Cambridge O Level

Muhammad Faizan

*
4
7 PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02
4
2
1 Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan May/June 2020
2
3
0 1 hour 30 minutes
2
5
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● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

This document has 24 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (JC/CT) 187877/4
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
river
disputed territory
A

C N

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 1.1

Name the three cities labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1.

A ..................................................................
Islamabad

B ..................................................................
Lahore

C ..................................................................
Faisalabad
[3]

(ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1.

D ..................................................................
River Indus [1]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20

 (iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of a university in Lahore.

Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university.

...........................................................................................................................................
In the south west of the city; South of river; On/along main
road/railway; Direction from any named feature/location within the
...........................................................................................................................................
map boundary; Distance from any named feature/location within the
...........................................................................................................................................
map boundary.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
Some cannot gain basic education/entry qualifications; Cost/fees are
too expensive.
...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
Many in rural areas cannot access higher education; More university
places are needed.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) Define ‘small-scale’ industry.

...........................................................................................................................................
Small scale industries are referred to as those industries in which the
process of manufacturing, production and servicing are done on
...........................................................................................................................................
a small scale. The investment on such industries is one time and these
...........................................................................................................................................
investments are mostly done on plant and machinery, the total
investment on such industries do not exceed 1 crore.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information
technology business area at X.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
Near university for skilled labour; Links with university for research
/agglomeration.
...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
Near Model Town for work force. Can locate anywhere/footloose.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
 (iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

degree-level qualifications .................................................................................................

Will reduce unemployment; (more people earning a living wage/higher

...........................................................................................................................................
wages); Will improve social services such as schools and hospitals;
...........................................................................................................................................
(improve HDI so more attractive internationally/reduce economic
emigration/more trained doctors /teachers)
...........................................................................................................................................

use of telecommunications ................................................................................................

Enables companies/businesses to communicate instantly around the
...........................................................................................................................................
world; (no need to wait for meetings/travel abroad); Will attract
international companies to have headquarters/branches located in
...........................................................................................................................................
Pakistan; (will improve the balance of payments).
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in Pakistan.

1 .................................................................................................
Development of export processing zones (EPZ)

2 .................................................................................................
Development Trade Development Authority of Pakistan
(TDAP) [2]
(d) The number of information technology (IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since
2000.

Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to reduce
unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................
IT may reduce unemployment because;
More entrepreneurs are generated; Will reduce the need for managers to
...................................................................................................................................................
be brought in from businesses abroad; New businesses will open; Can
...................................................................................................................................................
train future generations; Further development of tertiary and/or
quarternary sectors; Many people own smart phones; Can have basic
...................................................................................................................................................
skills to use a phone or computer to set up a business from home; Can be
carried out in any language; etc.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
IT may not reduce unemployment because;
Equipment and training can be expensive; Not all students/families can
...................................................................................................................................................
afford to go to university and develop IT
expertise; Many IT graduates emigrate so Pakistan does not always
...................................................................................................................................................
benefit from them; Not all areas have a reliable electricity supply
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 25]
2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary 36° N
province-level boundary
disputed boundary JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
disputed territory

A 32° N

28° N
N

0 100 200 300

Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 2.1

Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 2.1.

Muree
A ..................................................................

Quetta
B ..................................................................
[2]
(ii) Study Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for cities A and B.

City A – 2167 m above sea level, 34° N

350

300

250

rainfall
40 200 (mm)

30 150

temperature
(°C) 20 100

10 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N
D
months
City B – 1600 m above sea level, 30° N
40 200

30 150
temperature rainfall
(°C) (mm)
20 100

10 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
months

Fig. 2.2

Complete the climate graph for city B using the information

below.

month temperature (°C)

[2]
 (iii) Using Fig. 2.2 only, compare the rainfall and temperature for city A and city B.

...........................................................................................................................................
A has more rain than B; B has higher summer temperatures than A;
Both have low winter temperatures; A has a rainy season during
...........................................................................................................................................
summer months whereas B has a rainy season during the winter
...........................................................................................................................................
months; Total rainfall is higher in A than B; Annual temperature
range in B is 24 °C whereas in A it is 16 °C; Highest rainfall in A is
...........................................................................................................................................
342 mm in July whereas in B it is 58 mm in March (could accept
...........................................................................................................................................
lowest); Highest temperature in A is 21 °C in June whereas in B it is
28 °C in July
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(could accept lowest);
(b) Explain how the following factors affect temperature in cities A and B. You should develop
your answer.

altitude ......................................................................................................................................

