Akar Formation were Formation deposited on the eastern side of the
the overthrust fault. deposited across the South Sumatra Basin. basin, by the deep water, shaly sediments
This unit was derived from the northeast which fill Benakat Gulley. Because of its
based on the compositional imprint of its isolation from the coarse clastic sediment
Stratigraphy
granitic source areas on Sunda Platform. A source to the northeast, the Talang Akar on
The Tertiary succession overlying the general depositional environment sequence the Musi Platform represents an environment
Mesozoic metamorphic basement consists of from fluvial in the northeast, to deltaic and which is typical for the deposition during this
Lemat Formation filling the early half later basinal facies in the southwest can be period. Pre-Telisa clastics in the Pigi Trough
grabens, unconformably overlain in turn, by reconstructed from sedimentological and are often tuffaceous and usually lack of good
Talang Akar Formation, Baturaja Limestone, paleontologic evidences. There are evidences reservoir quality. As the basin continued to
Telisa Formation and Palembang Formation of cyclic deposition within Talang Akar subside during the lower Miocene, deposition
(Figure 2). Formation providing excellent hydrocarbon of the predominantly non-marine Talang Akar
reservoirs. The organic rich shales and coals Formation was replaced by widespread
of the Talang Akar Formation are considered marine deposition of the Telisa Formation.
Lemat Formation to be the major oil source for reservoirs in this
Tanjung Baru Formation Outcrops
Within the Musi Platform, the Lemat unit and the overlying Baturaja Limestone.
The thicker areas of deposition continued to 1. Lithology and Stratigraphic Positions
Formation consists of volcanoclastic
sandstones and shales, typical of the unit. The be controlled by more rapid subsidence over The outcrop of Tanjung Baru Formation
formation is also known from the graben the Oligocene grabens, and as with Lemat consists of fine- to very coarse-grained
areas around the platform and has been Formation, deposition was either thin or non- sedimentary rock. It has almost 100 m wide
intersected in wells in the Pigi Trough, to the existent on the structurally higher platform and 20 – 25 meters thick (Figure 3) and

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 9

consists of clean quartz conglomerate upward sequence (Figure 4). (Allen, 1988). In the bottom conglomerate,
sandstone, quartz sandstone, siltstone and there was an erosional base-contact which
Quartz sandstone; white, fine – medium sand,
intervals of coals without fossils. Their indicates that this sandstone was deposited in
grain-supported, moderate to poorly sorted,
stratigraphic position is determined at the highly erosional processes environment such
and subangular to subrounded, quartz
lower part of Talang Akar Formation by fault as in channelized environment (Selley, 1970).
(abundant), some parts are siltstone of a few
and erosional or unconformity contact to the
centimeter thick. The light grey siltstone with The conglomerate at the bottom of this
Upper Oligocene Lahat Group. The presence
silicate cement and without fossils is sequence is predicted as lag deposit which is
of paleosoils and basal conglomerates
distributed in the upper part of the fining channel floor deposit, while fining upward
indicates an unconformity contact. So, the
upward sequence. Coals have been found succession is the result of lateral accretion of
Tanjung Baru Formation or Lemat Formation
occasionally and they are a few centimeter channel shifting (Selley, 1970). Based on all
is approximately Lower Miocene in age.
thick. of interpretations, it is concluded that the
Quartz conglomerate sandstone; grayish white sandstone was deposited in braided channel
color, medium sand to granule grain size, which have five, observed channel shifting.
moderate to poor sorted, subangular - 2. Depositional Environment This sandstone has an excellent reservoir
subrounded, matrix supported, polymictic Non calcareous sandstone with planar cross quality.
conglomerate with quartz dominant as the bedding structure, and fining upward Genetically, the development of Tanjung
fragments, non calcareous, rare basalt and sequences that shows decreasing energy Baru Formation (Gritsand Member) mostly
andesites, feldspar, carbon and mafic towards the top can be interpreted as a fluvial differed to the TRM Member: the channel
minerals; matrix: quartz, opaque minerals; channel system depositional environment. It sediments that filled in rift basin after syn-rift
silicates cements, 4 – 6 meter thickness. shows at least four depositional sequences phase. Tectonostratigraphically, the
Observed sedimentary structure includes which conglomerate as a lag deposit and very terminology called: immediate post-rift
graded bedding and in the base there is an fine sand as channel plug which was (Prosser, 1993) or passive rift fill; however
erosional base contact. This outcrop has deposited in a very low energy deposition Talang Akar Formation (TRM) as a
initial dip oriented to northwest (N230 o before channel was abandoned. transitional deposits to shallow marine. It
E/30o). Sediment succession of the upper part
Based on the planar cross bedding characterized an early regional transgressive
of the Lag Deposit Sandstone (Figure 3) has
sedimentary structure, the sandstone was phase in the South Sumatra Basin. This
planar cross bedding structure, channel plug
deposited by traction current mechanism and formation's development is restricted in the
(very fine grain size) and some fractures
was influenced by highly turbulent current deep zone, but the Talang Akar Formation is
(uncemented, loose) and shows a fining
in the platform or basin margin.

Figure 4. (Upper) Left: Tanjung Baru Formation is found at least four (fining upward) sequence of sandstone. Right: Conglomeratic sandstone of
channel deposit in Tanjung Baru sandstone quarry. (Lower) Left: Siltstone of channel deposits, about 10 cm thick in between the massive quartz
sandstone. Right: Lag deposits of channel, with thin orientation of quartz pebble in between the massive quartz sandstone.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 10

3. Outcrop Conservations
The outcrop of Tanjung Baru Formation
(Early Miocene) has been characterized as
lithology of excellent reservoir. It is very
ideal and urgent to be conserved. The aims of
the conservation are as follow: a). a very rare
of ideal reservoir characterization for HC
production in the basin; b. Tanjung Baru
Formation has ideal channel system
sedimentation; c). as a learning object for old
reservoirs in the South Sumatra Basin. In
contrast, the sandstone mining will extinguish
the formation records.
Particularly for learning object, the local
government is as follow: Governor, Head of
Baturaja Region (Bupati) have to stop the
sandstone quarry. It is very urgent to protect
and create regulations to stop the mining. The
outcrop should be proposed as a Geopark.
Actually, it is necessary to have plantation
surrounding the outcrops.

Acknowledgment
My thanks to the Management of (PT.
MEPI), Mr. Edi Bambang Setyobudi, Mr.
Asril Kamal, Mr. Dindot Subandrio and
Graduates Geoscientist Training (GGT 2008)
for their valuable suggestions, supports and
discussions.

References
Argakoesoemah, R. M. I. and Kamal, A.,
2005, Ancient Talang Akar deepwater
sediments in South Sumatra Basin: A new
exploration play. Proceedings of the 31st
Indonesian Petroleum Association Annual
Convention,
Hutchison, C. S., 1996, South-East Asian Oil,
Gas, Coal and Mineral Deposits: Clarendon
Press Oxford.
P etro co n su ltan ts, 1 996 , P etro leu m Sardjito, Fadianto, Eddy, Djumlati, and
Exploration and Production Database: Hansen, S., 1991, Hydrocarbon prospect of
Petroconsultants, Inc., P.O. Box 740619, the pre-Tertiary basement in Kuang area,
6600 Sands Point Drive, Houston TX 77274- South Sumatra: Proceedings Indonesian
0619, USA or Petroconsultants, Inc., P.O. Petroleum Association Twentieth Annual
Box 152, 24 Chemin de la Mairie, 1258 Perly, Convention, October, 1991, p. 255-278.
Geneva, Switzerland. Selley, R.C., 1970, Ancient Sedimentary
Prosser, S., 1993, Rift-related linked Environments and their sub-surface diagnosis.
depositional systems and their seismic Chapman and Hall, London, 287p
expression. Geological Society of London,
Special Publications, 71, 35-66
Komisi Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia (SSI),
1996, Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia. Ikatan Ahli
Geologi Indonesia (IAGI), 96 p.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 11

