IOT BASED SMART FARM

INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE:
In IOT BASED SMART FARM, a System is formed to monitor the farmland with the help of
sensors, which sense components like Plant Health, Soil moisture, Soil pH, Soil quality, Soil NPK,
Soil Heat Flux, Leaf wetness, Leaf Temperature etc. The System will later on connected with a
data analytics platform at the backend for research purposes at the University main campus,
Rawalpindi.

SCOPE:
The scope of this document is to identify the software requirement specifications relating to e-
enablement of the Smart Farming Process and Smart Farming related information. Smart
Farming is a concept quickly catching on in the agricultural Business. Sensors capable of
providing with information about plant health, Soil moisture, Soil pH, Soil quality, Soil NPK,
water level, pH, temperature, light intensity, crop yields, pest infestation and soil nutrition are
invaluable to production and offer precise data which can be used to improve farming
techniques over time.

OVERALL DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT PROSPECTIVE:
IoT technology accustomed collect information about environmental conditions such as soil
moisture, atmospheric temperature, and atmospheric humidity that are favorable for various
micro-organism to develop, and cause diseases in crops. IoT supports farmers to urge to
connect his farm from anywhere and anytime in the world. Sensors connected to wireless
networks are used for monitoring the farm conditions and microcontrollers are accustomed to
control and automate the farm processes to look at remotely the conditions. A smartphone
allows farmers to remain updated with the continued conditions of his agricultural land using
IoT at any time and any part of the world. IoT technology can reduce the challenges and
enhance the productivity of traditional farming. For Plant health monitoring system leaf
wetness, Bud temperature, Eddy Covariance for Eta Calculation and gas emissions, Automatic
DEW Point and ET calculation Sensors are used. The Leaf Witness Sensor, manufactured by
METER Environment, can detect small amounts of water or ice on the sensor surface for leaf
wetness applications. Because the LWS measures the dielectric constant of the sensor’s upper
surface, it can detect the presence of water or ice anywhere on the sensor’s surface. Apogee
Instruments' leaf and bud temperature sensor (formerly called the radiation frost detector) is
an innovative temperature sensor designed to mimic leaves and flower/fruit buds, which can
sometimes drop well below the ambient air temperature due to long-wave radiation loss on
clear, calm nights. Automatic DEW Point and ET calculation Sensor would be able to provide
automatic evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration monitoring system would have
monitoring and data logging option for the calculation of potential evapotranspiration (ETo). It
would be calculated from the values of the Meteorological sensors like Solar Radiation Sensor,
Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe, Tipping Bucket Rain Gage, and Anemometer.
Designed specifically for eddy-covariance carbon and water flux measurements, the patented
design is easier to install and use than separate sensors and provides increased measurement
accuracy. It measures absolute carbon dioxide and water vapor, air temperature, barometric
pressure, three-dimensional wind speed, and sonic air Temperature. For Soil nutrients and KNP
measurement Comprehensive soil sensor is used. Comprehensive soil sensor is a soil all-in-one
sensor independently developed by jingxuntong. It can simultaneously monitor soil
temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil electrical EC, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
and other parameters. The product adopts the international new generation TDR measurement
method, and the detection accuracy can reach within 3%; the special metal probe greatly
extends the service life of the product. For Pesticide management Multi-Copter Agricultural DJI
Agras T16 Drone is used.The Agras T16 has an improved overall structure with modular design
and supports the highest payload and widest spray width ever in a DJI agricultural drone. With
powerful hardware, an AI engine, and 3D-operation planning, the T16 brings operation
efficiency to a whole new level. The all-new modular design of the T16 simplifies assembly and
accelerates daily maintenance. An IP67 rating provides reliable protection for key components
of the drone. A light, yet durable airframe is made of carbon fiber composites and can be
quickly folded to 25% of its original size, making it easy for transportation. Both the battery and
spray tank are easily swappable, significantly improving the efficiency of power and liquid
supply. Supported by its outstanding flight performance, the T16 spray tank can carry up to 16
L, and the spray width has increased to 6.5 m. The spraying system has 4 delivery pumps and 8
sprinklers with a maximum spray rate of 4.8 L/min. The T16 can spray 24.7 acres (10
hectares) per hour. The spraying system also has an all-new electromagnetic flow meter,
providing higher precision and stability than conventional flow meters. The all-new modular
aerial-electronics system in the T16 has dual IMUs and barometers and adopts a propulsion
signal redundancy design to ensure flight safety. The GNSS+RTK dual-redundancy system
supports centimeter-level positioning. It also supports dual-antenna technology that provides
strong resistance against magnetic interference. For Irrigation system smart drip irrigation and
sprinkler irrigation system is used. The drip irrigation would be installed at 5 Acres for orchard and 5
Acres of land for field crop. Approx. 5 Acres of field crops would be irrigated through fixed Rain gun
Sprinkler Irrigation system. For orchard, the drippers will be used and for field crop the drip tape will be
used at the laterals.
Land would be divided in zones and sub zones based upon predefined crop/soil management in the
respective zone/sub zone, the irrigation would be done accordingly.

