SVC PLUS NUEVA PAN DE AZÚCAR

Principle of Operation

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What is FACTS?

FACTS

Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems

IEEE definition:

Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronic-

based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase
power transfer capability.

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Reactive Power Compensation and FACTS

Reactive Power Flow causes:

 Increase of Transmission System Losses
 to be added to power plant installations
 to be added to operating costs

 Major Influence on System Voltage Deviation

 degradation of load performance at undervoltage
 risk of breakdown on insulation at overvoltages

 Limitation of Power Transfer

 steady state and dynamic stability limits

Problems in transmission systems:

 voltage control at various load conditions
 reactive power balance (voltage, transmission losses)
 stability problems at energy transfer over long distances
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Comparison voltage changing with and without SVC

Voltage behavior after load rejection

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Voltages for different operating conditions

230 kV - 300 km Load System conditions:

Grid
a Heavy load
b Light load

V1 V2 c Outage of 1 line
SVC (at full load)
d Load rejection
at bus 2
a b c d
1.2

1.1 without SVC

V2 with SVC
1.0
V2N
0.9

0.8
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Reactive Power Compensation and FACTS

 MSC / MSR Mechanically Switched Capacitor / Reactor; MSCDN Mechanically

Switched Capacitor with Damping Network

 Dynamic Shunt Compensation

 Static Var Compensators (SVC using thyristor switched components, such as TSC
and/or TCR, Siemens = SVC Classic)
 Advanced Static Var Compensators (VSC = Voltage Source Converter, Siemens =
SVC PLUS)
 SVC Hybrid (consisting of VSCs and thyristor switched components, such as TSC
and/or TSR)

 Series Compensation
 Conventional SC (Fixed Series Compensation, FSC)
 Thyristor Protected Series Compensation (TPSC)
 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC)

 Combination of Shunt and Series Compensation

 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
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Reactive Power Compensation and FACTS

 MSR Mechanically Switched Reactor:

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Reactive Power Compensation and FACTS

 Series Compensation:
 Conventional SC (Fixed Series Compensation, FSC)

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Classic Static VAr Compensator

 Steady state and dynamic

voltage control
 Reactive power control of
dynamic loads
 Damping of active power
oscillations
 Improvement of system
stability Control TCR TSC Filter
 Thyristor controlled /
switched components

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Classic Static VAr Compensator

 Classic Static VAr Compensator

SVC using thyristor switched components as TSC or TCR, Siemens = SVC Classic)

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STATCOM Static VAr Compensator (VSC)

 Steady state and dynamic

voltage control
 Reactive power control of
dynamic loads
 Damping of active power
oscillations Power
module
 Improvement of system
stability Control VSC
 VSC with IGBT technology

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Advanced Static VAr Compensator (VSC)

 Advanced Static VAr Compensator (VSC)

VSC = Voltage Source Converter using IGBTs, Siemens = SVC PLUS)

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Advanced Static VAr Compensator (VSC)

SVC PLUS Decreto 422 – Nueva Pan de Azúcar

The SVC Plus contains two stations which respectively contains one transformer, one SVC
PLUS converter, and two MSR’s, which together provides reactive power in the range of 100 Mvar
capacitive to 400 Mvar inductive on the 500 kV bus.

The STATCOM in the substation Nueva Pan de Azúcar will support reactive power for the 500kV
power system.

Due to the 4 FSCs near the substation Pan de Azúcar overvoltage conditions can be generated in
the 500kV interconnection between Los Changos and Polpaico under several daily power transfers
from SING to SIC or otherwise, especially before power zero crossing.

The main goal of the two STATCOMs is to provide dynamic reactive power and automatically
regulate and support the voltage of the 500 kV bus at Nueva Pan de Azúcar Substation.