Half-day visit to Solok-Sawahlunto area, Ombilin Basin: A
short observation on non-marine depositional sequences
RM Iman Argakoesoemah and Didit Ariady Firmansyah

Introduction
This is a brief note of our visit to Solok, Sa-
wahlunto area, Ombilin Basin on November
8, 2008 for the purpose of our efforts to
broaden our knowledge on non-marine depo-
sitional sequence and its relationship to the
development of hydrocarbon petroleum sys-
tem in the region. Exposure of the outcrops is
excellent in the form of accessibility and ver-
tical extent of the stack of the sequences.
Unfortunately, as the time was limited, there
was no opportunity to conduct sufficient de-
tailed description of the outcrops. However,
several notes of the broad observation of the
whole large view of the outcrops were made.
Part of them is discussed in this paper.
A total of eight (8) locations (=STA) were
visited during this half-day reconnaissance
trip. The traverse began from Solok using a
car towards northeast to the locations 1 to 8
following the existing main road to Sa-
wahlunto, Figure 1. The outcrops are easily
accessed and visible from the main road.
Some of the outcrops are located immediately
on the edge of the road.
General Overview
The Ombilin Basin has been interpreted as a Figure 1. Index map of station (STA) of the observations during visit to Solok-Sawahlunto area.
small intermontane basin began to occur in
the Late Eocene by north-south tensional
displacements followed by dextral strike-slip transgression stage is stratigraphically repre- age-diagnostic fossils are not present, but
faulting of the Sumatra Fault System in the sented by a mega-sequence ranging from non- erosion surface could mark the boundary
Oligocene resulted in a pull-apart develop- marine coarse clastic rift deposits to shales of between both formations as shown by a shift
ment of the horst and graben structures in deep open marine with the maximum flooding of Ro value plot in Sinamar-1 well (Koning,
northwest-southeast trending (Situmorang et occurred in the Mid-Miocene. 1985). The Sawahtambang has been described
al, 1991; Howells, 1997). The basin uplift in as thick coarse quartz-rich sandstones with
The Sawahlunto Formation consists of non-
the Mid-Miocene or later reduced its extent to some overbank coaly claystone suggesting
marine argillaceous deposits with numerous
the present size where the intermontane basin that the formation was deposited in the flu-
coals and some quartz sandstones. The Ombi-
is outlined. To the west the basin is presently vial, braided river setting.
lin Underground Coalmines situated in Sa-
bounded by a series of Quaternary to Holo- wahlunto city has produced coals since 1891 The geothermal gradient in Sinamar-1 (1984)
cene volcanoes while to the east by the pre- from this formation. The estimated reserves is only 1.62 degF/100’ (29.6 degC/km) which
Tertiary non-volcanic sediments. are of about 200 million metric tons. There is cooler than the average gradient of 3.3
The basin began with deposition of the sand- are three main coal seams with the most po- degF/100’ (60.3 degC/km) in the Central
rich, conglomeratic sequence of alluvial fans tential up to 18 m thick and average 9.3 m Sumatra Basin. Several oil shows were re-
of the basin margins of the Brani Formation thick of black and lustrous bituminous coal ported in the sandstones of the Sawahtambang
followed by the Sangkarewang, Sawahlunto, rank (Silkina and Toquero, 2008). It should Formation. One open-hole DST recorded
Sawahtambang, and Ombilin Formations be noted that large extent of the coals could minor
(Koesoemadinata and Matasak, 1981; also have potential for coalbed methane
flow of oil (36 deg API gravity) in the upper
Koning, 1985; and Noeradi et al, 2005), Fig- (CBM) deposits.
formation and a gas flow exceeding 13
ure 2. Fresh water lacustrine setting could be The formation is probably conformable over- MMCFD (60 deg API gravity) in the middle
present in the depocentre of the basin. This lain by the Sawahtambang Formation. The part of the formation (Koning, 1985). The

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 12

 Formation shall not lead to the improper in-
terpretation. The impedance or velocity con-
trast between both formations shall be con-
tinuous laterally along the presence of both
formations in the basin unless the lithological
contrast diminishes near the basin margin.
Conclusion and Recomendation
Below are some brief conclusions and recom-
mendations:

(1) Quality of the outcrops is extremely excel-

lent. They are continuous and some of them
are extent to be several hundreds of meters
both in vertical and lateral views. Any de-
tailed geological observations could be made
continuously.
(2) Any outcrops in the Solok-Sawahlunto
region specifically in the area where coal-
mines are present and active should have to
be properly documented. Regular field visit
and detailed geological study should be per-
formed to ensure that the geological informa-
tion is continuously recorded otherwise the
outcrops will disappear shortly due to coal-
mine activity.
(3) Sufficient safety preparation should be
Figure 2. General lithostratigraphic column of Ombilin Basin (Noeradi et al, 2005) conducted if continuous measured section is
planned since the field condition in some
outcrops need special attention for the pur-
source rocks might be the mature shales tively thin floodplain deposits may help corre-
pose of safety precaution.
(Ro=0.6%) of the Sangkarewang Formation late the sand-rich sequence locally. Some of
(Avg TOC= 2.6%) while the Sawahlunto them could have been significantly extended (4) The outcrops are useful for the study of
coals are still immature with Ro=0.53% laterally and can be used for local correlation non-marine Tertiary sequence stratigraphy
(Fletcher and Yarmanto, 1993). The hydro- marker. Thickness of the individual sand-rich though the deposition and tectonic in the re-
carbon accumulation is considered non- sequence could be tens of meters. Individual gion are active. Non-marine biostratigraphy
commercial (Koning and Karsani, 2000). The coal layer may not be useful for regional cor- should be conducted to establish the vertical
later well, South Sinamar-1 (1994) drilling relation as the main stratigraphic relationship and lateral regional
results is dry. correlation across the basin.
swampy, floodplain area may not be very
Brief Outcrop Overview extensive in the Sawahlunto Formation at this (5) In addition to the coalmine purposes fur-
location STA 7, Allied Indo Coal. ther exploration for hydrocarbon occurrence
Several large outcrop exposures are present
in the basin should remain to be interesting
along the coalmines in the Sawahlunto area. Based on the rift basin model, Noeradi et al
not only for conventional hydrocarbon but
Description for a broad mega-sequence over- (2005) interpreted that the Brani coarse clas-
also for unconventional exploration specifi-
view can be conducted from a distance as the tics of fanglomerate and other related sedi-
cally coalbed methane.
outcrops extend several hundreds of meters ments representing rift basin margin facies
laterally. Some of them could have few hun- was deposited during the early syn-rift phase
dreds of meters of repeated vertical se- while the Sawahlunto Formation was depos- Note: Any content and interpretation appear
quences. A closer look will give much better ited during deposition of the late syn-rift. The in this paper is solely responsible of the Au-
impression on sedimentary sequences and Sawahtambang and Ombilin Formations are thors.
lithological description and composition. considered to be the post-rift phase based on
seismically continuous, widespread reflector References
Below are a brief description and preliminary
package over the whole basin. Fletcher, G. and Yarmanto, 1993, Ombilin
interpretation of the outcrops based on quick
observation and reading materials. Further geophysical interpretation should be basin field guide book. Indonesian Petroleum
taken to ensure that the lithological contrast Association, Post Convention Field Trip, 59
Coaly claystone and coal of the floodplain pp.
between the thick sandstone package of the
deposits have vertically separated each sand-
Sawahtambang Formation and the thick, Howells, C., 1997, Tertiary response to
rich sequence as the river channels move
open-marine shale package of the Ombilin oblique subduction and indentation in Suma-
laterally and vertically with time. These rela-

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 13

 Figure 3. Repeated stacked sand-rich se-
quences with several lenses of large fluvial
channels. Thickness and width of some chan-
nels should be measurable. The thick, coarser
grain of sediments (dirty white) encased by
light grey argillaceous flood-plain deposits
could be interpreted as part of the main chan-
nel fill, but the thin and discontinuous one of
much smaller channel fills could be inter-
preted as the crevasse splays. However, de-
tailed observation should be made, as the
alluvial fan sequence is present and could be
inter-fingering laterally with the fluvial de-
posits, see Figure 2. The information is im-
portant for interpretation of the variation of
fluvial system (and alluvial fan) depositional
outline and development including non-
marine sequence stratigraphy interpretation
of the region