The irrigation requirement would be evaluated from the wireless sensors installed in the orchard and
field crops; the irrigation requirement would be evaluated through the sensors.

Main laterals would be of UPVC 2” and sub laterals would be 1.5” and lateral lines LDPE 20mm with
approx. 1.5mm wall thickness with adjustable drippers to take care of the futuristic requirement of the
growth of the plants. Adjustable drippers would have the water output capacity of 1-20 liters/hour
according to field design. The sub laterals would have the flushing out valves installed at the end. The
length of the main lateral, submain and lateral would be designed properly according to field
requirement and in addition main and submain would be placed 2-3 feet below ground surface.

There would be an electronic control valve and sensor according to field requirement for zones-
based automation and operation of system. The adjustable drippers/emitters would be placed in
field according to field requirement. The whole system would work on the solar energy.
There would be an additional system for the approximately 5-Acres of field crops to irrigate through
Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation System with auto on/off feature based upon the feedback of sensors for the
irrigation requirement. Sprinkler Irrigation System would be designed properly according to crop water
requirement and to ensure maximum uniformity over the entire area. Sprinkle irrigation system would
be designed with overlapping to ensure maximum uniformity. Automation of sprinkler irrigation would
also be linked with wind speed and application of water prefer during low wind speed time. Height of
the rain gun would be adjustable as per crop growth stages. Appropriate range rain gun would be
preferred according to field layout and crop management zones. Different size of nozzles and angle
adjuster would be provided with each rain gun. Three separate control panels would be provided: one
for the orchard, second for drip irrigation of field crops and third for sprinkler irrigation.
The control panel would be well designed and complete in all respect with appropriate safety measures,
gauging instrumentation with demonstrational labeling. System would cover all aspects including but
not limited to circuit breakers, relays, Indicator lights, Power panel meters and other required
components to operate the system manually or automatically. The status of electronic valves would also
be displayed with manual turn ON/OFF feature.

PRODUCT COMPONENTS AND THEIR FEATURES:

Following are the Product Components and their features that are required in Smart Farming.

Plant Health Monitoring System

Plant Health Monitoring System should be able to detect leaf wetness, leaf Temperature, Bud
Temperature, following sensors/equipment’s will be used in the field to monitor the crop
health status.

 leaf wetness Sensor

 leaf Temperature Sensor
 Eddy Covariance Sensor for Eta Calculation and gas emissions
 Automatic DEW Point and ET calculation Sensor
 Bud Temperature Sensor
 Multispectral Radiometer

Every equipment has its own features and specifications. One of them is leaf wetness sensor. The
LWS, manufactured by METER Environment, can detect small amounts of water or ice on the sensor surface for
leaf wetness applications. Because the LWS measures the dielectric constant of the sensor’s upper surface, it can
detect the presence of water or ice anywhere on the sensor’s surface. The LWS is designed to be deployed either
in the canopy or on a weather station mast. Two holes in the non-sensing portion of the sensor body are provided
for attaching the sensor to a pole or branch via twist ties or with 4-40 bolts.

Features

 Imitates characteristics of a leaf

 Does not require painting or calibration of individual sensors
 Detects trace amounts of water or ice on the leaf surface

Specifications

Measurement Description Dry, frosted, wet

Signal Type/Output Analog voltage

Measurement Time 10 ms

Power 2.5 Vdc @ 2 mA to 5 Vdc @ 7 mA

Output 250 to 1500 mV (mill volt reading relates to moisture state)

Operating Temperature -40° to +60°C

Range

Life Expectancy 2+ years (continuous use)

Painting Does not require painting.

Dimensions 12.0 x 5.8 x 0.8 cm (4.7 x 2.3 x 0.3 in.)

Weight 0.14 kg (5 oz) with 4.57 m (15 ft) cable

This would also be connected with CR6 data logger of AWS through wire.

Second one is Leaf and Bud Temperature Sensor. Apogee Instruments’ leaf and bud temperature
sensor (formerly called the radiation frost detector) is an innovative temperature sensor
designed to mimic leaves and flower/fruit buds, which can sometimes drop well below the
ambient air temperature due to long-wave radiation loss on clear, calm nights. Knowing exactly
when a radiation frost even is occurring allows you to activate frost protection equipment in
time to protect your crops and eliminates starting frost protection too early, which wastes
money.

