Paramarta, V., Jihad, M., Dharma, A., Hapsari, C., Sandhyaduhita, I. &. Hidayanto, A. (2018).
Impact of User Awareness, Trust, and Privacy Concerns on Sharing Personal Information
on Social Media: Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. International Conference on
Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS), Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, pp. 271-276. doi: 10.1109/ICACSIS.2018.8618220.
Annotation
This study examines the influence of privacy concerns, trust, and user awareness on their
readiness to share personal information via social-media sites. A research model was
developed based on several hypotheses. The research model was confirmed, and experiment was
conducted from 340 social-media users through a questionnaire-based online survey over a
period of 2 months. To confirm the structural model used in this research, reliability and
validity analyses were performed. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was used to detect
relationships among constructs in the research model. The results of this research show that user
awareness, trust, and privacy concerns have a positive and significant effect on sharing personal
data on social media.
Research Hypothesis
H I: Privacy concerns has a positive relation to information sharing on social-media sites.
H2: User awareness has a positive relation to information sharing on social-media sites.
H3: Perceived trust has a positive relation to information sharing on social-media sites.
H4: Privacy concerns have positive relation to social-media users’ perceived trust.
H5: User awareness has positive relation to social-media users’ perceived trust.
H6: User awareness has positive relation to privacy concern.
Data Collection
Online questionnaire based on the framework was used to obtain the data. These data were used
to test the research framework. An online questionnaire was conducted from February 2018 to
April 2018. To maximize the response, email and messenger apps were also used as tools.
Tool and Methods
Validity and reliability analysis was done using SPSS 25.0. Valid means that the instrument can
be used to measure what it purports to measure. The result obtained in the analysis of reliability
is the value of Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s alpha (a), provides an internal-consistency
measure of a scale to test the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The structural equation
modeling (SEM) technique was used to identify the connection between constructed model and
explain the causes and effects between variables. The SEM model was created by AMOS 24.0.
Discussion and implication
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of privacy concerns, user awareness, and trust
on individual willingness to share personal data on social media. Analyzing the survey data show
some interesting findings: In terms of information-sharing, privacy concerns and trust have a
positive impact on willingness to share information on social-media sites. This shows that if
users believe the function of social media sites to protect their data and have strong concerns
about privacy protection, they tend to share more information, Furthermore, a negative impact
was found for user awareness on the willingness to share information. The results indicate
that when user awareness increases, user willingness to share information decreases.
information decreases.
Bibi, A., Hussain, Z., Khan, F., & Maqsood, A. (2017). Quantitative evaluation of Security and
Privacy perceptions in online social networks: A case study, 14th International Bhurban
Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), Islamabad, Pakistan, pp.
425-433. doi: 10.1109/IBCAST.2017.7868089.
Annotation
In this study, the authors focused on extracting the existing awareness state in the society
about privacy, security and information sharing in social media. The study is based on a
questionnaire filling. Data was collected from National University of Sciences & technology,
(NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan. Correlations between variables and usage/awareness levels of
security settings in social networking sites are evaluated. The results of this study will help in
evaluating current user perspective and futuristic interventions required for development of
awareness programs and design of security procedures/layers in social media system.
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS
A survey was conducted to assess student awareness level of using social media. The targeted
respondents were students of NU ST.
SURVEY METHODOLOGY
Research methodology includes planning first having objective statement, its discussion and
timeline . After, research design includes survey creation, determination of target population and
sample size. Survey distribution and response monitoring took place in survey development. he
survey responses obtained during survey was transformed into forms in the form of flat file that
are appropriate for data tabulation and analysis. Flat file is a computerized two dimensional
preparation of archives and their matching tenets.
RESULTS
80% of social media users are using their real personal information in their accounts.
2. 87% of social media users are not using credit card for their online purchasing. This shows
that people are concerned about privacy while only 13% users are using credit card for online
purchasing. 94% users are thinking that people are stalking and using fake identities. There isn't
any solution for this in term of privacy or lack of awareness. Hence respondent who use real
information does not have sound knowledge of privacy.
Petkos, G., Papadopoulos, S., & Kompatsiaris, Y. (2015). PScore: A Framework for Enhancing
Privacy Awareness in Online Social Networks. 10th International Conference on
Availability, Reliability and Security, Toulouse, France, pp. 592-600. doi:
10.1109/ARES.2015.80.
Annotation
In this paper, the authors propose a framework for raising the awareness of Online Social
Network (OSN) users with respect to the information about them that is disclosed and that
can be inferred by OSN service operators as well as by third parties that can access their data.
This framework takes the form of a semantic, hierarchical scoring structure, that enables users
to easily browse over different privacy-related aspects of their presence in a social network.
Contrary to previous privacy scoring approaches, the proposed frame- work provides a fïner
and more intuitive organization of privacy information.
Hossain, A., & Zhang, W. (2015). Privacy and security concern of online social networks from
user perspective. International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy
(ICISSP), Angers, France, pp. 246-253.
Annotation
In this study, the authors designed a set of questions aimed to learn about user views of online
privacy, user knowledge about OSNs privacy settings, and user awareness of privacy disclosure.