Figures 4a (above) and 4b (below). This

picture shows several erosion surfaces indi-
cated by irregular sharp-based contact be-
tween fluvial channel (dirty white) and flood
plain (light grey) deposits of the Sawahlunto
Formation at STA 2 location, Korean coal-
mine. The width of some channels is possible
to be measured in the outcrops. It should be
noted that the channels at this location may
not be the main river channels as their sizes
are relatively smaller than those observed in
the basin. The thin, discontinuous, silty sand-
sheets within the swamp are possible deposit
of the crevasse splays. Note: This outcrop
extends laterally several hundred meters.

tra, Indonesia: new ideas for hydrocarbon 1981, Stratigraphy and sedimentation – Om- p. 217-249.
exploration. Geological Society of London, bilin basin, Central Sumatra (West Sumatra
Koning, T., 1985, Petroleum geology of the
Special Publications, v.126, p. 365-374. Province). Indonesian Petroleum Association,
Ombilin intermontane basin, West Sumatra.
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Convention,
Koesoemadinata, R.P. and Th. Matasak, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Proceed-

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 14

 Figure 5. Detailed view of erosion surface
shown by irregular sharp-based contact be-
tween fluvial channel and the underlying
flood plain sediments. The outcrop is very
fresh showing excellent view of micro-
sedimentary structure. Ripple lamination and
others in carbonaceous siltstones with finer
grain of sandstones are present, see the in-
serted photograph. Note: It is Sawahlunto
Formation at STA 3 location, Korean coal-
mine.

Figure 6. Detailed view of erosion surface of

thick sand-rich channels eroded fine-grained
sandstones of the underlying earlier channel.
These thick, stacked sandstone deposits are
interpreted to have been deposited as multi-
story river system channel of the Sawahlunto
Formation at STA 4 location as opposed to
the interpretation of possible proximal allu-
vial fan sediments. Detailed sedimentary
structure of the sandstones and biostratigra-
phy analysis of the intercalated shale be-
tween the channels are crucial just to confirm
the possibility of fresh water lake deposits
present in the depocentre of the basin at this
location. That possibility could enrich alter-
native interpretation of other non-marine
depositions present in the basin. The basin
geometry should be properly mapped, if pos-
sible.

Figures 7a (above) and 7b (below). Possible

inter-fingering contact between the overlying
alluvial fan deposits and underlying mean-
dering swampy sediments of the Sawahlunto
Formation. It should be noted here that the
possibility to have freshwater lacustrine delta
during Sawahlunto deposition should not be
ignored. Therefore, further detailed strati-
graphical and sedimentological observations
are obviously required for this outcrop at this
location and others in the surrounding areas.
Note: The outcrop is located at STA 5.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 15

 Figure 8. Close-up of the sedimentary struc-
tures of stacked channels developed in the
Sawahlunto Formation located at STA 5.
Parallel lamination and others with top and
bottom sets of cross-bedding structures can be
recognized along the outcrop. Paleo-current
could be measured accordingly. Any possible
broad direction of the major fluvial shift is
interesting to be exercised.

Figure 9. Large scale of outcrop showing the

presence of thick and large channel sand-
stones that seems to be encased by thick
floodplain deposits (light grey) of the Sa-
wahlunto Formation at STA 6, Allied Indo
Coal mining. Since the lateral extent of the
channel sandstone package is significantly
thick, wide and gentle it could be interpreted
that the equilibrium profile (=base level) of
the fluvial system at the time in this location
rose above the alluvial profile resulted in the
river aggraded the floodplain. This is an
indication of positive fluvial accommodation
took place during deposition of the Sa-
wahlunto.

Figure 10. Development of thin, scattered

crevasse splays within the large and thick
overbank swampy deposits (light grey) of the
Sawahlunto Formation at location STA 7,
Allied Indo Coal mining. The tectonic contri-
bution to the fluvial accommodation in the
basin centre at the time seems to be signifi-
cant resulted in thick fluvial system accumu-
lation as indicated by anomalously thick
floodplain deposits. This is a typical of the
presence of local tectonic sag where the ac-
celerated subsidence took place in the pull-
apart tectonic setting, ie. the Sawahlunto
deposition.

ings of the 14th Annual Convention, p. 117- Exploration in the Ombilin intermontane AAPG Search and Discovery Article #90913.
137. basin, West Sumatra. AAPG International
Noeradi, D., Djuhaeni, and Batara Simanjun-
Conference and Exhibition, Bali, Indonesia.
Koning, T. and Aulia Karsani, 2000, Abstract: tak, 2005, Rift play in Ombilin basin outcrop,

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 16

 Figure 11. Outcrop of the Sawahtambang
Formation in location STA 8 (Sawahtambang
gorge) showing multi-story, stacked thick
sandstones of the braided river deposits
where some appear to have been amalga-
mated. The formation is well-cropped out in
the basin margin. Towards the basin depocen-
tre, part of the formation has been eroded
following the Mid-Miocene to Pliocene basin
uplift.

Figure 12. Part of the close-up of the outcrop

in Figure 11 above showing detailed sedi-
mentary structures. Cross-bedded sandstones
with composition of mostly quartz are com-
mon in the Sawahlunto Formation.

Figure 13. Outcrop of the Sawahtambang

Formation at the same location (STA 8) as
shown in Figures 11 and 12 above, but it is
located across the main road. Good layered,
multi-story quartz-rich sandstones with ir-
regular shape of the base of the channels can
be observed from a distance.

West Sumatra. Indonesian Petroleum Asso- entific and Technical Division, PTBA Ombi- Ombilin basin, West Sumatra. Indonesian
ciation, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Con- lin Coal Project, 14 pp. Petroleum Association, Proceedings of the
vention, p. 39-51. 20th Annual Convention, p. 1-15.
Situmorang, B., Barlian Yulihanto, Agus
Silkina, I. and Napoleon Toquero, 2008, It’s Guntur, Romina Himawan, and T. Gamal
About Time. Time Technology Pty Ltd, Sci- Jacob, 2005, Structural development of the

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 17

Seismic Expression of Some Geological Features of
Andaman-Offshore West Sumatra Subduction zone
Herman Darman—Shell International E&P

A
subduction zone developed in
the south of Myanmar, continue
to the Andaman Sea (India), west
of Sumatra and south of Java
(Indonesia). Two major fault system devel-
oped parallel to the subduction zone, so called
the Mentawai Fault System and Sumatra Fault
system. To the north, where the subduction
zone changes its orientation from NNW-SSE
to NS, a spreading zone developed towards
the east of Andaman Sea (Figure 1). This
zone is a complex and active geological sys-
tem. The 2004 Aceh Tsunami was a major
disaster which was triggered in this subduc-
tion zone.
The Andaman - Offshore West Sumatra sub-
duction system is where part of the Indo-
Australian oceanic plate moving northwards
and going beneath the southern tip of Eura-
sian continental plate. Sumatra Island, which
is part of Indonesian volcanic island arc, oc-
curs parallel to and inland from the boundary
between these two plates. An accretionary
prism or wedge has formed from sediments
that accreted onto the non-subducting plate.
Most of the material in this wedge consists of
marine sediments scraped off from the down-
going slab of Indian oceanic plate with some
erosional products of Sumatra volcanics.
Fore-arc ridge in this system is a chain of
islands (e.g. Andaman, Simeulue, Nias,
Mentawai, and Enggano), formed by the ac-
cretionary wedge. A series of fore-arc basins
developed between the accretionary ridge and
the volcanic arc (Figure 2).
This region is also an active petroleum explo-
ration area. Recently, there are a number of
companies (e.g. Spectrum, TGS and Geco)
provide new and reprocessed seismic lines to
the market. These seismic lines show the
geological features in this subduction system.