Temperatures decrease as altitude increases– or vice versa; (City A / Muree at

...................................................................................................................................................
higher altitude/2167 m so has cooler temperatures than city B / Quetta at
...................................................................................................................................................
lower altitude/1600 m which has higher temperatures);
...................................................................................................................................................

latitude ......................................................................................................................................

Temperatures decrease with distance from the equator as latitude increases –

...................................................................................................................................................
or vice versa; (City A/Muree is at a higher latitude/34 °N so has cooler
...................................................................................................................................................
temperatures than City B/Quetta at lower latitude/30 °N)
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) (i) Which three statements about thunderstorms in Pakistan are correct?
Tick (✓) three boxes below.

Thunderstorms are most likely to occur: Tick (✓)

during the pre-monsoon season

during the post-monsoon season ✔

in northern and north western areas ✔
in southern and south western areas

in the summer ✔
in the winter
[3]
(ii) Thunderstorms are one source of rainfall. State three other sources of rainfall in
Pakistan.

1 ......................................................................................
The Western Depression

2 ......................................................................................
Convectional currents

3 ......................................................................................
Monsoon Winds/Arabian Sea
[3]

(iii) Other than flooding, describe two problems experienced by people as a result of
thunderstorms.

...........................................................................................................................................
Destroys crops/orchards/or named examples; Roofs of houses can be
damaged; Electricity can be cut off; Telecommunications can be
...........................................................................................................................................
disturbed;
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Floods are a normal occurrence in Pakistan. However, every seven to eight years there are
severe floods.

Assess the extent to which the problems of severe flooding can be managed in Pakistan.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You
should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................
Severe flooding can be managed;
Afforestation;
...................................................................................................................................................
Enlarging river channel;
...................................................................................................................................................
Building embankments;
Building extra channels to remove floodwater from cities;
...................................................................................................................................................
Building reservoirs
Not building on flood plains;
...................................................................................................................................................
Publicizing flood warnings;
...................................................................................................................................................
Evacuation procedures; etc.
...................................................................................................................................................
Severe flooding can be difficult to manage;
...................................................................................................................................................
Very expensive to introduce man-made structures;
Can only be done in certain areas;
...................................................................................................................................................
One off extreme events cannot always be planned for;
Flood prevention measures for every eventuality is not cost effective;
...................................................................................................................................................
Cannot always accurately predict areas that may be affected by flooding;
...................................................................................................................................................
Land is sometimes needed for other uses so cannot always be used for
afforestation/reservoirs;
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 25]
3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing a method of coal extraction.

0m
CABLE

50 m
WINCH

100 m
COAL
X SEAMS
150 m
CAGE

200 m

Fig. 3.1

Complete the boxes on Fig. 3.1 by choosing the correct words from the list below.

cable cage coal seams head frame

tunnel winch wheel

[4]

(ii) Using Fig. 3.1, state the depth of the mine at X.

...........................................................
130 m [1]

(iii) The method of coal extraction shown in Fig. 3.1 is an example of:

open cast mining adit mining shaft mining

Circle the correct answer. Shaft Mining [1]

(b) (i) Name two types of coal found in Pakistan and describe the characteristics of each.

type ...........................................
Anthracite
characteristics ...................................................................................................................

Best quality coal/hardest with highest hydrocarbon content/ burns quietly

...........................................................................................................................................
with good heat.
...........................................................................................................................................

type ...........................................
Bituminous/coking coal

characteristics ...................................................................................................................
Coking coal is burnt to produce coke/a hard grey porous material/used in
...........................................................................................................................................
blast furnaces for the extraction of iron from iron ore.
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) State one major use of coal in Pakistan.

Industrial processes or example e.g. cement or brick manufacturing/
......................................................................................... [1]
electricity generation/domestic heating;
(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a diagram showing a hydel power station. Using Fig. 3.2 only,
describe how electricity can be generated using this method.

