Adaptive Traffic Light

Control System
Abstract:

The traditional traffic light systems rely on the traffic lights having fixed time period. The
traditional light controls do not show any real-time adjustment and adaptation due to the fact
that they rely on hardware which operates under a program. The fixed periodic intervals
between green signal and red signal mean that the roads will be waiting unnecessary and
overtime and vehicles will use more fuel. This helps to contaminate the environment and causes
health issues on the roads and local people. Moreover, conventional traffic light control systems
lack the ability to provide traffic density information on various roads resulting in congestion. We
thus use a new technology called the Adaptive Traffic Light Control System to enhance the
competence of traffic light control system and traffic management system. A network of sensor
sets is used for traffic sensing in the proposed system. Intelligently, after categorizing this
sensor based traffic system, the time periods of red light and green light on any road passing
are determined which can be vary, such as the wait time is kept to a minimum. This increases
road capacity, decreases travel time and prevents congestion of the traffic through an optimized
traffic light switch. The system also aims to ensure that emergency vehicles are prepared in a
timely way. The GSM interface for mobile telephones provides drivers with real-time traffic
information and helps to monitor traffic efficiently and to pick alternate routes. Also, well-
managed traffic reduces pollution. Compared to a traditional fixed time-span light control
system, the efficiency and working of the proposed system is comparable. Amongst different
output the measured/calculated parameters are the competent functioning of the assembly of
the sensor, saved time noted per cycle, frequency of altering signal, an effective operation of the
emergency based approach and the adequate functions of the GSM mobile SMS. This paper
uses simulation and on-board monitor results to show and analyses the efficiency of the system.
Introduction:

The MSP430 core CPU architecture consists of a set of small instruction with highly transparent
instruction formats. There are core instructions in the hardware and emulated instructions used
for effective replication of instructions using the hardware architecture. Core instructions with
integrated constant generators are used in emulated instructions. A set of instructions can be
emulated with the reduced command set without using any additional ROM phrases. The
assembler accepts the mnemonic of the emulated instruction and inserts the corresponding
core opcode. Consider a smart road system that reduces the time spent on traffic by reducing
the average waiting time. Apart from average traffic reduction, a road infrastructure is required,
which can maximize traffic by the use of highways. A green light without vehicles passing the
road waste a great deal of energy and time. A number of proposals to ease traffic congestion
were proposed. Many conventional traffic monitoring systems use induction loop indicators, loop
samples and inflatable road piping. Therefore, during installation and repair, these sensors
cause traffic disruption and result in high installation and maintenance costs. In addition,
photographs, radars and ultrasound sensors were used over the ground. They are also costly
and rely on the environment for their results.

A wireless sensor-based adaptive system in real time with a potential to lead to a advancement
of traffic control and monitoring due to its low budget and capacity for high-scale deploying. In
this system main components are the network of wireless sensors and interconnecting the
monitoring means. There are a series of nodes in the wireless sensor network, each with one or
multiple sensors, a microprocessor, a radio device and an energy battery. They process sensor
data, such as multiple count of vehicles, velocity and distance, to generate traffic information.
The details are then transmitted to the nearby control panel. In order to track trafficable
conditions, the interconnected control means gathers data from the sensors knots and takes
steps such as changing traffic light or switching data with further intersectional means to boost
traffic. In the field of multi-agent systems with an intelligent system in mind the control of
intersections is examined. Despite the potential to revolutionize traffic surveillance in these
technologies, the intelligent transportation system is still far from implementing these
technologies. In connection with an intelligent transportation system, the use of a wireless
sensor network is still at the beginning. The system's data has to be accurate in order to cope
with existing technologies, distributable to traffic crossing agents for real-time applications within
a certain time-frame and long-term system lifetime.
Interface Diagram:

The Traffic light controller section is comprised of 12 LEDS points arranged in 4 routes in the
MSP430F5529 Development Board. In each line are mounted Go (Green), Listen (Yellow), and
Stop (Red) LEDs.
Software Design:

Software Design of Adaptive Traffic Light Control System using micro-controller MSP430

Working Principle:

The microprocessor and microcontroller traffic light control device is a unique traffic light controller with
MSP430 microprocessor assembly language programming. It enables accident-free monitoring as a
separate set of signals. It was given a direction. For example, a single light signal for each direction is
provided if you want to move from south to north, east or west. This minimizes the probability of mixing
that leads to an accident. By automatically attaching PC bits 19:16 which have stored SR figures in the
stack, the MSP430X architecture proficiently saves the entire 20-bit PC value. When the RETI command
is implemented, the entire 20-bit PC will be recovered so that any addresses in the memory will recover
from interrupt. In a real-time environment, both embedded systems run. It should always be able to
accept, process and produce the desired output within the prescribed time frame. The processor should
be able to perform complex operations in embedded systems. Some processes have to be managed and
operated at one rate while others have to be controlled and operated at another rate.
Temperature Sensor with CTSD16:

For detection of the vehicles on the road, an internal temperature sensor via the A6 multiplexer input is
used. For computing the supply voltage, the A7 multiplexer input can be used to make a resistive
divider.

