Modulo Arithmetic and
Casting out Nines
How to Check Results
– Redo calculations in different order
– Estimate answer
– Modulo arithmetic
– Casting out nines
Estimate Answer
Round numbers to single digits
Perform calculation
For multiply add the errors to obtain error estimate in result
Example Estimating Multiplication
Suppose we want to estimate 15 × 25
15 rounds to 20 with error of -5/20 = -25%
25 rounds to 30 with error of -5/30 = -17%
Estimate is 20 × 30 with error of -25 -17 = -42%
≈ 600 × (1-.4) = 360
Exact answer is 375
Modulo Arithmetic
X mod n is the remainder of X
divided by n
23 mod 10 = 3
23 mod 2 = 1
17 mod 5 = 2
20 mod 9 = 2
Remainder Tests
Base Remainder mod Base
2 0 if last digit is 0,2,4,6, or 8; 1 if last digit 1,3,5,7, or 9
3 0 if digit sum is 3,6, or 9; 1 for 1,4, or 7; 2 for 2,5, or 8.
4 Remainder of rightmost 2 digist ÷4.
5 Last digit if <5; last digit -5 if in {5,6,7,8,9}.
6 Number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
9 Sum of digits if SOD ≠ 9; 0 if SOD = 9.
Uses of Modulo Arithmetic
Checksums: ISBN numbers, international bank account numbers
Public Key Encryption
Music: 12-tone scale
Day of the week.
Arithmetic: Checking and casting out nines.
Generating passwords
Checking with Modulo Arithmetic
Perform arithmetic on numbers and obtain answer
Reduce each number to a single-digit checksum using mod
Perform same arithmetic operations on the checksums
The checksum of the answer will be the same as the
arithmetic result on the checksums
Using modulo arithmetic to check
If x + y = z then (x mod n) + (y mod n) = z mod n
This means we can use a single digit checksum
to test our answers
Some checksums are (3, 9, 10) easy to calculate
Example: n = 10
X mod 10 is just the last digit of the number
16 mod 10 = 6; 35 mod 10 = 5; 51 mod 10 = 1
16 + 35 = 51
(6+5) mod 10 = 1
51 mod 10 =1, so the sum checks
More interesting: N = 9
Addition Casting Out Nines
Numbers Checksums
388885 4
+815636 2
+897025 4
+ 93137 5
+ 41544 0
+324038 2
2560265 8
Checks!
Subtraction Mod 9
-x is the value that sums with x to 0
x + -x = 0
In mod 9 arithmetic -x is the value that sums to 9
-1 mod 9 = 9 - 1 = 8
-2 mod 9 = 9 - 2 = 7
etc
Subtraction Casting Out Nines
707649 mod 9 = (7+7+6+4) mod 9 = 2+4 = 6
435342 mod 9 = 3
707649 - 435342 = 272307
272307 mod 9 = 3
(6 - 3) mod 9 = 3
The difference checks!
Casting out Nines
Reduces complicated arithmetic to single digit operations
Can be used to check addition, subtraction, and multiplication
Check division by multiplying the result and adding remainder
Example:
20/8 = 2 rem 4
20 = 2 × 8 + 4 (can be tested with this)
Casting Out 9s: Example
92.31569 + 231 + 9.277 + 98.04
+ 2.8056
A) 433.43829
B) 433.44829
C) 433.53829
D) 434.43829
Casting Out 9s Solution
Check by casting out 9s
92.31569 + 231 + 9.277 + 98.04 + 2.8056
Checksums: 8 + 6 + 7 + 3 + 3 = 0
A) 433.43829 checksum 0 Correct answer
B) 433.44829 checksum 1
C) 433.53829 checksum 1
D) 434.43829 checksum 1
Quiz 9, Question 22
Use casting out nines to select the correct answer:
7642.16 + 6805.74 + 2460.93 + 9162.30 = ?
number residue answers residues
7642.16 8
26061.13 1
6805.74 3
2460.93 6 26071.13 2
9162.30 3 26070.13 1
residue sum is 2
26071.23 3
Quiz 9, Question 23
Use casting out nines to select the correct answer:
7642.16 - 6805.74 + 2460.93 - 9162.30 = ?
number residue answers residues
7642.16 8 5864.95 1
-6805.74 9-3=6
2460.93 6 -5864.95 9-1=8
-9162.30 9-3=6 -5884.95 9-3=6
sum of residues = 8
5884.95 3