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Components and Subsystems
Single Line Diagram

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Components and Subsystems
Single Line Diagram

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Components and Subsystems
Single Line Diagram

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Main components

 Transformer
 CTs and VTs
 Reactors / Capacitors / Resistors
 Power modules
 Arrestors / Surge Capacitors
 Control / Protection / HMI
 Cooling
 Air conditioning

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Components and Subsystems
Switchyard components

Function HV

• Connection to busbars
• Protection of components
Elements
MV
• Circuit breakers
• Insulators & disconnectors
• Voltage transformers
• Current transformers
• Surge arresters
• Surge capacitors
Design criteria
• Max. operating voltages
• Max. operating current
R
• Short-time overload
• Short circuit power

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Components and Subsystems
Power Transformer

Function HV

• Adjust power system voltage

to SVC PLUS busbar voltage
• Coupling reactance
Transformer details MV
• Star-delta Yd transformer
• Three-phase unit 2-winding
transformer
• Short-circuit impedance
Design criteria
• Continuous operating range
• Short-time overload
• Spare parts
• Transportation limits
R
• Environment

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Components and Subsystems
Reactors
Function HV
• Coupling of converter to power system
• Smoothing effect on current
• Limitation of possible fault currents
MV
Reactor details
• Single phase air core reactors in different
3-phase arrangements
• Outdoor installation
Design criteria
• Continuous operating range
• Short-time overload
• Harmonic stresses
• Transportation limits
• Environmental conditions R

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Components and Subsystems
SVC PLUS Container

• Dimension and weight of the

SVC PLUS Container

 Length: 12.5 m

 Width: 3.4 m

 Height: 3.6 m

 Weight: 27000 kg

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Components and Subsystems
SVC Container - Main Systems

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Components and Subsystems
Current transformer for AC/DC currents

Function HV

• Measurement of converter currents

• Control purpose
CT for AC/DC details
MV
• Active measurement element
with required power supply ±24 VDC
• Closed loop current transducer with ration
4000A/1.6A
• Ratio with 4.7Ω burden resistors
1450A / 2.726V
Design criteria
• Accurate over wide range
• Small DC component in large AC currents
• Integrated design R

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Components and Subsystems
Sub-modules

Function HV

• Build multilevel converter

• Switch DC capacitor to total
converter AC voltage
Design details MV

• Modularity 4/6-packs
• DC voltage 1.7 kV DC
• Fiber optic communication
Design criteria
• Current 1200 amps
• Isolation at DC side
• Compact
• Allow cooling of IGBTs

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Components and Subsystems
Sub-modules
HV

MV

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Components and Subsystems
Resistor and bypass switch

Function HV

• Limitation of charging currents

• Bypass during operation

Design details MV
• DC motor controlled
by sequence
• Feedback contacts

Design criteria
• Converter current

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Components and Subsystems
Resistor and bypass switch

Function HV

• Limitation of charging currents

• Bypass during operation

Design details MV
• DC motor controlled
by sequence
• Feedback contacts

Design criteria
• Converter current

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Components and Subsystems
Protection Current Transformers

Function HV

• Measurement of converter currents

• Protection purpose
Design criteria
MV
• Redundant configuration
• Ratio 1500/1A
• Converter Protection Zone

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Components and Subsystems
Cooling System

Function
• Provide reliable and efficient cooling
to IGBTs

Design details
• Single- or dual-circuits
• Closed / open cooling system
• Non conducting

Design criteria
• Temperature rise
• Ambient temperature
• Redundancy of components
• Noise level
• Environmental protection conditions

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Components and Subsystems
Cooling System

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Components and Subsystems
Subsystems

• Air Conditioning

• Fire detection

• Auxiliary Supply

• Batteries

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Components and Subsystems
Subsystems

IR SENSOR

• No feedback signal from sub-modules bypass switch → successful closing uncertain

• Worst case situation would be ignition of electric arc
• Quick detection measure necessary → Smoke detectors are too slow
• No substitution for usual fire detection measures!