Features and Specifications

Measurement Range -50 to 70 C

Measurement
0.1 C (from 0 to 70 C), 0.2 C (from -25 to 0 C), 0.4 (from -50 to -25 C)
Uncertainty

Measurement
Less than 0.05 C
Repeatability

Less than 0.02 C per year (when used in non-condensing environments

Long-term Drift (Non-
where the annual average temperature is less than 30 C, continuously high
stability)
temperatures or continuously humid environments increase drift rate)

Equilibration Time 10 s

Less than 0.01 C (typical, assuming pulsed excitation of 2.5 V DC), 0.08 C at
Self-heating
5 C (maximum, assuming continuous input excitation of 2.5 V DC)
 Operating Environment -50 to 70 C; 0 to 100 % relative humidity

Input Voltage
2.5 V DC excitation
Requirement

Output Voltage Range 0 to 2.5 V DC (assuming input excitation of 2.5 V DC)

0.1 mA DC (per thermistor) at 70 C (maximum, assuming continuous input

Current Draw
excitation of 2.5 V DC)

Dimensions 570 mm length, 21 mm pipe diameter, 70 mm disk diameter

Mass 400

Third one isAutomatic DEW Point and ET calculation Sensor. The installed AWS would be able
to provide automatic evapotranspiration.
The evapotranspiration monitoring system would have monitoring and data logging option for
the calculation of potential evapotranspiration (ETo).
It would be calculated from the values of the Meteorological sensors like Solar Radiation
Sensor, Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe, Tipping Bucket Rain Gage, and
Anemometer.

Fourth one is Eddy Covariance Sensor for Eta Calculation and gas emissions. Campbell
Scientific’s IRGASON® fully integrates the open-path analyzer and sonic anemometer. Designed
specifically for eddy-covariance carbon and water flux measurements, the patented design is
easier to install and use than separate sensors and provides increased measurement accuracy.
The IRGASON® simultaneously measures absolute carbon dioxide and water vapor, air
temperature, barometric pressure, three-dimensional wind speed, and sonic air
temperature. U.S. patent D680455.

Features

 Harsh Sonic Environment Option adds conformal coating to transducers to better

withstand corrosive environments
 Combined support structure causes less flow distortion than two separate sensors
 Truly collocated gas analyzer and sonic anemometer measurements avoid flux loss due
to sensor separation
 Synchronized gas analyzer and sonic anemometer measurements avoid the need to
correct for time lag
 Low power consumption; suitable for solar power applications
 Measurements are temperature compensated without active heat control
  Low noise
 Maximum output rate of 60 Hz with 20 Hz bandwidth
 Angled windows shed water and are tolerant to window contamination
 Field rugged
 Field serviceable
 Factory calibrated over wide range of CO 2, H2O, pressure, and temperature in all
combinations encountered in practice
 Extensive set of diagnostic parameters
 Fully compatible with Campbell Scientific dataloggers; field setup, configuration, and field
zero and span can be accomplished directly from the datalogger
 Sonic temperature determined from three acoustic paths; corrected for crosswind effects
 Innovative signal processing and transducer wicks considerably improve performance of
the anemometer during precipitation events.

Specifications
Patent U.S. Patent No. D680455

Operating Temperature -30° to +50°C

Range

Calibrated Pressure Range 70 to 106 kPa

Input Voltage Range 10 to 16 Vdc

Power 5 W (steady state and power up) at 25°C

Measurement Rate 60 Hz

Output Bandwidth 5, 10, 12.5, or 20 Hz (user-programmable)

Output Options SDM, RS-485, USB, analog (CO  and H O only)

2 2

Auxiliary Inputs Air temperature and pressure

Cable Length 3 m (10 ft) from IRGASON  to EC100

®

Weight 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) for EC100 electronics

2.8 kg (6.1 lb) for IRGASON  head and cables
®

Gas Analyzer

Path Length 15.37 cm (6.05 in.) 

A temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.325 kPa was used to
 convert mass density to concentration.

Gas Analyzer - CO2 Performance

-NOTE- A temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.325 kPa was used to

convert mass density to concentration.

Accuracy Assumes the following: the gas analyzer was properly zero
and spanned using the appropriate standards; CO  span 2

concentration was 400 ppm; H O span dewpoint was at 12°C (16.7

2

ppt); zero/span temperature was 25°C; zero/span pressure was 84

kPa; subsequent measurements made at or near the span
concentration; temperature is not more than ±6°C from the
zero/span temperature; and ambient temperature is within the gas
analyzer operating temperature range.
1% (standard deviation of calibration residuals)

Precision RMS (maximum) 0.2 mg/m  (0.15

3
μmol/mol) 

Nominal conditions for precision verification test: 25°C, 86 kPa, 400

μmol/mol CO , 12°C dewpoint, and 20 Hz bandwidth.
2

Calibrated Range 0 to 1,000 μmol/mol (0 to 3,000 μmol/mol available upon request.)

Zero Drift with Temperature ±0.55 mg/m /°C (±0.3 μmol/mol/°C)

3

(maximum)

Gain Drift with Temperature ±0.1% of reading/°C

(maximum)

Cross Sensitivity (maximum) ±1.1 x 10  mol CO /mol H O

-4
2 2

Gas Analyzer - H2O Performance

-NOTE- A temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.325 kPa was used to

convert mass density to concentration.