1. Andaman Section
2010 articles in Geo-ExPro and AAPG Ex-
plorer displayed seismic sections of Andaman
Sea. These sections were recently reprocessed
by Spectrum in 2010 to support exploration
licenses by the Indian authority. The regional
seismic section shows a submarine volcanic
arc, which separates the back-arc basin from Figure 1: Regional tectonic setting of Andaman—Offshore West Sumatra subduction zone. Sec-
tion 1: Andaman section; Section 2: West Aceh section; Section 3: Simeuleu Section

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 18

 section in the fore-arc ridge zone. It is be-
lieved that the deeper stratigraphic unit has
limited data control.

2. West Aceh Section (Profile Sumenta 32)

A seismic section published by Malod et al is
a result of Baruna Jaya shallow seismic sur-
vey in 1991. The survey is part of collabora-
tion between Indonesian and France govern-
ment.
Figure 2. Schematic regional cross section of a subduction zone This short section shows a reverse fault which
the fore-arc basin. East Andaman fault system basin is deeper than 3000 MSec. TWT. bound the west part of the fore-arc basin
developed bathymetric high called ‘invisible (Figure 5). The fault goes all the way to the
A seismic section published in AAPG Ex-
bank’ in the middle of the fore arc basin. Part sea floor at about 3.5 sec. TWT, separating
plorer show a Miocene Limestone unit which
of the fore-arc is shown on the west of the the accretionary prism from the fore-arc ba-
this towards the deeper water. The interpreta-
section. Further west of this section the fore sin. The accretionary prism in the SW of this
tion also indicates a shelf deposit, shelf edge
arc ridge appear to the sea surface as Anda- section is clearly shown as a bathymetric high
and an isolated shoal (Figure 4). The shelf
man Island (Figure 3). and the fore-arc basin appear as a flat sea
unit is about 3-4 Msec. TWT deep.
base.
The interpretation suggest Pliocene-Recent The Neogene unit is underlain by Pre-
stratigraphic interval at the shallowest section. The fore-arc basin was filled with Late Mio-
Neogene sediments which is thins towards the
This unit thins in parts due to volcanic activ- cene and younger deposits. Flat reflectors
volcanic arc. In parts the pre-Neogene se-
ity and fault movement. Neogene units are shows that there were very little tectonic im-
quence has been completely eroded away.
thicker in the back arc basin compare to the pact on this area despite the major earth
This unit seems thicken to the west of the
fore-arc basin. The majority of the back-arc quakes and tsunami developed in this region.

Figure 3. West to east geoseismic cross section through the northern part of the Andaman fore-arc basin area (after Scaife & Billings, 2010)

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 19

 posit is well imaged. Meulaboh fore-arc basin
has thick post late Miocene deposit adjacent
to the NW trending fault zone as this fault
generate an accommodation space fore about
2 sec. TWT deep.

Conclusion
Recent seismic sections published by Spec-
trum, Geco and TGS, shows different element
of the Andaman-Offshore West Sumatra.
Indonesian BPPT Baruna Jaya shallow seis-
mic, acquired in 1991, shows sea bottom
profiles which are controlled by tectonic fea-
tures. These seismic lines clearly show the
subsea volcanic arc, accretionary wedge, fore-
arc basin, the trench, and boundaries of each
element.
Both carbonate and clastic deposits are shown
on the seismic sections with indication of
potential hydrocarbon.

Figure 4. An example of limestone build-up—the basins’s cap rock. The section length is 28 km.
Data courtesy of Spectum ASA, published in AAPG Explorer—October 2010 References
Unfortunately the seismic section is too short Bunting, T, Chapman, C; Christie, P., Singh,
Drilling Program (IODP). S., Sledzik, J., 2007, The Science of Tsuna-
and too shallow to show the regional picture.
The complex geology in the accretionary The seismic section is more than 16 sec. TWT mis, Oil Field Review, Autumn 2007
complex result in unclear seismic expression deep and show the oceanic Moho on the SW Caife, S., Billings, A., 2010, Offshore Explo-
in this area. of the section. An indication of continental ration of the Andaman Sea, GEO ExPro, vol
Moho appears in the NE of the section. The 7, no. 5.
section also shows the trench and the accre-
3. Simeuleu Section tionary wedge of the West Sumatra subduc- Durham, L. S., 2010, India Seismic Gets New
tion zone (Figure 6). View, AAPG Explorer, October.
In July 2006, Geco acquired 3 deep seismic
sections in offshore west Aceh. (Bunting et al, Slightly to the south of this line, TGS shot Malod, J. A., Kemal, M., Beslier, M. O., De-
2007) to image active faults along the subduc- some seismic which was focused on the fore- plus, C., Diament, M., Karta, K., Mauffret,
tion zone, quantify the volume of water that arc basin. The seismic section clearly shows A., Patirat, Pl., Pubellier, M., Rgnauld, H.,
penetrated along these faults and provide the fore-arc ridge and major regional NW Aritonang, P., Zen, M. T., 1993, Deformation
information to optimize the location of future trending fault zone in the SW of the section fo the Fore-arc Basin, NW of Sumatra, re-
borehole location for the Integrated Ocean (Figure 7). In the NE, present day shelf de- sponse to oblique subduction, Sumenta Crui-
ese – Baruna Jaya III – 1991.

Figure 5. Profile SUMENTA 32, west Aceh section showing reverse fault bounding the Aceh
Basin to the west and interpreted as possible strike-slip fault zone. Location of the profile is in
Figure 1..

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 20

Figure 6. Simeulue Section. A) Preliminary results from the Geco WG1 seismic line with interpretation revewals faulting and deep boundaries. The
main thrust fault can be seen on this image, as well as other reflectors. The Moho, short for the Mohorovicic discontinuity, is the boundary between
the Earth’s crust and the mantle, and can be identified here. B) A seismic section acquired by TGS showing the northwest-southeast trending fault
system as the primary tectonic feature in the west of Meulaboh—Sibolga Basin

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 21

Palinspatic 2D Seismic Restoration: Simple Method for
Reconstructing Inverted Structure and Basin History, A Case
Study in Langkat Area, North Sumatra Basin
Fatrial Bahesti—PT Pertamina EP ([email protected])

Abstract of hydrocarbons. Therefore, understand- deformation, minimization of changes in

