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Geomatics Assignment 8

The document contains the answers to four questions regarding geo-referencing and satellite image processing. It defines geo-referencing as relating image pixel coordinates to map coordinates. Steps for geo-referencing an image in ERDAS Imagine are described along with screenshots. RMSE is defined as the root mean square error between known and interpolated locations, and describes the consistency of geo-referencing transformations. Two free satellite image sources and two open-source image processing software are listed.

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NIKHIL KUMAR
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72 views

Geomatics Assignment 8

The document contains the answers to four questions regarding geo-referencing and satellite image processing. It defines geo-referencing as relating image pixel coordinates to map coordinates. Steps for geo-referencing an image in ERDAS Imagine are described along with screenshots. RMSE is defined as the root mean square error between known and interpolated locations, and describes the consistency of geo-referencing transformations. Two free satellite image sources and two open-source image processing software are listed.

Uploaded by

NIKHIL KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment - 8

NAME: Huzaib Ul Hassan


ENROLLMENT NUMBER: 19113056
BATCH: M3
BRANCH: Civil Engineering

Q1. What is geo-referencing. Why do you need to do georeferencing


of satellite images?

Ans. Geo-Referencing: The process of expressing/representing image pixel


coordinates in terms of map coordinate system is called as
georeferencing. In this process, polynomials and ground control points
are selected in a way to minimize the error in the transformation.
Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system of a map or aerial photo
image can be related to a geographic coordinate system. The relevant coordinate
transforms are typically stored within the image file (GeoPDF and GeoTIFF are
examples), though there are many possible mechanisms for implementing
georeferencing. The most visible effect of georeferencing is that display software
can show ground coordinates (such as latitude/longitude or UTM coordinates) and
also measure ground distances and areas.

In other words, georeferencing means to associate a digital image file with locations
in physical space. The term is commonly used in the geographic information
systems field to describe the process of associating a physical map or raster image
of a map with spatial locations. Georeferencing may be applied to any kind of
object or structure that can be related to a geographical location, such as points of
interest, roads, places, bridges, or buildings.

Why to do Geo-Referencing of Satellite Images?

 Georeferencing is crucial to make aerial and satellite imagery, usually raster


images, useful for mapping as it explains how other data, such as the above
GPS points, relate to the imagery.
 Very essential information may be contained in data or images that were
produced at a different point of time. It may be desired either to combine or
compare this data with that currently available. The latter can be used to
analyze the changes in the features under study over a period of time.
 Different maps may use different projection systems. Georeferencing tools
contain methods to combine and overlay these maps with minimum
distortion.
 Using georeferencing methods, data obtained from surveying tools like total
stations may be given a point of reference from topographic maps already
available.
 It may be required to establish the relationship between social survey results
which have been coded with postal codes or street addresses and other
geographic areas such as census zones or other areas used in public
administration or service planning.

Q2. Explain the steps to carry out georeferencing of image using ERDAS
Imagine. Include screen shots wherever necessary.

Ans. We need to perform following steps while performing Geo-referencing


using ERDAS Imagine:

Step1:- Open Erdas Imagine, drag and drop the image.

Step2:- In order to check whether the image is georeferenced or not,


right click and select Metadata

Step3:- Select MultispectralàControl points, in the window appeared


select the geometric model as Polynomial, click Ok.

Step4:- Select the GCP Reference setup as Keyboard only.

Step5:- In the Projection chooser window appeared, under Standard select the
Categories as Geographic and Projection as WGS84 and close the Polynomial
properties window.

Step6:- Using Create GCP button mark the Ground control points, mark
atleast 4 GCP points to get geo-referenced image.

Step7:- for Resampling Use resample symbol in tools to do resampling


In the dialogue box appeared give the output file name and select the
nearest neighbour as Resample method, select Ignore zero in stats and
Click Ok.So the resampling process also begins.
Step8:- In order to reproject the image , click Raster->Reproject.And In
the window appeared ,select the input file, give the output file name, here
two processing options are available Calibrate Input file where same file
will be projected and Resample to Output file in which separate
projected images can be created. Make the necessary selections and click
Ok.
Q3. What is RMSE (Root Mean Square Error)? Explain its importance
in georeferencing process.

RMSE error is the difference between where the from point ended up as
opposed to the actual location that was specified. The total error is
computed by taking the root mean square (RMS) sum of all the residuals
to compute the RMS error.

In other Words RMSE is the measure of the difference between locations


that are known and locations that have been interpolated or
digitized.Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is a standard way to measure
the error in predicting quantitative data. Formally it is defined as follows:
In Georeferencing RMSE value describes how consistent the transformation is
between the different control points. When the error is particularly large, you can
remove and add control points to adjust the error.

Although the RMSE error is a good assessment of the transformation's


accuracy, don't confuse a low RMS error with an accurate registration.
For example, the transformation may still contain significant errors due to
a poorly entered control point. The more control points of equal quality
used, the more accurately the polynomial can convert the input data to
output coordinates. Typically, the adjust and spline transformations give
an RMSE of nearly zero; however, this does not mean that the image will
be perfectly georeferenced.

Q4) Write at least two sites for free download of satellite images. Write at least two open
source free image processing software ?

Ans)

Few sites for downloading satellite images with their respective links are as follows :

1. USGS Earth Explorer


2. Landviewer
3. Copernicus Open Access Hub
4. Sentinel Hub
5. NASA EarthData Search
6. Remote Pixel
7. INPE Image Catalog

Few open-source free software for image processing and their download links are as
follows :
· ImageJ/ Fiji
· QuPath
· CellProfiler
· ilastik
· Orbit
· Icy

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