Accuracy Assumes the following: the gas analyzer was properly zero
and spanned using the appropriate standards; CO  span concentration
2

was 400 ppm; H O span dewpoint was at 12°C (16.7 ppt); zero/span
2

temperature was 25°C; zero/span pressure was 84 kPa; subsequent

measurements made at or near the span concentration; temperature
 is not more than ±6°C from the zero/span temperature; and ambient
temperature is within the gas analyzer operating temperature range.
2% (standard deviation of calibration residuals)

Precision RMS (maximum) 0.004 g/m  (0.006

3
mmol/mol) 

Nominal conditions for precision verification test: 25°C, 86 kPa, 400

μmol/mol CO , 12°C dewpoint, and 20 Hz bandwidth.
2

Calibrated Range 0 to 72 mmol/mol (38°C dewpoint)

Zero Drift with Temperature ±0.037 g/m /°C (±0.05 mmol/mol/°C)

3

(maximum)

Gain Drift with Temperature ±0.3% of reading/°C

(maximum)

Cross Sensitivity (maximum) ±0.1 mol H O/mol CO

2 2

Sonic Anemometer - Accuracy

-NOTE- The accuracy specification for the sonic anemometer is for wind
speeds < 30 m s  and wind angles between ±170°.
-1

Offset Error < ±8.0 cm s  (for u , u )-1

x y

< ±4.0 cm s  (for u ) -1

z

±0.7° while horizontal wind at 1 m s  (for wind direction)

-1

Gain Error < ±2% of reading (for wind vector within ±5° of horizontal)
< ±3% of reading (for wind vector within ±10° of horizontal)
< ±6% of reading (for wind vector within ±20° of horizontal)

Measurement Precision RMS 1 mm s  (for u , u)

-1
x

0.5 mm s  (for u) -1

0.025°C (for sonic temperature)

0.6° (for wind direction)

Speed of Sound Determined from 3 acoustic paths (corrected for crosswind effects)

Rain Innovative signal processing and transducer wicks considerably

 improve performance of the anemometer during precipitation
events.

Basic Barometer (option -BB)

Total Accuracy ±3.7 kPa at -30°C, falling linearly to ±1.5 kPa at 0°C (-30° to
0°C)
±1.5 kPa (0° to 50°C)

Measurement Rate 10 Hz

Ambient Temperature

Manufacturer BetaTherm 100K6A1IA

Total Accuracy ±0.15°C (-30° to +50°C)

This would also be connected with CR6 data logger of AWS and would also be mounted on the same
mast of AWS to get the input parameters from AWS.

Fifth one is Multispectral Radiometer.PS-100 By Apogee Instruments, USA

Absolute spectral measurement across a wide wavelength range

All units are calibrated in absolute radiation units for wavelengths between 300 and 1000 nm.

Three Wavelength Options

Three wavelength options are available; 350 to 1000 nm, 300 to 850 nm, or 300 to 1000 nm.
(Calibrated wavelength ranges for irradiance measurements).

Field Measurements
Small and lightweight with a rugged housing and no moving parts. Powered through the USB
port on a computer allowing mobile field measurements.
Complete Package
Includes spectroradiometer, two-meter fiber optic cable, cosine-corrected detector, USB cable,
USB drive with required drivers and software (compatible with all 32-bit and 64-bit Windows
operating systems), and shoulder bag (functions as a carrying case and field measurement
pack). A reflectance probe and reflectance standard are available as accessories.

Typical Applications
Measurement of spectral output (energy flux density, photon flux density, or illuminance) of
radiation sources for plant or human lighting, reflectance and transmittance measurements of
natural and synthetic surfaces and materials (often plant leaves and canopies), and absorptance
measurements of chemical samples.
Features and Specifications
Wavelength Sensitivity 350 to 1150 nm

Irradiance Calibration Range 350 to 1000 nm

Wavelength Resolution 1 nm

Detector Type CCD, 2048 pixel

Grating Type Holographic & ruled, 600 g/nm

Digitizer 16-bit

Signal to Noise Ratio 1000:1

Stray Light 0.1 % at 435 nm, 0.5 % at 600 nm

Measurement Repeatability Less than 1 %

Irradiance Calibration
± 10 %
Uncertainty

Detector Integration
1 ms to 65 s
(Exposure) Range

Directional (Cosine) Response ± 5 % at 80° zenith angle

Software Windows compatible, included

 Computer Interface USB 2.0

Power Requirement 100 mA at 5 V DC, supplied via USB code

Operating Temperature 0 to 60 C

Optical Cable 2 m armored fiber-optic

Base Unit Size 25 mm X 75 mm X 125 mm

Mass 500 g

Soil Monitoring System

Soil Monitoring System should be able to detect Soil moisture, Soil NPK, Soil pH, Soil Heat
Flux, Soil EC (Electrical Conductivity) etc. Different sensors/equipment’s will be used in the
field to monitor the soil parameters like Soil pH, Soil Moisture, Soil NPK, Soil Organic matter.
Sensor we used is Integrated Soil Moisture, EC, Temperature, NPK & pH Sensor.