Numerous published studies have shown ing the evolution of basin structure and segment length, or minimization of
that cross-section balancing and valida- physical properties through time should shearing, constant fault slip, fixed faults
tion techniques are a powerful method of improve geological models and, in turn, in space, or discontinuous rigid blocks.
structural analysis. The construction of significantly reduce exploration risk. Furthermore, these techniques are not
seismic cross-section is of the greatest based on the fundamental principles of
importance to generate regional study of Furthermore, whereas these geophysical the conservation of mass and momentum,
basin history. For this reason, palinspatic techniques adequately image the major which govern rock deformation. In addi-
restoration in time domain of seismic geological structures, this only provides tion, only strain, which is strongly de-
data have evoked considerable interest, the present-day structural geometry of pendent on the geometric restoration
in particular in areas of extensional and the subsurface, which commonly has algorithm used, is calculated (Erickson et
compressional tectonics regime. The resulted from multiple tectonic events, al., 2000; Hennings et al., 2000; Rouby et
basic approaches to restore preserve seis- thereby increasing the complexity of the al., 2000; Sanders et al., 2004). There-
mic section assume plane strain, or con- analysis. To more realistically model the fore, physical laws and linear elastic the-
servation of cross sectional area. Calcula- spatial and temporal development of ory replace kinematic and geometric
tion of equal areas for a section deformed structural heterogeneities and to address constraints used by the existing methods
above a decollement or detachment sur- these economical issues, a variety of nu- for the restoration of geological struc-
face can be applied by depositional time. merical techniques have been developed. tures. Strain heterogeneity may be esti-
It calculates depth to detachment in They fall into three main categories: (1) mated and it is possible effects on bal-
Langkat area, around 5000 ms in time the geometric and kinematic approaches; ance calculations deduced. The availabil-
domain to detachment by restoration (2) the stochastic approaches; and (3) the ity of closely spaced seismic lines, cou-
techniques. In addition to the analysis of physical and geomechanical approaches. pled with well control, however, can give
structural traps, cross-section validation three-dimensional and stratigraphic con-
can be used in Bampo and Baong Forma- The first category includes most of the trol in areas of orogenic contraction.
tion as major source rock, especially in restoration techniques used by structural
the relative timing of hydrocarbon migra- geologists to check the consistency of the 2. Data and Methods
tion. The extension and compression subsurface structural interpretations. The geomechanically based restorations
factor results 0.20 and 0.63 for Langkat Measures of gaps and overlaps between described in this study were performed
area without assuming wrench fault zone the restored parts of a model give qualita- manually using constrain length and ar-
gives additional strain in calculation. The tive values to check the strength of the eas with CorelDraw, a 2-D seismic has
result, when compared with several ma- geological interpretation. The geometri- been interpreted to model complex geo-
jor oil and gas field in Sumatra, gives cal methods proposed to restore geologi- logical structures with a variety of
high compression inverted structure clas- cal structures are based on a variety of boundary conditions or constraints. In
sification that increase confidence for algorithms, which aim at reproducing this study, we only consider the 2-D for-
finding any giant field. This technique, natural deformation. For instance, the mulation to restore geological cross sec-
when used with other methodologies, methods include balancing cross sections tions.
such as sequence stratigraphy and basin by flexural slip (Dahlstrom, 1969; Hos-
modelling, allows the interpreter to use sack, 1979; Davison, 1986) to model Detachment fault models of extensional
all the available data sets to constrain deformation accommodated by slip along basin development have two end-
geological models on hydrocarbon an infinite number of bedding interfaces. member geometries (Fig. 1A). The first
prospectivity. It is therefore a valuable involves listric normal faults that
methodology in both 3D basin analysis More simply, mapview restoration has gradually sole into sub-horizontal de-
and prospect risking/ranking. been done using rigid translation and tachments (Wernicke & Burchfiel 1982;
rotation of fault blocks (Dokka and Gibbs 1983). In the second case the
1. Introduction Travis, 1990; Rouby et al., 1993) to fault system has a kinked geometry con-
Whether paleostructure model are resolv- model larger scale deformation. These sisting of two planar fault segments
able on seismic reflection surveys, they methods are based on geometrical as- (Jackson 1987; Groshong 1989). Under
can significantly affect hydrocarbon mi- sumptions (Rouby et al., 2000), such as both end-member conditions, transla-
gration and trap location, as well as flow preservation of area, minimization of tion on the sub-horizontal detachment

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 22

 l
1
results in potential voids between the lo
hanging wall and footwall blocks, and Sedimentation rates progressively decrease
collapse of the hangingwall results in toward the hinge of the basin and precisely
the formation of a half-graben. The foot- mimic the subsidence rates. Since the second
increment of displacement is equal to the first,
wall block is assumed to remain pas- area balance dictates that the newly created
sive during extension (Gibbs 1983; d volume of the half-graben be equal to that of
Groshong 1989). The geometry of the the first increment. Since the volumetric sedi-
half-graben is governed by (1) the rules mentation rate is constant, the basin again
of equal-area balancing (Gibbs 1983), Area A= Area B
completely fills with fluvial sediments. Notice
(2) the geometry of the fault system, l l
( 1- 0)d=A=B
that the younger wedge of sediments pinches
and (3) the nature of the deformation in out against the older wedge. This is because
the hanging wall, i.e., collapse along l
1 the footwall, the basin-bounding fault, and the
zones of vertical shear, collapse along l l depocenter of the basin remain fixed during
A
l extension, but the hinge of the basin migrates
antithetic faults of variable dip angles, away from the basin-bounding fault. This
and the relative amounts of bedding- d pattern of fluvial
plane shear within the hanging wall sedimentation and pinchout of younger strata
block (Gibbs 1983, 1984; White et al. against older strata would continue as long as
1986; Williams & Vann 1987). In gen- the displacement rate was uniform. However,
eral, half-graben become wider and less l l
( 1- 0)d=A a doubling of the amount of displacement also
deep as the dip angle of the antithetic d=A/( 1- 0)l l doubles the incremental volume of the basin,
faults along which the hanging wall col- which now exceeds the volume of sediments
Fig. 1. Area Balance for Extension. Above: lo available. Lacustrine deposition occurs. Note
lapses decreases (Crews & McGrew is original length of section which compared that (1) the lacustrine wedge of sediment
1990). The dip angle of the border fault with length in deformed state and area. Below pinches against older fluvial strata, (2) the
and the depth to detachment also : the regional projected horizontal, to calcu- maximum sedimentation rate in the lacustrine
strongly influence the geometry of the late depth to detachment. wedge is higher than the maxima of the two
basin: for the same amount of net dis- older fluvial wedges, and (3) the depositional
placement on the horizontal detachment, ure 1 show the basic approach to section bal- surface area of the lacustrine wedge is less
basins become narrower and deeper as ance for plane strain, or conservational of than for the fluvial wedges, requiring a higher
the dip of the basin-bounding fault and cross-sectional area. transverse gradient in sedimentation rates.
depth to detachment increase (Morley Given initial fluvial sedimentation, lacustrine
1989). In the case of listric faults, a roll- The equation expresses the relationship be- sedimentation can only occur if there is an
tween the undeformed length, the deformed increase in the extension rate and/or if the
over geometry results in the hanging length of section and the depth to the decolle- volumetric sedimentation rate decreases. The
wall because of the increasing size of ment surface (d). This can be expressed in chosen volumetric sedimentation rate results
the potential void between the hanging term of average stratigraphic thickness upon in fluvial sedimentation following the first
wall and footwall blocks toward the time-depth conversion. It is seen to be identi- two increments of displacement. After the
listric fault. For the ramp-flat geome- cal to those for orogenic contraction with the third increment, the basin is of such a size that
try, a flat-bottomed half-graben results exception of the change in sign convention lacustrine sedimentation occurs. In general,
because the width of the potential void for elongation and is likewise independent of under conditions of accelerated extension,
between the hanging wall and footwall the style of deformation. younger units consistently pinch out against
blocks is constant over considerable por- older units, the maximum sedimentation rate
Linear elasticity is used as a tool for restora- in younger units is higher than in older units,
tion of its length. tion because its fundamental properties are and a transition from fluvial to lacustrine is
well suited for such modeling. Therefore, predicted if extension continues long enough
The basic approaches to section balance model results can easily be comprehended. and if the effects of accelerated displacement
assume plane strain, or conservation of Linear elasticity honors the full complement overcome the effects of any increase in the
cross-sectional area. Calculation of equal of physical laws that govern geological defor- volumetric sedimentation rate.
areas for a section deformed above a de- mation, including conservation of momentum,
collement or detachment surface can be mass, and energy. As a result, physical laws Studies of small normal faults in British coal
applied to extension as well as contrac- replace kinematic or geometric assumptions fields and larger normal faults in the North
tion. Given the equal-area balancing commonly used for restoring geological struc- Sea imaged on a closely-spaced grid of seis-
tures, such as preservation of segment length, mic lines have shown that the displacement
assumption, the cross-sectional area of surface area, or volume. on these faults is generally greatest at or near
the hanging wall basin is given by: the center of the fault and decreases to zero at
This is a feature unique to the detachment its ends (Barnett et al. 1987; Walsh & Watter-
A = hd (1) fault models. The volume of the basin also son 1987, 1988, 1989; Gibson et al. 1989).
where h is the net displacement on the hori- changes similarly since uniform plane strain
zontal detachment and d is the depth of the conditions prevail (Gibbs 1983). The uni- Gibson et al. (1989) used relationships of
detachment. The rate of increase in the cross- form plane-strain condition is most likely to fault growth model I to generate model half-
sectional area of the basin is constant (dA/dh be satisfied when the basin is bounded graben. Specifically, the along-strike dimen-
= d), and the change in the rate of area in- laterally by vertical transfer faults sion of the basin is given by the fault length
crease (d2A/dh2) is zero. This is a feature (terminology of Gibbs 1984). (Fig 2). L:
unique to the detachment fault models. Fig-

