Slopes and the Derivative

Differentiation Rules

Mathematics 53

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 1 / 38
For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

4 Differentiation Rules

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 2 / 38
For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

4 Differentiation Rules

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 3 / 38
Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 4 / 38
Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P

How about tangent line to a curve?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 4 / 38
Secant Line

Q
y = f (x)

P( x0 , f ( x0 )) - point on the graph of f

Q( x1 , f ( x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 5 / 38
Secant Line

←→
PQ is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
P

P( x0 , f ( x0 )) - point on the graph of f

Q( x1 , f ( x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 5 / 38
Secant Line

←→
PQ is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
P
f ( x0 )
←
→
What is the slope of PQ?

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 5 / 38
Secant Line

←→
PQ is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
f ( x0 ) P

f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m←→ =
PQ x1 − x0
x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 5 / 38
Secant Line

←→
PQ is a secant line (i.e. a line that
Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x) passes through any two points on a
curve).
f ( x0 ) P

f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m←→ =
PQ x1 − x0
x0 x1
Let ∆x = x1 − x0

f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m←→ =
PQ ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 5 / 38
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x)

f ( x0 ) P

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 6 / 38
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Q
f ( x1 )
y = f (x)
Q −→ P
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 6 / 38
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

Q
f ( x1 ) y = f (x)
Q −→ P
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 6 / 38
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

y = f (x)
f ( x1 )
Q
Q −→ P
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 6 / 38
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

y = f (x)
Q −→ P
Q
f ( x1 )
f ( x0 ) P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0

x0 x1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 6 / 38
The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P

` Let Q get closer and closer to P, i.e.

y = f (x)
Q −→ P
P x1 −→ x0
∆x −→ 0

←
→
The line PQ will approach the line `.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 6 / 38
The Tangent line to the graph of f at ( x0 , f ( x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 → x0 x1 − x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 7 / 38
The Tangent line to the graph of f at ( x0 , f ( x0 ))

` Slope of the line `

y = f (x)
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 )
m` = lim
P
x1 → x0 x1 − x0

Recall: ∆x = x1 − x0

f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m` = lim
∆x →0 ∆x

The line ` is called the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at P.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 7 / 38
The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined on an open interval containing x = x0 , then the
tangent line to the graph of f at the point P( x0 , f ( x0 )) is the line

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 8 / 38
The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined on an open interval containing x = x0 , then the
tangent line to the graph of f at the point P( x0 , f ( x0 )) is the line
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m = lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
provided that this limit exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 8 / 38
The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined on an open interval containing x = x0 , then the
tangent line to the graph of f at the point P( x0 , f ( x0 )) is the line
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m = lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
provided that this limit exists.
2 with equation x = x0 if
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞ and
∆x →0− ∆x
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞
∆x →0+ ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 8 / 38
The Tangent Line

Definition
If the function f is defined on an open interval containing x = x0 , then the
tangent line to the graph of f at the point P( x0 , f ( x0 )) is the line
1 passing through P whose slope is given by
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
m = lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
provided that this limit exists.
2 with equation x = x0 if
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞ and
∆x
∆x →0−
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
lim = +∞ or − ∞
∆x →0 + ∆x
Otherwise, there is no tangent line to the graph of f at P.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 8 / 38
The Tangent Line

Remarks

1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the
“flatness” or “steepness” of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f
rises or falls at P.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 9 / 38
The Tangent Line

Remarks

1 The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the
“flatness” or “steepness” of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f
rises or falls at P.
2 The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at points
other than the point of tangency.

P
`

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 9 / 38
The Normal Line

Definition
The line normal to the graph of f at the point P is the line perpendicular to the
tangent line at P.

TL

NL

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 10 / 38
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 11 / 38
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x

Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y − y0 = m( x − x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 11 / 38
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x

Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y − y0 = m( x − x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 11 / 38
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x

Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y − y0 = m( x − x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mTL = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) at (1, 1)

f (1 + ∆x ) − f (1)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 11 / 38
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x

Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y − y0 = m( x − x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mTL = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) at (1, 1)

f (1 + ∆x ) − f (1)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
1
− 1
= lim 1+∆x
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 11 / 38
Example
1
Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1.
x

Solution.
Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y − y0 = m( x − x0 )
f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
mTL = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) at (1, 1)

f (1 + ∆x ) − f (1)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
1
− 1
= lim 1+∆x
∆x →0 ∆x
1 − (1 + ∆x )
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 11 / 38
 −∆x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
 −∆x
 
0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
 −∆x
 
0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
 −∆x
 
0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
 −∆x
 
0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1

∴ Tangent Line: y − 1 = −( x − 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
 −∆x
 
0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1

∴ Tangent Line: y − 1 = −( x − 1)

mTL = −1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
 −∆x
 
0
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + ∆x ) 0
−1
= lim
∆x →0 1 + ∆x
= −1

∴ Tangent Line: y − 1 = −( x − 1)

mTL = −1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.