JXBS-3001 by JXCT, China

The soil integrated meter is suitable for detecting soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, PH, EC,
temperature and humidity, widely used in rice fields, greenhouse cultivation, rice, vegetable
cultivation, orchard nursery, flowers and soil research.
Specifications
Size:
122*82*116mm
Measurement method:
FDR
NPK Detect Range:
0-1999mg/kg
Accuracy:
± 2%F. s
Response Time:
<10s
Working Temperature:
5~45
Working Moisture:
5~95%, relevant
Baud Rate:
2400/4800/9600
Features
 Five Parameter Measurement (NPK, PH, EC, Temperature, Humidity)
 Accurate Measurement
 Water Proof
 Dust Proof
 Wireless remote viewing

Pest Monitoring System

Pest monitoring system should be able to capture the crop images at random points on the
basis of machine learning and identify crop pest.

Weather Monitoring System

Weather monitoring system will be installed near field crop area and should be able to detect
parameters like Air Temperature, Wind Speed, Relative Humidity, Sunshine hours, Light
intensity, Rainfall and Wind Direction etc. Following sensors/equipment’s will be used in the
field to monitor the field weather status.

 Air Temperature
 Relative Humidity
 Barometric Pressure
 Anemometer
 Wind Direction
 Global Solar Radiation
 Tipping bucket Rain Gauge

Every equipment has its own features and specifications. One of them is Anemometer. Its main
features include Compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers. Designed for
continuous, long-term, unattended operation in adverse conditions. Small size, simplicity, and
rugged construction provide a quality instrument for a modest price. Ideal for wind profile
studies. Compatible with the LLAC4 4-channel Low-Level AC-Conversion Module, which
increases the number of anemometers one data logger can measure. Campbell Scientific
version uses shielded bearings, which lowers the anemometer's starting threshold. These
sensors should be able to send the data wirelessly to the data logger and server and we
configured each accordingly.

Automated Irrigated System

Two types of irrigation system

 Smart Drip Irrigation System

 Smart Sprinkler Irrigation System

The drip irrigation would be installed at 5 Acres for orchard and 5 Acres of land for field crop. Approx. 5
Acres of field crops would be irrigated through fixed Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation system. For orchard,
the drippers will be used and for field crop the drip tape will be used at the laterals. Land would be
divided in zones and sub zones based upon predefined crop/soil management in the respective
zone/sub zone, the irrigation would be done accordingly. The irrigation requirement would be evaluated
from the wireless sensors installed in the orchard and field crops; the irrigation requirement would be
evaluated through the sensors. Main laterals would be of UPVC 2” and sub laterals would be 1.5” and
lateral lines LDPE 20mm with approx. 1.5mm wall thickness with adjustable drippers to take care of the
futuristic requirement of the growth of the plants. Adjustable drippers would have the water output
capacity of 1-20 liters/hour according to field design. The sub laterals would have the flushing out valves
installed at the end. The length of the main lateral, sub main and lateral would be designed properly
according to field requirement and in addition main and sub main would be placed 2-3 feet below
ground surface. There would be an electronic control valve and sensor according to field requirement
for zones-based automation and operation of system. The adjustable drippers/emitters would be placed
in field according to field requirement. The whole system would work on the solar energy.

Smart Sprinkler Irrigation System

There would be an additional system for the approximately 5-Acres of field crops to irrigate through
Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation System with auto on/off feature based upon the feedback of sensors for the
irrigation requirement. Sprinkler Irrigation System would be designed properly according to crop water
requirement and to ensure maximum uniformity over the entire area. Sprinkle irrigation system would
be designed with overlapping to ensure maximum uniformity. Automation of sprinkler irrigation would
also be linked with wind speed and application of water prefer during low wind speed time. Height of
the rain gun would be adjustable as per crop growth stages. Appropriate range rain gun would be
preferred according to field layout and crop management zones. Different size of nozzles and angle
adjuster would be provided with each rain gun. All pipes would be placed 2-3 feet below ground level.

Features and Specifications

Pre-Filtration Strainer

The filter prevents the penetration of stones and large particles into the water system during operation.
To get the best results the filter must be correctly installed, properly operated, and maintained. This
screen filter prevents the penetration of stones.
Operating Guidelines:

 Head loss not to exceed: 0,7 bar

 Maximum operating pressure: 8,0 bar

 Maximum pressure: 10,0 bar

 Inlet/Outlet: As per design

 Maximum flow rate: As per design

 Screens: 3000 microns

Self-Cleaning Suction Strainer

The strainer is used as a preliminary filter to a water pump inlet. Due to its self‒cleaning operation, this
strainer reduces the pump’s maintenance and significantly increases its efficiency. The self-cleaning
suction strainer is designed to protect the pump from clogging by debris and solid dirt. It is connected to
the pump inlet and submerged in the water source (river, lake, reservoir etc.). The Self - Cleaning
Suction Strainer is designed to protect the pump from clogging by debris and solid dirt. It is connected to
the pump inlet and submerged in the water source (pond, reservoir, well, etc.).