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 23

 where G is the shear modulus, ∆σ is the stress The preceding equations assumed that the
drop after each seismic event, S is the incre- normal faults were blind and consequently the
ment by which slip increases after each slip displacement of horizons was distributed
event (necessary for the fault to grow and for equally in the footwall and hanging wall
the growth sequence to match the observa- blocks. For non-vertical synsedimentary
tional data), and D is the maximum displace- faults (where the fault intersects the free sur-
ment. face of the earth), there is an asymmetry be-
tween hanging wall and footwall displace-

Fig. 2. Three models of extensional basin development. (A) Linked fault system model involves two end members: (1) listric fault-subhorizontal
detachment and (2) planar kink fault geometry. In both instances horizontal displacement (h) on the detachment fault creates a potential void be-
tween the hanging wall and footwall, which is erased by the collapse of the hanging wall along vertical faults in (1) and antithetic faults dipping at
45° in (2). The deformation is area balanced. Adapted from Gibbs (1983) and Groshong (1989). (B) Domino fault block model in which both the
faults and the intervening fault blocks rotate during extension. i is the initial dip angle of the faults; is the dip after extension; is the dip of a horizon
that was horizontal before extension; F' is the initial fault spacing; F is the fault spacing after extension. Adapted from Wernicke & Burchfiel
(1982). (C) Essential elements of the fault growth model (modified from Gibson et al. 1989). The ruled "ellipse" is the map view of a normal fault in
which displacement is greatest at the fault center and decreases to zero at the ends. Contours represent the elevation change (positive for dotted
contours, negative for solid contours) of the originally horizontal free surface. Note that the footwall uplift is smaller than the hanging wall subsi-
dence. L is the length of the fault, R is the radius of the fault (L/2), T is fault motion toward the reader, A is away. (D) Graph of cumulative basin
volume vs. horizontal component of fault displacement for the models presented in this paper. The change in the rate of increase in basin volume is
zero for the detachment fault model, negative for the domino model, and positive for the two fault growth models.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 24

ment of horizons, with the asymmetry in- These post-rift strata may be recognized by restoration should be constructed iteratively
creasing as the fault dip decreases. the large map region over which the sedimen- in order to derive chronologic model. Finally,
tation rate is constant within a stratal wedge. care should be taken in interpreting very spe-
3. Result and Discussion This is because these units were deposited cific results of the basin filling models pre-
The picture of the completed seismic line over much of their extent on a flat-surface sented here because: (1) the effects of com-
restored onto solid rock deformation using a (the undeformed upper surface of the last paction and erosion of previously deposited
texture drawing tool. This allows one to fol- synrift unit). sediments were not considered, (2) fluvial
low the deformation of the formation layers at deposits were not allowed to aggrade above
each stage of the restoration. The results of Several giant oil and gas field have been cal- the outlet level of the basin, (3) the displace-
the restoration are shown in Figure 2. The culated their extensional and compressional ment and filling increments in all models
changes in fault crosscutting relationships factor. Langkat area plotted as challenging were unrealistically large, and (4) the isostatic
through time. area for future exploration based on field consequences of sediment loading were not
classification. However, compressional and considered. The advance analysis using
When analyzing the evolution of the sand extensional factor reveals that inverted tec- sophicticated restoration software than manu-
layers, one observes that they roll back along tonic occur intensively during basin filling ally can reduces interpretational error inherent
the fault to their original horizontal position, history as following table and graphic : in seismic data.
whereas the free right border of the model
translates without any rotation. Dip changes OIL/ GASFIELD Extensional Compressional Acknowledgements
seen across faults on geoseismic lines demon- RANTAU 0.35 0.43 This paper is an outgrowth of a chapter of the
KUALA SIMPANG BARAT 0.28 0.69
strate that most faults are listric faults. In the LIRIK 0.25 0.7 regional study of North Sumatra Basin. I
final restored state (stage 6 of Figure 6), the BAJUBANG 0.36 0.62 thank to Dirjen Migas and Pertamina EP that
pre-rift beds are tilting as Malacca Platform. TEMPINO 0.28 0.72 has gave authority for publishing this paper as
KENALI ASAM 0.57 0.63
a poster at The HAGI 34th Annual Meeting
SUBAN 0.22 0.36
In the extensional regimes, it is important to MUSI 0.15 0.26 2009 in Yogyakarta.
calculate depth to detachment for the base- PENDOPO 0.5 0.4
ment faulting. The brittle-ductile transition TANJUNG MIRING 0.27 0.43 References
SUNGAI HITAM 0.3 0.8
occurs at depth of 10-15 km. The depth of LANGKAT AREA 0.2 0.63
Dahlstrom, C. D. A., 1969, Balanced cross
detachment estimates with simple equation section: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,
(Fig.2) and given in time domain around 5000 v. 6, p. 743– 757.
ms. It gives geometric information, in particu- Davison, I., 1986, Listric normal fault pro-
lar of deep target formation may be in seismic files: Calculation using bed-length balance
data acquisition in order to optimizing the and fault displacement: Journal of Structural
structural model. Geology, v. 8, p. 209– 210.
Dokka, R. K., and C. J. Travis, 1990, Late
Where subsidence and extensional values are Cenozoic strike-slip faulting in the Mojave
required, regionally balance section is critical Desert, California: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 311–
in providing a structural check on extension 340.
and compression factor. Total extension strain Erickson, S. G., S. Hardy, and J. Suppe, 2000,
gives 0.2 from pre-rift to Mid-Miocene while Sequential restoration and unstraining of
in plio-pleistocene tectonic gives up to 0.6 structural cross sections: Application to ex-
compressed. These in turn may be important tensional terranes: AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, p.
for hydrocarbon maturation and regional sub- 234– 249.
sidence history studies. Gibbs, A. D., 1983, Balanced cross-section
Future basin filling models should seek to construction from seismic sections in areas of
In the two fluvial wedges, the sedimentation remedy the deficiencies and should be tested extensional tectonics: Journal of Structural
rates (thickness/time) are everywhere equal to against a growing body of fine-scale strati- Geology, v. 5, p. 153–160.
the incremental subsidence rates. Sedimenta- graphic data for extensional rift-basins (e.g., Hennings, P. H., J. E. Olson, and L. B.
tion rates decrease toward the lateral edges Olsen & Kent 1990). Nonetheless, the simpli- Thompson, 2000, Combining outcrop data
and toward the hanging wall hinge of the fying assumptions used in the models pre- and three-dimensional structural models to
basin. The maximum sedimentation rate in sented here should not detract from the main characterize fractured reservoirs: An example
each fluvial wedge increases in progressively thrust of this paper—that there are inherent from Wyoming: AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, p.
younger strata. In progressively younger syn- tectonic differences among the three end- 830–849.
rift lacustrine strata, the maximum sedimenta- member models, which yield different stratal Hossack, J. R., 1979, The use of balanced
tion rate is constant or decreases slightly at geometries and successions in modeling cross section in the calculation of orogenic
the center of the basin and increases slightly Langkat sub-basin. contraction: A review: Journal of the Geologi-
in those cross sections located closer to the cal Society (London), v. 136, p. 705– 711.
lateral edge of the basin. Within a given 4. Conclusions Laurent, M., Frantz, M., 2006, Chronologic
lacustrine wedge, sedimentation rates gener- Improving structural interpretation gains modeling of faulted and fractured reservoirs
ally increase toward the fault a t the center of benefit by use of palinspatic restoration with using geomechanically based restoration:
the fault trace. The post-rift lacustrine units area balancing. In particular, well-understand Technique and industry applications: AAPG
deposited after fault displacement ceased of the structural pattern and tectonic evolution Bulletin, v. 90, p. 1201–1226.
record a decrease in maximum sedimentation of such areas can result if such techniques are Rouby, D., P. R. Cobbold, P. Szatmari, S.
rate because their depositional surface areas integrated into seismic interpretation. While Demerican, D. Coelho, and J. A. Rici, 1993,
increase through time, and thus the thickness seismic section data rarely permit a unique Least-squares palinspastic restoration of re-
of sediment deposited per unit time decreases. interpretation of structure, balance geoseismic gion of normal faulting— Application to the

