Principal Stresses Acting On Materials In2Dand3D
Principal Stresses Acting On Materials In2Dand3D
ACTING ON MATERIALS
In 2D and 3D
SIMPLE AXIAL STRESS – 2D
N = F cosq
T = F sinq
snq = F/A
The inclined plane has an area of A/cosq; the stress normal to the plane and shear stress along the
plane (in the direction of maximum inclination)are;
N cos q F
s nq cos 2 q
A A
T cos q F
q sin 2q
A 2A
The maximum normal stress (s) is F/A which acts on radial planes. The magnitude and direction of
maximum shear stress is extracted from the differentiation;
d q F
cos 2q
dq A
The maximum value of shear stress is obtained by putting dq/dq=0;
cos 2q 0
q 45o (or135o )
F
q max
2A
Note: Maximum shear stress (qmax) acts on a plane with q=45˚ and
maximum normal stress (snqmax) acts on a plane with q=0 ˚.
Problem
A cylindrical rock sample is subjected to an axial compressive force of 5kN. The diameter of the
sample is 50 mm. Please determine;
a. Normal stress and shear stress on an inclined plane of 30˚.
b. Maximum shear stress
c. Inclination of planes on which the shear stress is half of maximum shear stress.
Solution
a. Unit area; A=πr2=1.96x10-3 m2
Normal stress; snq = (5 kN/1.96x10-3)cos230 = 1913 kPa
Shear stress; q= (5 kN/2x1.96x10-3)sin60 = 1105 kPa
Fl=s1l
N1 s 1l cos q
T1 s 1l sin q
F2 s 2l tan q
N 2 s 2l tan q sin q
T2 s 2l tan q cos q
Forces in normal stress direction
s nq l secq N1 N2
s nq s1 cos2 q s 2 sin 2 q
T1 T2 q / secq
1
q (s 1 s 2 )sin 2q
2
1
q max (s 1 s 2 )
2
s 1 0.8MPa
and
s 1 4s 2
Solution
Maximum shear stress is on 45˚ plane; Shear stress is on 60˚ plane;
1 1
q max (s 1 s 2 )sin 2q q (s 1 s 2 )sin 2q
2 2
s 1 1.6MPa q 0.866MPa
and s 1 1.48MPa
s 2 0.4MPa and
s 2 0.37 MPa
MOHR STRESS CIRCLE
The graphical stress relations was discovered by Culmann (1866) and developed by Mohr (1882)
based on the equations given below
1 cos 2q 1 1
cos 2 q s nq (s z s y ) (s z s y ) cos 2q zy sin 2q
2 2 2
1 cos 2q
sin 2 q 1
2
1
2
2
s nq (s z s y ) 2
q 2 (s z s y ) 2
zy
2
sin 2 2q cos2 2q 1
Which is the equation of a circle with radius “r” and with a center on “-s” plot
(s nq s 2q r 2
2
1
s (s z s y )
2
and
1
r 2 (s z s y ) 2 2 zy
2
Biaxial Compression-2D
Biaxial stresses are represented by a circle which plots in “+s” space, passing through s1 and s2 on
“=0” axis. Centre of circle is on “=0” axis at point “1/2(s1+s2)”.Radius of circle has the magnitude
of “1/2(s1-s2)” which represents “max”
Biaxial Tension-2D
The stress circle extends into both positive and negative “s” space. Center of circle is on “=0”
axis at point “1/2(s1+s2)”.Radius is “1/2(s1-s2)=max” which occurs at 45˚ to s1 direction.
Normal stress is zero in directions “±q” to the direction of s1;
s1 s 2
cos 2q
s1 s 2
Biaxial Shear-2D
The stress circle has a radius of “zy” which is opposite to “yz”. Center of the circle is at “s=0; =0”.
Principal normal stresses “s1 and s2” are equal but opposite in sign which have magnitudes equal to
“zy”. The directions of principal normal stresses are at 45˚ in directions of “zy” and “yz”
General Considerations on Principal Stress Relations
Problem
A plane element is subjected to the stresses given below. Determine the principal stresses and
directions by Mohr’s circle.
The principal stresses are represented by points G and H. Since the coordinate of “C” is 40;
CD= (402+302)0.5 = 50
Minimum principal stress is
smin=OG=OG-CG=40-50=-10 Mpa