...........................................................................................................................................
Uses the force of flowing water to spin the turbines; The turbine in
turn causes the shaft to spin rapidly inside a magnetic field in the
...........................................................................................................................................
generator; The generator creates electricity; The electric current is
...........................................................................................................................................
regulated by the transformer; Electricity is sent through the power line
to where it is needed;
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Explain two benefits of generating electricity using hydel power. You should develop
your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................
Water is a renewable resource; (will not run out/can be used over
again); HEP is referred to as white coal; (because it doesn’t have to
...........................................................................................................................................
burn anything/ is environmentally friendly); Can be developed in
...........................................................................................................................................
highland areas; (where there are steep slopes and adequate supply of
rainfall/very little else can be developed in these areas); Once HEP
...........................................................................................................................................
stations have been set up running costs are low; (saving money in the
long term);
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(d) Read the following two views about providing a sufficient and reliable electricity supply for
Pakistan, now and in the future:

A B
Pakistan should make use of its fossil
Pakistan shouldfuel resources
prepare forfuture and further develop its renewable energy resources.
for the
as long as they are available.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................
A: Continue to make use of its fossil fuels
Agree because already have power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas;
...................................................................................................................................................
Uses existing skills and technology; Cheaper than setting up alternatives from
scratch; Do not have know-how to set up alternatives; Alternatives (or named
...................................................................................................................................................
examples) are not 100% reliable all of the time; etc
...................................................................................................................................................
B: Prepare for the future and further develop its renewable energy
resources
...................................................................................................................................................
Agree because Environmentally friendly; Once set up running costs are low; No air
...................................................................................................................................................
pollution; Creates employment opportunities; More sustainable; Pakistan has a lot of
sunshine – good for solar power; Remote rural areas can use solar power;
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 25]
4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas where three different types of fruit are grown in
Pakistan.

Key:
international boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary
river
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
A disputed territory

0100200300
Arabian Sea
km

Fig. 4.1

Complete the key with the name of fruits A, B and C below.

Key:

A Date
B Mango
C Apricot
[3]
 (ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only describe the distribution of the areas where fruit A is grown.

...........................................................................................................................................
In east/central Sindh;
South west Balochistan;
...........................................................................................................................................
East of river Indus
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, state two differences between the location of the areas where fruits
B and C are grown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain the ideal natural growing conditions needed to grow bananas in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) (i) Define ‘subsistence farming’.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two human and two natural inputs for subsistence rice farming.

human inputs natural inputs

[4]

(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of subsistence farming.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Evaluate the extent to which different strategies used to increase agricultural production
in Pakistan have been successful. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 25]
 5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid showing the projected population structure for
Pakistan in 2040.

male female
85 +
older 80 – 84
75 – 79
dependents 70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
economically 40 – 44
active 35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
young 10 – 14
dependents 5–9
0–4
6 5 4 3 1 0 0 1 3 4 5 6
percentage age
percentage (%)
(%) group

Fig 5.1

Complete the population pyramid using the information below:

males
age 60–64 1.7%

[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, calculate the percentage of female young dependents in Pakistan.

Circle the correct answer.

13.1% 17.4% 18.6% 36.0%

[1]

(iii) Describe the projected population structure for Pakistan in 2040 using Fig. 5.1 only.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
 (iv) Explain how population data can be used to plan for the future in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) (i) Suggest three benefits of a youthful population for Pakistan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State four ways that a low and steady birth rate can be achieved in Pakistan.

1 ...........................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................

3 ...........................................................................................

4 ...........................................................................................
[4]
(c) (i) Complete the sentence below about overpopulation. Put the correct words in the
spaces provided.

There is overpopulation when there are ........................... people and

........................... resources to support a satisfactory quality of life.

too few too many

[1]

(ii) Describe two impacts of overpopulation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
 23

(d) Pakistan has one of the world’s largest and fastest growing populations. Read the following
two views about the impact of fertility rates on the future economic development of Pakistan:

A B
Unchecked high fertility rates in Pakistan will
Reducing
hinderthe
future
fertility
economic
rate indevelopment.
Pakistan will hinder future economic development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 25]

© UCLES 2020 2059/02/M/J/20

 Additional Page

If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

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