CTSD16 module consists of a number of seven separate sigma-delta, known as the channels, analogue to
digital converters. The converters use sigma-delta modulators and optical decimation filters in second
order. The decimal filters are comb filters that can be picked with an over-sampling.

A ratio of 256:1 can be achieved. Additional filtering can be done using technology.

The functionality of the CTSD16 is:

 Up to seven ADC samples are available simultaneously (the count of channels is depends upon
the system; according to the device-specific data sheet)
 Sigma-delta architecture of the second order
 Up to four differential or single-end analogue external inputs (also one-ended), internal
temperature sense input, internal AVCC sensory input, internal VBAT sense, and internal
differential inputs to the VREFBG/VeREF+ signal or DAC0 output, per Channel, are all single
ended external analogue inputs.
 Internal or external voltage comparison selectable for software
 Specified input frequency modulator 1.024-MHz
 AVCC sense, VBAT mean and temperature sensor are all channel-selectable applications.

Selection of Port for Temperature sensor:

The software will use a temperature sensor (on-chip) at default temperature readings. During
processing, non-volatile memory calculate and store temperature sensor parameters. The temperature
sensor parameters are used. In order to calculate the corresponding frequent error of ppm, software
can use parabolic equations and measured temperatures. When a compensation value for temperature
is entered in RTCTCMP L, the compensation value is multiplied by an offset error calibration value.
Register entries do not influence the existing cycle of calibration. The amount of occasions The
maximum error to account for both offset and temperature variations is the 240 ppm maximum error.
Display System (LCD_B Controller):

The LCD B controller displays LCD directly by producing the alternating current segment and standard
voltage signals spontaneously. The LCD controller is provided by both static, 2-mux, 3-mux, and 4-mux
LCD glasses.

A function is provided by the LCD B Controller like Display memory

A voltage source and R resistor in series with the LED are needed to restrict the forward current flowing
through the LED.

Flow chart (overall operations)

C Coding Algorithm:

//c program algorithm for adaptive traffic lights control with 8051 microcontroller

#include<stdio.h>

#include<reg51.h>

sbit Red = P1^0;

sbit Yellow = P1^1;

sbit Green = P1^2;

//signals connections declaration//

void main()

Unsigned long int j;

RedLight=YellowLight=GreenLight=0;

while(1)

RedLight =1;

for(i=0;j<60000;j++);

for(i=0;j<60000;j++);

RedLight = 0;

YellowLight =1;

for(j=0;j<30000;j++);

YellowLight=0;

GreenLight=1;

for(j=0;j<60000;j++);

for(j=0;j<60000;j++);

GreenLight=0;

return 0;

}
1. Ports and peripherals configuration by I/O devices:

The pins of the different input output ports of the microcontroller are linked directly to the
leads in the Traffic Light Control system based on microcontrollers. The MSP430 is programmed
so that the corresponding LEDs glow when the corresponding bit is set.
The mounting language is used and a certain delay is provided depending on the user.
In this microprocessor-based Traffic Light Control circuit, the traffic lights are interfaced with the
microprocessor system via ports of the programmable peripheral port MSP430. In the desired
sequence, the traffic light can be enabled and disabled.

The I/O subsystem comprises all the appliances (peripherals) connected to the system buses,
with the exception of memory and CPU. The I/O classification refers to devices which can be
used to monitor the operation of the machine as an input or output, as well as to special
registers and devices.

MSP430 instructions:
 Twenty seven core machine language instructions
 One to three (1-3) words long instructions
 Twenty four additional emulated instructions
 Seven addressing modes

CISC / RISC Instruction Set

Three Instruction Formats: Source, Destination, Destination and Branch
51 instructions include
27 Core Instructions → RISC
24 Emulated Instructions → CISC

Microcontroller Efficiency & Cost Analysis:

MSP430 is a low-power, ultra-low powered microcontroller. Operating modes meet three
requirements which as follows
  Ultra-low electricity use
 High speed and data transmission
 Low intake in individual parts
In order to set low power operational modes, CPUOFF, OSCOFF, SCG0 and SCG1 bits are used in
the register called status register. Update the current operating mode by saving into the stack
on processing the interrupts. By setting some mode control bits, the selected operating modes
are enabled.

Reset refers to the microcontroller's return to its default state.

