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Sec 2.8 - Measures of Position

1) The document discusses measures of position such as quartiles, percentiles, and deciles which are used to summarize a distribution of data. 2) Quartiles split the data into 4 equal parts, percentiles indicate the percentage of values below a given score, and deciles split the data into 10 equal parts. 3) These measures are calculated from the data and can be used to describe patterns such as where the median falls, or what percentage of scores were above or below a given cutoff.

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Siinozuko Masentse
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53 views20 pages

Sec 2.8 - Measures of Position

1) The document discusses measures of position such as quartiles, percentiles, and deciles which are used to summarize a distribution of data. 2) Quartiles split the data into 4 equal parts, percentiles indicate the percentage of values below a given score, and deciles split the data into 10 equal parts. 3) These measures are calculated from the data and can be used to describe patterns such as where the median falls, or what percentage of scores were above or below a given cutoff.

Uploaded by

Siinozuko Masentse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sec 2.

8 – Measures of
Position
If it is an easy test then lots of students will
be getting high marks. Maybe 65% isn’t
Suppose If it was an high when compared to other marks.

you get easy test …?


65% in a Knowing
BAD the mark
test.
Is this a isn’t really
good useful.
If it was an
mark? hard test …?
If it is a hard test then lots of students
GOOD will be getting low marks. Maybe 65% is
high when compared to other marks.
BUT
Knowing how
many marks were
smaller might be “ 𝑃𝑖 ”
useful. The 𝑖 𝑡ℎ percentile

“Rank”

What percent 𝑖%
of the marks of the other values
were smaller are smaller than, or
than yours? equal to, that value
Examples

𝑃50 𝑃80
50% of the values 80% of the values
smaller than, or equal 𝑃75 smaller than, or equal
to, it. 75% of the values to, it
smaller than or
equal to it.

median 8th decile


Quartiles split 3rd quartile Deciles split the data
the data into 4
parts into ten parts.
Quartiles for Raw Data

Splits the data


into quarters.

40 data points.
How many in each
quarter?
Example 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 (n=9 odd)

Find median = 𝑄2

3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14

Find median of “set 1” Find median of “set 2”


4+6 11 + 13
𝑄1 = =5 𝑄3 = = 12
2 2

So: 𝑄1 = 5 , 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑒 = 8 , 𝑄3 = 12
Example 4, 7, 13, 13, 18, 20, 20, 32 (n=8 even)

13 + 18
Find median = 𝑄2 = 15.5
2
4, 7, 13, 13, 18, 20, 20, 32

Find median of “set 1” Find median of “set 2”


7 + 13 20 + 20
𝑄1 = = 10 𝑄3 = = 20
2 2

So: 𝑄1 = 10 , 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑒 = 15.5 , 𝑄3 = 20
Quartiles and Percentiles: Raw Data

= 𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 ; 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 1, 2, 3

= 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐶𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐿𝐸. 𝐸𝑋𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 ; 𝑘

0<𝑘<1
STEP 1: Enter the data.

STEP 2: Enter the Excel


command.

STEP 3: Press Enter


Quartile Deviation • Data is not
symmetric
• Data is • Has outliers
symmetric
• No outliers
𝑄3 − 𝑄1 Median is better
𝑄=
2
Mean is
good Measure of
variation: Use
Measure of variation: use Quartile
standard dev. (s) deviation
Example 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14
𝑄1 = 5 , 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑒 = 8 , 𝑄3 = 12

12−5 You can expect a typical data point


𝑄= = 3.5
2 to differ from the median by 3.5 units

Example 4, 7, 13, 13, 18, 20, 20, 32

𝑄1 = 10 , 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑒 = 15.5 , 𝑄3 = 20
20−10 You can expect a typical data point
𝑄= =5
2 to differ from the median by 5 units
Grouped
Data
Median
𝑀𝑒 Quartiles
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 Percentiles
𝑃𝑖

Definition: Percentile class


The class that contains the
percentile of interest
Position of
Class width percentile
Cumulative
frequency of
previous class

𝑛×𝑖
𝑐 − 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 + 100
𝑓𝑖

Lower boundary Frequency of


of percentile class percentile class
Example:
Find:

1st quartile,

3rd quartile,

n = 50
𝑛×𝑖 50×25
1st quartile Position:
100
=
100
= 12.5 Look for 𝑥12.5
𝑥1 → 𝑥4

𝑥5 → 𝑥14

𝑥15 → 𝑥22
𝑥12.5
in 𝑥23 → 𝑥37
here
𝑥38 → 𝑥46
𝑥47 → 𝑥49
𝑥50
𝑓𝑖 = 10

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 4
𝐿𝑖 = 41.5

𝑛×𝑖
= 12.5
𝑐 = 57.5 − 53.5 = 4 100
𝐿𝑖 = 41.5
𝑛×𝑖
𝑐 − 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 + 100 𝑐=4
𝑓𝑖
𝑛×𝑖
= 12.5
100
4 12.5 − 4
= 41.5 + 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 4
10
𝑓𝑖 = 10
= 44.9

𝑸𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗
𝑛×𝑖 50×75
3rd quartile Position:
100
=
100
= 37.5 Look for 𝑥37.5

𝑥23 → 𝑥37

Is between
these two

Use the upper class 𝑥38 → 𝑥46


𝐿𝑖 = 53.5
𝑛×𝑖
𝑐 − 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 + 100 𝑐=4
𝑓𝑖
𝑛×𝑖
= 37.5
100
4 37.5 − 37
= 53.5 + 𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 37
9
𝑓𝑖 = 9
= 53.7

𝑸𝟑 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟕
Percentiles from Ogives Example: Ogive showing results for a
test out of 80 marks

How many data


points there are?

Cumulative frequency
40 data points 80 was the
= scores for 40 max mark
students

10 scores in
each quartile
Half the Only 25% of
class got a the students
score of at had a score
most of more than
44
______ 52 marks
_____

A pass is
50% Students in the
i.e. 40 marks 1st decile had a
maximum mark
14
Only ____ 29
of ______
students
failed

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