 Inlet/Outlet: As per design

 Maximum flow rate: As per design

 Screens: 1200 microns

Fertilizer Tank / Dossier

Fertilizer Tanks should be designed and manufactured to achieve the highest standards of quality and
finish. This fertilizer tanks apply fertilizer in accordance with the volume principle. Fertilizing can be
performed continuously during irrigation, controlled by controller or computer as required, or may be
manually operated. Injecting fertilizer into the irrigation system is generally recommended during the
first two thirds of irrigation time, to ensure proper flushing of the irrigation system and to minimize the
drippers’ clogging by the chemicals residues.

Fertilizer Tanks equipped with Inlet/Outlet high pressure hose, quick connections, and air valve.

Operating Guidelines

 Maximum recommended operating pressure: 8 bar

  Maximum pressure: 10 bar

 Tank Capacity 60 Liters

Hydro Cyclone Filter

Hydro cyclone Sand Separator creates a centrifugal action that moves the water around the edge of the
body, throwing the sand and heavy materials to the outside or the cyclone, The heavy materials then fall
into the underflow tank to be collected and removed.

 Inlet/Outlet: As per design

 Maximum flow rate: As per design

 Tank Capacity: As per design

Operating Guidelines

 Operating pressure: 8,0 bar

 Maximum pressure: 10,0 bar

 Recommended head loss: 0,3‒0,5bar

Sand Filter / Media Filter

Media Filters (gravel or sand) are the most efficient type of filtration of water heavily contaminated with
algae, organic matter and other impurities found in open reservoirs, canals and recycled water systems.
The filtration occurs when the water passes through the open spaces and between sand particles,
trapping the solid particles.

3 service ports for maintenance Double chamber, precision conical diffusers/collectors

Operating Guidelines

 Operating pressure: 8,0 bar

 Maximum pressure: 10,0 bar

 Pressure differential: Not to exceed 0,5 bar

 Inlet/Outlet: As per design

 Maximum flow rate: As per design

 Body Diameter: As per design

Plastic Disc Filter

Plastic Disc Filter is used as a primary filter for small irrigation systems and as a back‒up filter for field
zones. This filter can stop or retain large number of solids from the water due to the depth feature of
the disc element and the size of element. In addition, the filters utilize a low deflecting plate that
circulates water inside the filter and forces particles away from the disc elements and down to the
bottom of the filter ready to be flushed out. All of these features contribute to improved filter efficiency
and increased time between flushing.

Diameters: As per design

Inlet/Outlet: As per design

Maximum flow rate: As per design

Screen options: 100, 130, 200 microns

Body styles: In‒Line, Angled

All these filters would be fabricated locally.

REMOTE SENSING AGRICULTURE HARDWARE / DRONES

Multi-Copter Agricultural Drone for Imagery Gathering

We offer DJI Matrice 600 Pro system to gather the imagery from the field.

The Matrice 600 Pro (M600 Pro) inherits everything from the M600 with improved flight performance
and better loading capacity.Pre-installed arms and antennas reduce time required for setup, and the
system’s modular design makes it easy to mount additional modules. The airframe is equipped with the
latest DJI technologies, including the A3 Pro flight controller, Lightbridge 2 HD transmission system,
Intelligent Batteries and Battery Management system. All Zenmuse cameras and gimbals are natively
compatible and full integration with third party software and hardware make the M600 Pro ideal for
professional aerial photography and industrial applications. In case of export restrictions from the
supplier, the alternate equivalent model would be supplied.

Features and Specifications

AIRCRAFT: M600 PRO

Diagonal Wheelbase 1133 mm

Dimensions 1668 mm × 1518 mm × 727 mm with propellers, frame arms and GPS
 mount unfolded (including landing gear)

437 mm × 402 mm × 553 mm with propellers, frame arms and GPS mount
folded (excluding landing gear)

Package Dimensions 525 mm × 480 mm × 640 mm

Weight (with six TB47S

9.5 kg
batteries)

Weight (with six TB48S

10 kg
batteries)

Max Takeoff Weight

15.5 kg
Recommended

Hovering Accuracy (P-GPS) Vertical: ±0.5 m, Horizontal: ±1.5 m

Max Angular Velocity Pitch: 300°/s, Yaw: 150°/s

Max Pitch Angle 25°

Max Wind Resistance 8 m/s

Max Ascent Speed 5 m/s

Max Descent Speed 3 m/s

Max Service Ceiling Above

2170R propellers: 2500 m；
Sea Level

2195 propellers: 4500 m

Max Speed 40 mph / 65 kph (no wind)