∴ Normal Line: y − 1 = ( x − 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 12 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim (4 + ∆x )
∆x →0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim (4 + ∆x )
∆x →0
= 4.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2 at x = 2.

Solution.
g(2 + ∆x ) − g(2)
mTL = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[(2 + ∆x )2 + 2] − (22 + 2)
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
[4 + 4∆x + (∆x )2 + 2] − 6
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
4∆x + (∆x )2
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
= lim (4 + ∆x )
∆x →0
= 4.

Note: We can compute the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g( x ) = x2 + 2
for any value of x.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 13 / 38
For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

4 Differentiation Rules

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 14 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Definition
The derivative of a function f ( x ), denoted f 0 ( x ), is the function

f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
f 0 ( x ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
It is defined at all points x in the domain of f where the limit exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 15 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 ( x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at point P( x0 , f ( x0 )).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 ( x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at point P( x0 , f ( x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 ( x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at point P( x0 , f ( x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
Alternatively, by setting ∆x = x − x0 ,
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
x → x0 x − x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 ( x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at point P( x0 , f ( x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
Alternatively, by setting ∆x = x − x0 ,
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
x → x0 x − x0
dy d
4 Other notations: y0 if y = f ( x ), , [ f ( x )] , Dx [ f ( x )].
dx dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Remarks

1 There may be points xo ∈ dom f at which f 0 ( x0 ) does not exist. So,

dom f 0 ⊆ dom f .
2 The definition tells us that f 0 ( x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
the function at point P( x0 , f ( x0 )).
3 To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use
f ( x0 + ∆x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
∆x →0 ∆x
Alternatively, by setting ∆x = x − x0 ,
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim .
x → x0 x − x0
dy d
4 Other notations: y0 if y = f ( x ), , [ f ( x )] , Dx [ f ( x )].
dx dx
5 The process of computing the derivative is called differentiation.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 16 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Example
√
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 17 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Example
√
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x.

Solution. Using the definition, we have

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 17 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Example
√
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x.

Solution. Using the definition, we have

√ √
x + ∆x − x
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 17 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Example
√
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x.

Solution. Using the definition, we have

√ √
x + ∆x − x
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
√ √ √ √
x + ∆x − x x + ∆x + x
= lim ·√ √
∆x →0 ∆x x + ∆x + x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 17 / 38
Definition of the Derivative

Example
√
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x.

Solution. Using the definition, we have

√ √
x + ∆x − x
f 0 (x) = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
√ √ √ √
x + ∆x − x x + ∆x + x
= lim ·√ √
∆x →0 ∆x x + ∆x + x
( x + ∆x ) − x
= lim √ √
∆x →0 ∆x ( x + ∆x + x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 17 / 38
 1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 18 / 38
 1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 18 / 38
 1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x

1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 18 / 38
 1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x

1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
Note:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 18 / 38
 1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x

1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
Note:
dom f = [0, +∞)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 18 / 38
 1
= lim √ √
∆x →0 x + ∆x + x
1
= √ .
2 x

1 √ 1
∴ f 0 ( x ) = √ or Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x 2 x
Note:
dom f = [0, +∞)
dom f 0 = (0, +∞)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 18 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√ √
0
3
x− 3 0
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√
√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1  1
= lim 2
x →0 x 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1  1 
= lim 2
x →0 x 3 0+

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1  1 
= lim 2
x →0 x 3 0+
= ∞

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
Example
√
3
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x at x = 0.

Solution.
Using the alternative definition:
√√
0 x− 3 0
3
f (0) = lim
x →0 x−0
√
3
x
= lim
x →0 x
1  1 
= lim 2
x →0 x 3 0+
= ∞

Because the limit does not exist, f 0 is undefined at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 19 / 38
For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

4 Differentiation Rules

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 20 / 38
Differentiability

Definitions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 21 / 38
Differentiability

Definitions

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

x = x0 exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 21 / 38
Differentiability

Definitions

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

x = x0 exists.

2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

number in ( a, b).

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 21 / 38
Differentiability

Definitions

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

x = x0 exists.

2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

number in ( a, b).

