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Principal Stresses Acting On Materials In2Dand3D

The document discusses stresses acting on materials in 2D and 3D. It covers several topics: 1) Simple axial stress - Normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane under uniaxial loading. The maximum shear stress acts on planes at 45 degrees. 2) Simple biaxial stress - Normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane under loading in two perpendicular directions. Maximum shear stress again occurs on planes at 45 degrees. 3) Mohr's stress circle - A graphical method to determine stresses on any plane from the principal stresses and shear stress. The relations form a circle on a shear stress vs. normal stress plot. 4) Examples of biaxial compression, tension

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Engr Aizaz Ahmad
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78 views22 pages

Principal Stresses Acting On Materials In2Dand3D

The document discusses stresses acting on materials in 2D and 3D. It covers several topics: 1) Simple axial stress - Normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane under uniaxial loading. The maximum shear stress acts on planes at 45 degrees. 2) Simple biaxial stress - Normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane under loading in two perpendicular directions. Maximum shear stress again occurs on planes at 45 degrees. 3) Mohr's stress circle - A graphical method to determine stresses on any plane from the principal stresses and shear stress. The relations form a circle on a shear stress vs. normal stress plot. 4) Examples of biaxial compression, tension

Uploaded by

Engr Aizaz Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPAL STRESSES

ACTING ON MATERIALS
In 2D and 3D
SIMPLE AXIAL STRESS – 2D

N = F cosq

T = F sinq

snq = F/A

The inclined plane has an area of A/cosq; the stress normal to the plane and shear stress along the
plane (in the direction of maximum inclination)are;

N cos q F
s nq   cos 2 q
A A

T cos q F
q   sin 2q
A 2A
The maximum normal stress (s) is F/A which acts on radial planes. The magnitude and direction of
maximum shear stress is extracted from the differentiation;

d q F
 cos 2q
dq A
The maximum value of shear stress is obtained by putting dq/dq=0;

cos 2q  0
q  45o (or135o )
F
 q max 
2A

Note: Maximum shear stress (qmax) acts on a plane with q=45˚ and
maximum normal stress (snqmax) acts on a plane with q=0 ˚.
Problem
A cylindrical rock sample is subjected to an axial compressive force of 5kN. The diameter of the
sample is 50 mm. Please determine;
a. Normal stress and shear stress on an inclined plane of 30˚.
b. Maximum shear stress
c. Inclination of planes on which the shear stress is half of maximum shear stress.

Solution
a. Unit area; A=πr2=1.96x10-3 m2
Normal stress; snq = (5 kN/1.96x10-3)cos230 = 1913 kPa
Shear stress; q= (5 kN/2x1.96x10-3)sin60 = 1105 kPa

b. Maximum Shear stress;


qmax= (F/2A) =(5 kN/2x1.96x10-3) = 1275 kPa

c. Maximum Shear stress;


1/2qmax= qmax sin2q; q=15˚ or 75˚
SIMPLE BIAXIAL STRESS – 2D
Consider a rectangular plate (a) of unit thickness with normal principal stresses s1 and s2. The shear
stresses along the edges are assumed to be zero. A square element of the plate is shown in 2D (b). The
normal and shear stresses acting on a plane inclined at an angle direction of the plane on which s1 acts
are found by considering forces acting on the triangular element (c).

Unit length along CD = l, normal stress for a plate of unit thickness

Fl=s1l

N1  s 1l cos q
T1  s 1l sin q
F2  s 2l tan q
N 2  s 2l tan q sin q
T2  s 2l tan q cos q
Forces in normal stress direction

s nq l secq  N1  N2
s nq  s1 cos2 q  s 2 sin 2 q

Forces in shear stress direction;

T1  T2  q / secq
1
 q  (s 1  s 2 )sin 2q
2
1
 q max  (s 1  s 2 )
2

Maximum shear stress on 45˚ plane;


s1
 q max  if (s 1  s 2 )
2
Problem

s 1  0.8MPa
and
s 1  4s 2

Solution
Maximum shear stress is on 45˚ plane; Shear stress is on 60˚ plane;

1 1
 q max  (s 1  s 2 )sin 2q  q  (s 1  s 2 )sin 2q
2 2

s 1  1.6MPa q  0.866MPa
and s 1  1.48MPa
s 2  0.4MPa and
s 2  0.37 MPa
MOHR STRESS CIRCLE
The graphical stress relations was discovered by Culmann (1866) and developed by Mohr (1882)
based on the equations given below

1  cos 2q 1 1
cos 2 q  s nq  (s z  s y )  (s z  s y ) cos 2q   zy sin 2q
2 2 2
1  cos 2q
sin 2 q   1 
2
1 
2
2
s nq  (s z  s y )    2
q   2 (s z  s y )    2
zy
2
sin 2 2q  cos2 2q  1

Which is the equation of a circle with radius “r” and with a center on “-s” plot

(s nq  s    2q  r 2
2

1
s (s z  s y )
2
and
1 
r 2   (s z  s y ) 2    2 zy
2 
Biaxial Compression-2D
Biaxial stresses are represented by a circle which plots in “+s” space, passing through s1 and s2 on
“=0” axis. Centre of circle is on “=0” axis at point “1/2(s1+s2)”.Radius of circle has the magnitude
of “1/2(s1-s2)” which represents “max”

Biaxial Tension-2D
The stress circle extends into both positive and negative “s” space. Center of circle is on “=0”
axis at point “1/2(s1+s2)”.Radius is “1/2(s1-s2)=max” which occurs at 45˚ to s1 direction.
Normal stress is zero in directions “±q” to the direction of s1;

s1  s 2
cos 2q  
s1  s 2
Biaxial Shear-2D

The stress circle has a radius of “zy” which is opposite to “yz”. Center of the circle is at “s=0; =0”.
Principal normal stresses “s1 and s2” are equal but opposite in sign which have magnitudes equal to
“zy”. The directions of principal normal stresses are at 45˚ in directions of “zy” and “yz”
General Considerations on Principal Stress Relations
Problem
A plane element is subjected to the stresses given below. Determine the principal stresses and
directions by Mohr’s circle.

The principal stresses are represented by points G and H. Since the coordinate of “C” is 40;
CD= (402+302)0.5 = 50
Minimum principal stress is
smin=OG=OG-CG=40-50=-10 Mpa

Maximum principal stress is


smax=OH=OC+CH=40+50=90 Mpa

The angle 2qp;


tan 2qp =30/40; qp =18.43
STRESS in 3D
In the body of a stressed material, 3D stresses at any point can be represented as if acting on a small
cubical element. The nine stresses in three Cartesian space are in form of a matrix “STRESS TENSOR”

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