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 25

 Preserved Amplitude Seismic Section Fig.3. Result of Palinspatic Restoration from
Pre-rift to Compression Stage of a regional
Horizon Interpretation
seismic line in Langkat-Medan Area.
PalinspaticRestoration (Area Balancing)

Structural Model (Extension/ Compressing and

Depth to Detachment Calculating)
Campos Basin (Brasil): Tectonophysics, v.
22 KM
Depth to detachment calculating : 221, p. 439–452.
A1=A2
22 KM* 3600 ms = 36 KM*D
Rouby, D., H. Xiao, and J. Suppe, 2000, 3-D
D = 2200 ms restoration of complexly folded and faulted
surfaces using multiple unfolding mecha-

3600 ms
Depth to Detachment due to isostacy
= 3600 + (3600-2200) = 5000 ms
nisms: AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, p. 805– 829.
Compressional Strain = 0.6 Sanders, C., M. Bonora, D. Richards, E.
Total Extensional Strain = 0.2
Kozlowski, C. Sylwan, and M. Cohen, 2004,
36 KM
Kinematic structural restorations and discrete
fracture modeling of a thrust trap: A case
study from the Tarija Basin, Argentina: Ma-
D
rine and Petroleum Geology, v. 21, p. 845–
855.

33.5 KM

COMPRE PLIO- PLEISTOSEN : Barisan Orogenic

SSION Fault reactivation, right lateral faulting
PHASE Swampy depositional system.

QUIESE MID-MIOCENE: Basin stability(subsidence

NCE slowly; small uplift) followed by global rising sea
TECTONI level, Lower Baong Fm.
C PHASE LATE MID-MIOCENE: Diendapakanbatupasir
turbitid Duyung, Gebang dengan sumber dari
utara. Dan Sembilan sand dari barat
32 KM (Pegunungan Bukit Barisan sebagai sumber
sedimen dari barat)
EARLY MIOCENE : Upper Baong shale, filling
accomodation space. Progradational of
Keutapang Fm, continued with Seurula&Julu
Rayeu Fm.

POST EARLY MIOCENE: Cont. sea level rise, Belumai

RIFTING and Peutu Fm deposition as carbonate and
PHASE clastic carbonate lithology.

RIFTING EARLY –LATE OLIGOCENE BAWAH :

PHASE Horst-graben filled by Bampo Shale with
30 KM lacustrine envirinment.
LATE OLIGOCENE : Sea level rise, Bampo shale.

FASA MID-EOCENE : NSB setting in edge of Sundaland

PRE LATE-EOCENE – EARLY OLIGOCENE : Sea level
RIFTING fall, alluvial fan, conglomeratic sandstone of
Parapat&Tampur Formation.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 26

BOOK REVIEW
Sumatra. Geology, Resources and Tectonic Evolution
Fatrial Bahesti (Pertamina)

B
ARBER, A. J., CROW, M. J. & There is much more to the geology of Suma- doubt that this volume will replace Van
MILSOM, J. S. 2005. Sumatra. tra than its present-day position above an Bemmelen as the standard reference for any-
Geology, Resources and Tectonic active subduction zone. It also contains one of one working in Sumatra and will no doubt be
Evolution. Geological Society the world’s most prominent strike-slip faults the focus of much more work in the years to
Memoir no. 31. ix + 290 pp. London, Bath: (the Sumatra Fault), an active volcanic arc, a come. Additionally, it guides the reader
Geological Society of London. ISBN 1 partially emergent forearc, and an extensive through further information sources such as
86239 180 7. doi:10.1017/ back-arc region. It contains a globally signifi- other geological, geophysical, geochemical,
S0016756806212974. cant petroleum province, some coal reserves and mineral maps covering the area. It also
and more limited mineral resources. The points the reader towards the nationally im-
geological evolution of the island can be portant archive of resources.
This book provides collaborative approach of traced back to the Carboniferous or older.
Overall, this is an excellent book and cer-
geology of Sumatra since previous publica-
A review of Granites and Pre-Tertiary vol- tainly represents compulsory reading for
tion of van Bemmelen, the Dutch geologist
canic rocks of Sumatra gives a valuable undergraduate and postgraduate students
who published a ‘comprehensive and mas-
history of the exploration and development who wish to carry out research and revisiting
terly summary’ of the Geology of Indonesia,
of recently oil and gas discovery in fracture of Sumatra’s resources exploration. The
initially in 1949. Much of the geological re-
basement system in Sumatra, which played an booklet is well referenced. With over 200
search conducted in Sumatra in the latter part
important role in establishing the concept, and pages, and packed with illustrations and
of the twentieth century has been carried out
provides a general introduction to the geology photographs (all black-and-white), it repre-
by the British Geological Survey and the
of the Northern and Southern Provinces. sents excellent value for money. It also
University of London SE Asia Research
There are a few papers in Indonesia con- serves its intended purpose as an excellent
Group. The whole island has been mapped
cerned with Pre-Tertiary fracture basement reference guide for more experienced re-
geologically at the reconnaissance level and
play and magmatism Paleozoic island arc searchers who may need reminding of the
completed in the mid-1990s, together with
development on the active margin of Sumatra. exploration opportunity.
supplementary data obtained by academic
Palaeozoic orogeny in the Sumatra consider
institution and petroleum and mineral explo-
the subduction history of the Sundaland mar-
ration companies, has resulted in a vast in-
gin and its implication to describe
crease in geological information, which is
pre-tertiary basin present in Suma-
summarized in this volume. The editors and
tra.
most of the contributors are associated with
these organizations and are thus able to draw More specifically, a gap in the cur-
on considerable personal experience. In addi- rent treatment is the limited cover-
tion they have incorporated references to age of the basins containing hydro-
pretty much every single paper or book to carbon reserves. Oil company data
have dealt with the geology of the island. It is always subject to the constraint
thus follows in the tradition of Van Bem- and confidentially, particularly in
melen. Indonesia given the involvement of
Directorate of Oil&Gas in all li-
The opening part of this book presents a con-
cences, but it would have been
cise introduction to the topic of Seismology
interesting to see some of the com-
and Neotectonics that contains some late ad-
prehensive datasets that must exist
ditions which provide a comprehensive sum-
in these areas and would help to
mary of the information that became available
address the thorny question of the
immediately after the 2004 Sumatra’s earth-
extent to which strike-slip deforma-
quake and tsunami and has a note added in
tion is associated with the formation
proof to include data from other after-
and subsequent inversion of the
shocks up to the end of April 2005. It might
Sumatra basins. In addition, the
therefore seem prescient to have planned the
BGS and University of London
publication of a memoir describing the geol-
projects were models of construc-
ogy of Sumatra for 2005. In comparison to
tive collaboration with Indonesian
other publications that have followed the
organizations and it is perhaps a
earthquake, this volume can fairly claim to
pity that none of their Indonesian
provide a comprehensive context in which to
counterparts are represented
place these momentous geological events.
amongst the authors. There is no

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 27

University
As Berita Sedimentologi journal aimed to
bridge communications, the editor has pre-
pared a special column for the academia, both
lecturer and students.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 28