Hovering Time* (with six

No payload: 32 min, 6 kg payload: 16 min
TB47S batteries)

Hovering Time* (with six

No payload: 38 min, 5.5 kg payload: 18 min
TB48S batteries)

Ronin-MX; Zenmuse Z30, Zenmuse X5/X5R, Zenmuse X3, Zenmuse XT;

Supported DJI Gimbals
Zenmuse Z15 Series HD Gimbal: Z15-A7, Z15-BMPCC, Z15-5D III, Z15-GH4

Flight Control System A3 Pro

Propulsion System Motor model: DJI 6010

Propeller model: DJI 2170R

Retractable Landing Gear Standard

Operating Temperature 14° Fto 104° F (-10° C to 40° C)

CHARGER (MODEL:
MC6S600)

Voltage Output 26.1 V

Rated Power 600 W

Single Battery Port Output

100 W
Power

OPTIONAL BATTERY
(MODEL: TB48S)

Capacity 5700 mAh

Voltage 22.8 V

Battery Type LiPo 6S

Energy 129.96 Wh

Net Weight 680 g

Operating Temperature 14°F to 104° F (-10°C to 40° C)

Max Charging Power 180 W

REMOTE CONTROLLER

920.6 MHz to 928 MHz (Japan); 5.725 GHz to 5.825 GHz; 2.400 GHz to
Operating Frequency
2.483 GHz

FCC Compliant: 3.1 mi (5 km), CE Compliant: 2.2 mi (3.5 km)

Max Transmission Distance
(Unobstructed, free of interference)

Transmitter Power (EIRP) 10 dBm @ 900M, 13 dBm @ 5.8G, 20 dBm @ 2.4G

Video Output Port HDMI, SDI, USB

Operating Temperature 14°F to 104° F (-10° to 40° C)

Battery 6000 mAh LiPo 2S

STANDARD BATTERY
(MODEL: TB47S)

Capacity 4500 mAh

Voltage 22.2 V

Battery Type LiPo 6S

Energy 99.9 Wh
Net Weight 595 g

Operating Temperature 14° F to 104° F (-10°C to 40° C)

Max Charging Power 180 W

CAMERA: Z30

Name Zenmuse Z30

Dimensions 152×137×61 mm

Weight 556 g

CAMERA

Sensor CMOS, 1/2.8"

Effective Pixels: 2.13 M

Lens 30x Optical Zoom

F1.6 (Wide) - F4.7 (Tele)

Zoom Movement Speed:

- Optical Wide - Optical Tele: 4.6 sec

- Optical Wide - Digital Tele: 6.4 sec

- Digital Wide - Digital Tele : 1.8 sec

Focus Movement Time:

∞ - near: 1.1 sec

FOV 63.7°(Wide) - 2.3°(Tele)

Digital Zoom 6x

Min. Working Distance 10 mm - 1200 mm

Photo Formats JPEG

Video Formats MOV, MP4

Working Modes Capture, Record, Playback

Single shot, Burst shooting: 3/5 frames, Interval (2/3/4/7/10/15/20/30

Still Photography Modes
sec)

Exposure Mode Exposure Mode Auto, Manual, Shutter priority, Aperture priority

Exposure Compensation ±2.3 (1/3 increments)

Metering Mode Center-weighted metering, Spot metering (Area option 12x8)

AE Lock Supported

Electronic Shutter Speed 1/30 - 1/6000 s

White Balance Auto, Sunny, Cloudy, Incandescent, Custom (2000K - 10000K)

Video Captions Supported

TapZoom Supported

TapZoom Range 5-Jan

Defog Supported

One Key to 1x Image Supported

Anti-flicker 50 Hz, 60 Hz

PAL/NTSC Supported

Supported SD Cards MicroSD (SD / SDHC / SDXC)

Max. Capacity: 64 GB, Class 10 or UHS-1

Supported File Systems FAT32 (≤ 32 GB)

exFAT (> 32 GB)

GIMBAL

Angular Vibration Range ±0.01°

Mount Detachable

Controllable Range Pitch : +40° to -90°, Yaw: ±320°

Mechanical Range Pitch ': +50° to -140°, Yaw: ±330°, Roll: +90° to -50°

Max Controllable Speed Pitch ': 180°/s, Yaw: 180°/s

ENVIRONMENTAL

Operating Temperature 14° to 113° F (-10° to 45° C)

Non-Operating
-4° to 140° F (-20° to 60° C)
Temperature
Multi-Copter Agricultural Drone for Spraying/Pesticides
DJI Agras T16 Drone for Spraying.
The Agras T16 has an improved overall structure with modular design and supports the highest payload
and widest spray width ever in a DJI agricultural drone. With powerful hardware, an AI engine, and 3D-
operation planning, the T16 brings operation efficiency to a whole new level.