3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real

number.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 21 / 38
Differentiability

Definitions

1 A function f is said to be differentiable at x = x0 if its derivative f 0 ( x0 ) at

x = x0 exists.

2 A function f is differentiable on ( a, b) if f is differentiable at every real

number in ( a, b).

3 A function f is differentiable everywhere if it is differentiable at every real

number.

Remark
The function f ( x ) is differentiable at x = x0 if and only if x0 ∈ dom f 0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 21 / 38
Example

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 22 / 38
Example
√ 1
We know that Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 22 / 38
Example
√ 1
We know that Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x
√
=⇒ f ( x ) = x is differentiable at any positive real number x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 22 / 38
Example
√ 1
We know that Dx [ x ] = √ .
2 x
√
=⇒ f ( x ) = x is differentiable at any positive real number x

=⇒ f is not differentiable at x = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 22 / 38
For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

4 Differentiation Rules

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 23 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 24 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c ∈ R.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 24 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c ∈ R.
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 24 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c ∈ R.
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.

(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 24 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c ∈ R.
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.

(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 24 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c ∈ R.
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 ( x ) = 0.

(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

(Sum Rule) If h( x ) = f ( x ) ± g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) ± g0 ( x ), provided both

f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 24 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
(Product Rule) If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 25 / 38
Differentiation Rules

Theorem
(Product Rule) If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

f (x)
(Quotient Rule) If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 25 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

Dx [ x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

D x [ x 5 ] = 5 · x 5−1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √

x
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2

x = x
dx dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2
1 −1/2
x = x = x
dx dx 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2
1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2
1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x

d 1
dx x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2
1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x

d 1 d −2
2
= [x ]
dx x dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2
1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x

d 1 d −2
2
= [ x ] = −2x −3
dx x dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c ∈ R, then f 0 (x) = 0.
(Power Rule) If f ( x ) = x n , where n ∈ Q, then f 0 ( x ) = nx n−1 .

D x (5) = 0

D x [ x ] = 1 · x 1−1 = 1

Dx [ x5 ] = 5 · x5−1 = 5x4

d √
d 1/2
1 −1/2 1
x = x = x = √
dx dx 2 2 x

d 1 d −2 2
2
= [ x ] = −2x −3 = − 3
dx x dx x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 26 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.

Dx [(2x )5 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 · 5x4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 · 5x4 = 160x4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If f ( x ) = c · g( x ), then f 0 ( x ) = c · g0 ( x ) if g0 ( x ) exists.

Dx [3x2 ] = 3Dx [ x2 ] = 3 · (2x ) = 6x

If a ∈ R and f (x) = ax, then f 0 (x) = a.

Dx [(2x )5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 · 5x4 = 160x4

(Note that the derivative is not 5(2x )4 which is 80x4 .)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 27 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x +

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
 √ 
d 4 x
2x4 − +7
dx 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
 √ 
d 4 x
2x4 − + 7 = 8x3
dx 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
 √ 
d 4 x 4 1
2x4 − + 7 = 8x3 − · √
dx 5 5 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem
If h( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ), then h0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) + g0 ( x ), provided both f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x )
exist.

Dx [ x2 + 3x ] = Dx [ x2 ] + Dx [3x ] = 2x + 3
 √ 
d 4 x 4 1 2
2x4 − + 7 = 8x3 − · √ = 8x3 − √
dx 5 5 2 x 5 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 28 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If y = ( x − 3)(2x2 − 3),

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If y = ( x − 3)(2x2 − 3), then y = 2x3 − 6x2 − 3x + 9 and so

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Using the Product Rule,

Dx [( x − 3)(2x2 − 3)] = (1)(2x2 − 3) + ( x − 3)(4x )
= 2x2 − 3 + 4x2 − 12x
= 6x2 − 12x − 3
If y = ( x − 3)(2x2 − 3), then y = 2x3 − 6x2 − 3x + 9 and so
y0 = 6x2 − 12x − 3.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 29 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 30 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 30 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 30 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1 √
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 − 5 3 x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 30 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1 √ 4
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 − 5 3 x ) + (3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 30 / 38
Theorem (Product Rule)
If h( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ), then
h 0 ( x ) = f 0 ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g 0 ( x ),
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

d 4 √
[(3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(4x3 − 5 3 x )]
dx
1 √ 4 2
= (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 − 5 3 x ) + (3x5 + 6x 3 − 2)(12x2 − 53 x − 3 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 30 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5

f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5
(3x − 5)
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 )
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 ) − (2x3 − x −3 + 4)
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 ) − (2x3 − x −3 + 4)(3)
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