Power reset is the time has come for a reset machine. This is caused by the following events:
1. Computer switching
2. The low signal of the reset pin (RST)

Cost Analysis:

The out-of-date traffic signaling pricing of businesses and consumers both pays big. Maximum
10% traffic delays and congestions upon main roads are their responsibility. This leads to too
much delay and customer fuel consumption. It reduces production and rises company labor
costs.

As per the Texas Transportation Institute, traffic jamming costs $87.2 billion in excessing of fuel
resources and loss of efficiency. It costs approximately $750 per visitor.

Out-of-date signals also impact state DOT costs. If traffic signals do not satisfy the needs of
travelers, staff must respond to citizens' concerns. Personnel collect data for experts in
transport who analyses it before submission of recommendations and change signal timing
through the traditional signal time mechanism. These specialists need to align the requirements
of one junction with device essentials. This time consumption is also very costly.

Automatically, ASCT is used to collect and interpret data. Most significantly, as conditions occur,
improvements in the timing of the signal are made, thereby avoiding many concerns.

Discussions:

This is what Adaptive Signal Control Technologies (ASCT) and advanced signal processing
w.r.t time can do. On collecting and analyzing data from logically located sensors. ASCT
determines that which of the lights must be assigned red and green. ASCT assists the travelers
on local roads and highways to increase their level of service. There are fewer unnecessary
delays and more effective and smooth traffic flow.

The procedure is easy. Traffic sensors collect information to start with. This results in the
analyzation of traffic data and improvement of signal timing. Lastly, ASCT improves the timing of
the signal. The process is called after every few moments to keep the traffic to run continuously
and smoothly. ASCT reduces total travelling duration by over 10%. In the locations where
mostly obsolete timing of the signal, progressions of 50% or more than that are feasible.

It takes a long time for traditional signal timing and needs a great deal of traffic data gathered by
hand. Traditional scheduling of signal times does not take into account shifting traffic trends and
unpredictable traffic patterns. Clients complain, drivers are frustrated, and the effect is safety.
Where there are no problems, inaccurate traffic signal timing settings can take months or even
years to adjust. It collects information and continually updates the signal timing with ASCT.

Special events, buildings or traffic injuries are frequently caused by traffic congestion. Although
major construction projects and regular events can be predicted, it can be difficult to predict the
impact on traffic patterns. Other time-to-day delays, including crashes, are impossible to handle.

Conclusion:

Centralized road light regulation is inefficient due to the growing complication of urban traffic
systems. This study explains a network traffic control scheme based on the wireless sensor.
The new decentralized device uses traffic data proposing the wireless sensor system to gain the
adaptive traffic control in real time scenario. The benefits of using data from a system of
wireless sensors are twofold: improving the localized flow model at the crossing and improving
synchronization with the neighboring traffic lights. Wireless sensor systems suggests an ideal
traffic management forum which competes on with the existing technologies in terms of
precision and long-lasting. It is being developed as a traffic monitoring sensor node prototype.
Further inter-connection flow policies required to be analyzed to help the junction agent to
specify the best flow criteria based on the data collected from the network of the sensor.

Also more ecolabel are adaptive signal control systems. ASCT is reducing hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide emissions due to the increased flow of traffic.

While the operation of real-time traffic management was seen, these systems are only suited for
approximately 1% of existing traffic signals. This innovation is now spread around the world
through the Federal Highway Administration. For irritated travelers, the perfect red /green light
balance is on its path.

The level of recurrence is decreased. It will develop organizational tools considerably in order to
manage road incidents effectively. The public transit system will be strengthened.

Reduce the time to arrive and make travel safer to emergency responders. It would also
improve traffic and flow guidance and reduce fuel consumption.

The equipment is tested and the findings are gathered. It's an affordable project. This project
will effectively solve the traffic problem if it is implemented today.

In many modern towns around the world, congestion is an important problem.

A highly efficient method of traffic optimization that require redefining threshold values in real
time, is used in the automated traffic control system. This system regulates 4-way traffic using
IC-operated barricades for traffic control. This proposed system would allow the creation of an
industrialized world with less traffic jams and help emergency cars to arrive on time. In this way,
this smart system can help us to manage traffic more autonomously.

References:

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<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8122189> [Accessed 7 May 2021].

Fhwa.dot.gov. 2021. EDC-1: Adaptive Signal Control Technology | Federal Highway Administration.

[online] Available at: <https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovation/everydaycounts/edc-1/asct.cfm> [Accessed 8
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Pantech Blog. 2021. How to Interface Traffic Light with MSP430F5529 MSP430 Development. [online]
Available at: <https://www.pantechsolutions.net/blog/how-to-interface-traffic-light-with-msp430f5529-
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