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SVC PLUS based on STATCOM technology

STATCOM

► Abbreviation for Static (Synchronous) Compensator

Function

► Active voltage generation with controllable magnitude and phase angle similar
to synchronous condenser (synchronous machine)
► VSC with much faster step response time in comparison to synchronous
condenser
► No rotating components or mechanical inertia
► Capacitive or inductive reactive power supplied by one unit only, no need of
separate TCR, filter(s) and/or TSC components like in classic (thyristor) SVC
► Definition of VSC level: 2N + 1 (N = no. of IGBT full bridges with own floating
DC capacitor)
► Multilevel converter with approximated sinus and low harmonics generation

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SVC PLUS based on STATCOM technology

SVC PLUS Converter Main Data

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SVC Control Systems

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SVC PLUS Multilevel Converter

• Series connection of coupling inductor and

Sub-Modules builds up a converter branch

• 3 converter branches are connected in

Delta for 3-phase system

• Sub-Modules are building-blocks

• MVAr scaling is achieved by scaling the

connection voltage = scaling number of
Sub-Modules

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SVC PLUS configuration

Simplified SVC PLUS

Grid Source Transformer

SVC
Modules
PLUS
1...22

Each SVC PLUS phase leg is built up

Phase A
by 20+2 submodules connected in
series. The main components of each Valve
submodule are 4 IGBT’s, 4 diodes and sub-module
-V01AB
one DC-capacitor. -V11 -V21

All specified operating points can be +

reached with a minimum of 20 -
submodules in service per phase leg, -V02AB
-V12 -V22
i.e. each phase leg comprises 2
redundant submodules. The redundant
submodules participate in normal SVC PLUS container with
operation. 1...22 sub-modules
Simplification of one sub-module to 4
In case of a submodule failure, the switches (with declaration of conducting
corresponding submodule will be -VnnAB
direction) and one capacitor, housing of
bypassed without interrupting SVC sub-module connected to minus pole of
PLUS operation. DC capacitor
Phase B

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Methods of voltage generation using VSC

3-level
converter
PWM
Advantages of multi-level converter in
comparison to 2-/3-level converter:

►Better approximation to reference sinusoidal

2-level voltage
converter ►Lower generation of harmonics and noise
PWM
►Lower losses because of lower switching
frequency
►Less or no filters necessary

multi-level
converter

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Modular multilevel converter – voltage generation

N1
UC=0

N2
UC

N3
UC

N4
UC=0 Ud

N5...8

N9
UC

Assumption for example above: all sub-modules in service to N10

create this voltage → 21-level-converter (=10 Modules). UC=0

For Decreto422 we have 22 Modules (20 + 2 Redundant).

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Simplification of VSC to a voltage source

I I
IN IE Simplified V dV
Simplified SVC PLUS reactor converter as
grid source
X I ideal source

E
Capacitive power!
V dV E
Synchronisation
voltage
V

E dV
I I
Inductive power!

► Grid voltage V and generated converter voltage E in phase

► Capacitive or inductive VSC current depending on voltage difference dV
► Vector of dV and reactor‘s phase-shift cause VSC inductive or capacitive power
► From superposition: IN = V / X and IE = E / X -> I = (V – E) / X [IN and IE incl. SQR(3)]
► Reactive power calculation: Q = V * I = V * (V – E) / X
► The VSC has a linear performance and can also produce nominal current at HV
undervoltage; Q_SVC = V * I → Q_SVC ~ V with I = const. or nominal.
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Inductive Operation

STATCOM – Equivalent Diagram

{Im}

VTr V Re

I
VCon I {Re}
VN VTr

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Inductive Operation

Currents Voltages

Current Grid Voltage

SVC PLUS Voltage

Voltage in kV
Current in kA

Time in sec

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Capacitive Operation

STATCOM – Equivalent Diagram

{ Im}

V Re
VTr

I I
{ Re}
VN VCon
VTr

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Capacitive Operation

Current Voltages

Current Grid Voltage

SVC PLUS Voltage

Voltage in kV
Current in kA

Time in sec

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Simplification of VSC to a voltage source

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 Thank you for your attention!

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