1
2x3 − +4
If f ( x ) = x3 , then
3x − 5
(3x − 5)(6x2 + 3x −4 ) − (2x3 − x −3 + 4)(3)
f 0 (x) =
(3x − 5)2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 31 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
√
2x4 − x + 2
 
d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
√
2x4 − x + 2
 
d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
√
2x4 − x + 2
 
d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √
2 x
)−
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
√
2x4 − x + 2
 
d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1 √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √
2 x
) − (2x4 − x + 2)
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
√
2x4 − x + 2
 
d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1 √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √ ) − (2x4 − x + 2)(6x2 − √2 − 3)
2 x x
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Theorem (Quotient Rule)
f (x)
If h( x ) = , where g( x ) 6= 0, then
g( x )
g( x ) f 0 ( x ) − f ( x ) g0 ( x )
h0 ( x ) = ,
[ g( x )]2
provided f 0 ( x ) and g0 ( x ) both exist.
√
2x4 − x + 2
 
d
√
dx 2x3 − 4 x − 3x
√ 1 √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )(8x3 − √ ) − (2x4 − x + 2)(6x2 − √2 − 3)
2 x x
= √
(2x3 − 4 x − 3x )2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 32 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

f (1) = 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)

f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)

f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)

f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = 5 ⇒ Slope of TL: 5

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = 3x2 − x at the point
where x = 1.

f (1) = 2 ⇒ Point: (1, 2)

f 0 ( x ) = 6x − 1 ⇒ f 0 (1) = 5 ⇒ Slope of TL: 5

Equation of TL: y − 2 = 5( x − 1)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 33 / 38
For today

1 The Tangent Line

2 Definition of the Derivative

3 Differentiability

4 Differentiation Rules

5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 34 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Proof.

Dx [ sin x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Proof.

sin( x + ∆x ) − sin x
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Proof.

sin( x + ∆x ) − sin x
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin x cos(∆x ) + cos x sin(∆x ) − sin x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Proof.

sin( x + ∆x ) − sin x
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin x cos(∆x ) + cos x sin(∆x ) − sin x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin(∆x ) 1 − cos(∆x )
 
= lim cos x · − sin x ·
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Proof.

sin( x + ∆x ) − sin x
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin x cos(∆x ) + cos x sin(∆x ) − sin x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin(∆x ) 1 − cos(∆x )
 
= lim cos x · − sin x ·
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x
= (cos x )(1) − (sin x )(0)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem

Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Proof.

sin( x + ∆x ) − sin x
Dx [ sin x ] = lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin x cos(∆x ) + cos x sin(∆x ) − sin x
= lim
∆x →0 ∆x
sin(∆x ) 1 − cos(∆x )
 
= lim cos x · − sin x ·
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x
= (cos x )(1) − (sin x )(0)
= cos x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 35 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ]
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x )
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx

Dx [sec x csc x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx

Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx

Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )(csc x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx

Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )(csc x ) + (sec x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

d
[3 sin x − 7 cos x ] = 3 cos x − 7(− sin x ) = 3 cos x + 7 sin x
dx

Dx [sec x csc x ] = (sec x tan x )(csc x ) + (sec x )(− csc x cot x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 36 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1)
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

=2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

= 2 · (cos x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

= 2 · (cos x · cos x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x · (− sin x ))

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x · (− sin x )) = 2(cos2 x − sin2 x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem
1 Dx [sin x ] = cos x 4 Dx [cot x ] = − csc2 x
2 Dx [cos x ] = − sin x 5 Dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x
3 Dx [tan x ] = sec2 x 6 Dx [csc x ] = − csc x cot x

cot x − x
If f ( x ) = , then
1 + tan x
(1 + tan x )(− csc2 x − 1) − (cot x − x )(sec2 x )
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x )2

Dx [sin(2x )] = Dx [2 sin x cos x ] = 2Dx [sin x cos x ]

= 2 · (cos x · cos x + sin x · (− sin x )) = 2(cos2 x − sin2 x ) = 2 cos(2x )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 37 / 38
Exercises

1 Use the definition to find the derivative of f ( x ) = x2 − 3x + 1.

1
2 Find f 0 ( x ) given f ( x ) = x3 − 3 .
x
3 Find the equation of the normal line to the graph of f ( x ) = x4 + 2x + 3 at the
point where x = 1.
dy
4 Find if y = 2x cos x.
dx √
x−8 4 x
5 Differentiate:
sec x − 3 cot x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative, Differentiation Rules Mathematics 53 38 / 38