Features and Specifications

 Revolutionized Structure. Reliable Operation

 Higher Payload
 Enhanced Efficiency
 Powerful System
 Increased Safety
 Different Needs
 Different Modes

OPERATIONG ENVIRONMENT:
For Plant Health monitoring system sensors are placed in leaf, buds for 24 hours which
monitors bud temperature, leaf temperature, Evapotranspiration process for plant health. For
soil nutrient and KNP monitoring system sensors are placed in soil for 24 hours which monitors
soil temperature, soil moisture, soil PH, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus and soil potassium. For
irrigation management drip and sprinkler system is used in daytime as irrigation is not possible
in nighttime. This system takes energy from solar and generate power in day time for data
logging and monitoring. For pesticides management Drone system is used in daytime. This
system takes energy from solar and generate power in day time for data logging and
monitoring.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTING CONSTRAINTS:

We present and discuss the technologies that incorporate the four layers of the design model
that are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer, the Service Layer and the Application Layer.
Below we discuss each layer in detail.
 Application Layer

Network Layer

Service Layer

Sensor Layer

we present and discuss the technologies

that incorporate the four layers of the
architecture model that
are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer,
the Service Layer and
the Application Layer.
we present and discuss the technologies
that incorporate the four layers of the
architecture model that
are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer,
the Service Layer and
the Application Layer.
we present and discuss the technologies
that incorporate the four layers of the
architecture model that
are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer,
the Service Layer and
the Application Layer.
The Sensor Layer including all kinds of crops, soil, pesticides sensors and smart objects for data
collection and monitoring. Sensors can be placed under ground (in the soil), on the crops or on
UAVs. Underground sensors are specially manufactured so as to be water resistant and usually
refer to measurements of moisture, pH and soil chemical properties like Potassium. UAV sensors
measure environmental parameters like humidity, temperature, wind speed, or solar radiation.
However, the most popular kind of sensors to be placed on UAVs. drones which use vision
imaging cameras have so many positive uses by detecting heat coming from almost all objects
and materials turning them into images and video.

The Network Layer consisting of all

available commu-
nication technologies between sensors
and the Internet.
In order deploy efficient crop and field
management the
IoT platform utilizes Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs).
The use of WSN in smart farming
systems provides
immediate monitoring and
optimization of crop quality,
while offering a potential for large
area surveillance with
The Network Layer consisting of all available communication technologies between sensors and
the Internet. In order deploy efficient crop and field management the IoT platform utilizes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The use of WSN in smart farming systems provides
immediate monitoring and optimization of crop quality, while offering a potential for large area
surveillance with the constant monitoring of a great number of environmental parameters by
distributed sensor nodes along the field help the grower supervise and maintain optimal
conditions to achieve maximum productivity with remarkable energy savings.
The Service Layer involving processing and analysis of the collected data. A significant number
of studies on precision agriculture discuss the most efficient data management and data mining
techniques so as to avoid a low level of productivity in the fields via accurate predictions. Data
processing is supported by Decision Support Systems (DSS) that take care of the overall
management of available collected information from the fields towards optimizing crop yield,
maintaining quality and saving resources. It is well known that farmers suffer great economic
losses due to incorrect weather forecasting or incorrect irrigation methods. Data analysis is the
most important component of IoT agricultural systems resulting to efficient pesticide use and
protection against diseases.
The Application Layer providing the visualization of information of the sensor network. The
farmer is provided with the ability to inspect the results of the review produced by the services
of the system and take action accordingly. The application software presents information in a
user-friendly way and may refer to different kind of field optimization deployments such as
irrigation, pesticide drift control, cultivation process, crop disease prediction and protection.

USER DOCUMENTATION:

In this project one user is operator which is all the time on the farm for monitoring field every
sensor and collect data. Second User is Researcher which monitor sensor and collect data
temporary for research purposes.

ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS:

The whole system depends on Solar Power and sensors. If any sensor fails the whole system will
be damaged and cause a lot of loss.
OTHER NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

PERFORMANCE REQUIRMENTS:

SAFETY REQUIRMENTS:

SECURITY REQUIRMENTS:

SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES:

BUSINESS ROLE:

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE INTERFACE:

Smart Farming with IoT (Internet of things) gives rise to farming and may fulfil the demand of food in
the world. Farming will become more productive when IoT is introduced. As the farmers are
becoming more aware to IoT, the possibility of introducing new technologies is gaining momentum
in farming. The IoT is highly efficient, accessible, persistent and of exposed nature. The farmers may
use sensors for monitoring the crops, soil and also analyze the crops and Orchard’s production. This
will give boost up to precision agriculture. The information about farms like temperature, moisture
level and soil mineral level, pH value of soil and air quality can be collected remotely by using IoT on
smartphones or computer systems. Today’s IoT techniques and devices are so advanced and are
mainly application dependent providing smart systems to be deployed in specific areas.