SEPM NEWS
Special Publication #95 systems are products of the factors that
Cenozoic Carbonate Sys- these varying influences. controlled their
tems of Australasia The studies reported in formation, and to
Edited by: William A. Morgan, this volume range from those wanting to
Annette D. George, Paul M. syntheses of tectonic and understand the
(Mitch) Harris, Julie A. Kupecz, depositional factors influ- range of potential
and J.F. (Rick) Sarg encing carbonate hydrocarbon
The Cenozoic carbonate systems deposition and controls reservoirs discovered in these carbonates and
of Australasia are the product of on reservoir formation the events that led to favorable reservoir and
a diverse assortment of deposi- and petroleum system trap development.
tional and postdepositional proc- development, to local
esses, reflecting the interplay of studies from the South SEPM Membership for potential members
eustasy, tectonics (both plate and China Sea, Indonesia, in Indonesia
local scale), climate, and Kalimantan, Malaysia, Interested on sedimentological international
evolutionary trends that influ- the Marion Plateau, the publications? You can now join SEPM for
enced their initiation and development. These Philippines, Western Australia, and New US$20/year. For easy access registration
systems, which comprise both landattached Caledonia that incorporate outcrop and sub- form, go to the following link:
and isolated platforms, were initiated in a surface data, including 3-D seismic imaging https://www.sepm.org/Forms.aspx?
wide variety of tectonic settings (including of carbonate platforms and pageID=224
rift, passive margin, facies, to understand the interplay of factors
and arc-related) and under warm and cool- affecting the development of these systems
water conditions where, locally, siliciclastic under widely differing
input affected their circumstances.
development. The lithofacies, biofacies, This volume will be of importance to geo-
growth morphology, diagenesis, and hydro- scientists interested in the variability of Ceno-
carbon reservoir potential of these zoic carbonate systems and

IAS NEWS
Up to 10 grants of about 1000€ twice a year capability of the researcher, and reasonable- origin of ooids;
ness of the budget. coastal sedi-
The IAS has established a grant scheme de-
ments; forma-
signed to help PhD students with their studies
tion of stromato-
by offering to support postgraduates in their
SP41 - Perspectives in Carbonate Geology lites; impact of
fieldwork, data acquisition and analysis, visits
Swart, P., Eberli, G., McKenzie, J. (Wiley- storms on sedi-
to other institutes to use specialised facilities,
Blackwell, 2009 - ISBN 978-1-4051-9380-1) ments; and the
or participation in field excursions directly
formation of
related to the PhD research subject. Up This special publication Perspectives in Car- dolomite. The remainder of the papers apply
to 10 grants, each of about1000€ are awarded bonate Geology is a collection of papers most the study of modern environments and sedi-
twice a year. These grants are available for of which were presented at a symposium to mentary processes to ancient sediments.
IAS members only, and only for PhD stu- honor the 80th birthday of Bob Ginsburg at
dents. Students enrolled in MSc programs are the meeting of Geological Society of America Other details about IAS is available in:
NOT eligible for grants. Research grants are in Salt Lake City in 2005. The majority of the http://www.sedimentologists.org/
NOT given for travel to attend a scientific papers in this publication are connected with
conference, NOR for acquisition of equip- the study of modern carbonate sediments.
ment. Student travel grants for conferences Bob Ginsburg pioneered the concept of com-
can be usually obtained directly from organiz- parative sedimentology - that is using the
ers of the meeting. modern to compare to and relate to and under-
The Postgraduate Grant Scheme Guide- stand the ancient. These studies are concerned
lines provide a summary of required informa- with Bob's areas of passion: coral reefs and
tion needed for a successful Grant Applica- sea-level; submarine cementation and forma-
tion. Applications are evaluated on the basis tion of beach rock; surface sediments on
of the scientific merits of the problems, the Great Bahama Bank and other platforms;

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 29

IAGI NEWS
Call For Paper Makassar 2011. & Geophysics
In repeating the previous similar successful 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Joint Convention Mix Energy Sce-
events, joint convention between HAGI and Makassar 2011 nario and Policy
IAGI: Joint Convention Jakarta in 2003, Joint
Convention Surabaya in 2005, and Joint Con- Date Abstracts
vention Bali in 2007, this Joint Convention 26 – 29 September 2011, Clarion Hotel Authors are invited
Makassar is delivering a theme of Exploring Makassar, South Sulawesi to submit the abstracts related to the topics.
Eastern Indonesia to represent the spirit of Acceptance of paper would be selected on
current exploration and research of geology Theme condition of maximum 300 words, covering
and geophysics in Indonesia. Its challenge, “Exploring Eastern Indonesia” objectives, methods, results, and conclusions,
opportunities, process, concept, technology, preferably written in English. Abstract should
remarkable research, and experiences, in ex- Topics not contain figures. Author should indicate
ploring energy (petroleum, mineral, coal, Natural Resources of Indonesia his/her preference in presenting the paper as
nuclear, etc.) and understanding the earth Mineral and Energy Resources Management oral or poster presentations.
should be discovered on Joint Convention Environmental Issues Submit abstract to: [email protected]
Hazard Mitigation
Geodynamics, Seismol- Submission deadline: 11 February 2011
ogy, Volcanology Announcement: 15 March 2011
Atmospheric Science, Extended Abstract deadline: 30 April 2011
Oceanography, Marine
Geology JCM 2011 Secretariat
Sedimentology and Strati- Patra Office Tower 20th Floor. Suite 2045
graphy Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 32-34
G&G Methods, Technol- South Jakarta 12950
ogy and Application Tel / Fax:. +62-21-5250040
Engineering Geology
Unconventional Geology

AAPG NEWS
10 Teams to participate in the Asia Pacific •University of Pembangunan Nasional GTW –
IBA competition “Veteran” Yogyakarta (Indonesia) October 2010
In order to represent the Asia Pacific at the •University of Indonesia (Indonesia) The Asia Pa-
AAPG 2011 Imperial Barrel Award competi- cific Region
tion at the AAPG ACE2011 in April, 10 In this global competition, university teams saw a success-
teams are vying for this honour : analyze a dataset (geology, geophysics, land, ful conclusion
economics, production infrastructure, and to its inaugural
•Indian Institute of tech- other relevant materials) in the eight (8) Geosciences Technology Workshop (GTW)
nology, Bombay (India) weeks prior to their local competition. Each which took place on the 28-29 October 2010
team delivers their results in a 25 minute pres- in Singapore. The GTW theme of “Pore Pres-
•Indian Institute of entation to a panel of industry experts. Stu- sure and Related Issues – Special Focus: Asia
Technology Kharagpur dents have the chance to use real technology Pacific” was particularly pertinent as the
(India) on a real dataset, receive the feedback from Asia-Pacific region contains numerous rap-
•Indian Institute of an industry panel, have the opportunity to idly formed and highly overpressured basins
Technology Roorkee impress potential employers in the audience, and is an area in which pore pressure predic-
(India) and the chance to win cash awards for their tion is particularly challenging. The GTW
schools. The industry panel of judges will was attended by 88 delegates and contained
•Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University select the winning team on the basis of the 23 presentations from industry experts,
(India) technical quality, clarity and originality of its among whom were Keynote Presenters Rich-
presentation. The judging will take place over ard Swarbrick of GeoPressure Technology
•Khon Kaen University (Thailand) 1-3 March 2011. We wish the Teams all the UK and Nader Dutta of Schlumberger USA.
•Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) best! Running alongside the GTW were two short
More information can be obtained courses on Pore Pressure and Petroleum Ge-
•China University of Petroleum (China) omechanics, taught by Richard Swarbrick and
from www.aapg.org/iba
•Institute of Technology Bandung (Indonesia) Mark Tingay (University of Adelaide) respec-
tively.

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 30

Sponsorship for FOSI
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Future Berita Sedimentologi

The editorial board will prepare 2011-2012
publications with the following schedule and 2012
topics
February 2012: Papua
2011 • Title deadline: 10 December 2011

February 2011 (this edition): Sumatra • Article deadline: 10 January 2012

June 2011: Borneo / Kalimantan June 2012: Timor

• Title deadline: 10 April 2011 • Title deadline: 10 April 2011

• Article deadline: 10 May 2011 • Article deadline: 10 May 2011

October 2011: Java October 2012: Halmahera

• Title deadline: 10 August 2011 • Title deadline: 10 August 2012

• Article deadline: 10 September 2011 • Article deadline: 10 Septeber 2012

Note: Depends on the number of articles, editors may change the topic

Volume 20— February 2011 Page 31