The goal was to find out from the users whether and how well users are knowledgeable of,
satisfied with, and able to effectively use available privacy settings. The information obtained
from the study will be used to help OSNs users adjust their privacy settings to better match user
expectations, and help privacy advocates design better ways to help users control the disclosure
of their online information. Answers to the questions from a group of 377 users, selected via
several methods, who have experiences with multiple OSNs, including Facebook, Google+, and
LinkedIn were selected. Analysis was done on the data with respect to user demographics.
Zahra, A., Lei L., & Jing, H. (2016). The Paradox of Social Media Security: Users' Perceptions
versus Behaviors. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference on Research in
Information Technology (RIIT). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY,
USA, 29–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2978178.2978187
Annotation
In this research paper, the authors explored the relationship between users’ security perceptions
and their actual behavior on social networking sites. Protection motivation theory (PMT),
initially was developed to study fear appeals, and has been widely used to examine people’s
behavior in information security domains. The authors propose that PMT theory can also be
adapted to explain and predict social media users’ behaviors that have security implications. A
web-based survey was used to measure users’ security awareness on social networking sites
and collect data on their actual behavior.
Ghazaleh, B., & Huan, L. (February, 2020). A Survey on Privacy in Social Media: Identification,
Mitigation, and Applications. ACM/IMS Trans. Data Sci. 1, 1, Article 7, 38 pages.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3343038
Annotation
In this research, the authors reviewed the key achievements of user privacy in social media. In
particular, they examined and compared the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of the privacy
leakage attacks and anonymization algorithms. Additionally, they reviewed the privacy risks
from different aspects of social media and categorized the relevant works into five groups: (1)
social graphs and privacy, (2) authors in social media and privacy, (3) profile attributes and
privacy, (4) location and privacy, and (5) recommendation systems and privacy. They also
discussed open problems and future research directions regarding user privacy issues in social
media.
Bhatnagar, N., & Pry, M. (2020). Student Attitudes, Awareness, and Perceptions of Personal
Privacy and Cybersecurity in the Use of Social Media: An Initial Study. Information
Systems Education Journal, 18(1), 48–58.
Annotation
This paper describes a study designed to collect student perceptions of personal social media
risks and their knowledge of the use of privacy and security settings in social media applications.
A paper-based survey was administered to 107 students at a regional campus of a major
university in western Pennsylvania, representing 10 classes and 18 different academic majors.
The paper explores a new concept of a maturity model for the instruction of social media risks
based on different levels of sophistication from simple account settings to advanced concepts of
personal brand management.
Vishwanath, A., Xu, W., & Ngoh, Z. (2018). How people protect their privacy on facebook: A
cost‐benefit view. Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology,
69(5), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23894
Annotation
This research uses two theoretical frameworks, Uses and Gratifications (U&G) and Protection
Motivation Theory (PMT), to examine how individuals cognitively juxtaposed the cost of
maintaining privacy through the use of privacy and security settings against the benefits of
openness.
of the U&G framework revealed that social need fulfill- ment was the single most significant
benefit driving pri- vacy management. From the cost standpoint, the PMT framework pointed to
perceived severity impacting expressive and information privacy, and perceived sus- ceptability
influencing accessibility privacy.
Heyman, R., DeWolf, R., & Pierson, J. (2014). Evaluating social media privacy settings for
personal and advertising purposes. The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for
Telecommunications, Information and Media, 16(4), 18-32.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-01-2014-0004
Annotation
The purpose of this paper is to define two types of privacy, which are distinct but often reduced
to each other. It also investigates which form of privacy is most prominent in privacy settings of
online social networks (OSN). Privacy between users is different from privacy between a user
and a third party. OSN, and to a lesser extent researchers, often reduce the former to the latter,
which results in misleading users and public debate about privacy.
Aldhafferi, N., Watson, C., & Sajeev, A. (2013). Personal Information Privacy Settings of Online
Social Networks and their Suitability for Mobile Internet Devices. International Journal
of Security, Privacy and Trust Management (IJSPTM), vol 2, No 2.
DOI:10.5121/ijsptm.2013.2201
Annotation
This study aims to measure the awareness of users on protecting their personal
information privacy, as well as the suitability of the privacy systems which they use to modify
privacy settings. Survey results show high percentage of the use of smart phones for web
services but the current privacy settings for online social networks need to be improved to
support different type of mobile phones screens. Because most users use their mobile phones for
Internet services, privacy settings that are compatible with mobile phones need to be developed.
The method of selecting privacy settings should also be simplified to provide users with a clear
picture of the data that will be shared with others. Results of this study can be used to develop a
new privacy system which will help users control their personal information easily from different
devices, including mobile Internet devices and computers.
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to measure the importance of privacy for Internet and mobile phone users and to
define which pieces of personal information they consider more important in terms of privacy
protection. It also aims to determine the awareness of users on privacy settings offered by social
network providers, as well as their level of satisfaction with these settings. Lastly, the study aims
to identify difficulties in choosing privacy settings on mobile phones, and to determine whether a
more suitable method of choosing privacy settings on mobile phones needs to be developed. This
information can be used to develop a smart wizard system which will help users choose suitable
privacy settings easily and quickly from any device, including mobile phones.
METHODOLOGY
4.1. Respondents of the study
The study sample was selected from the University of Dammam in Saudi Arabia and the New
England University in Australia. The criteria for selecting respondents were that respondents
should have at least one social networks account and mobile phone. In addition, the study
population was both students and staff of University of New England and University of
Dammam and aged 18 and more than 45 years. Data were collected from some departments and
colleges through hard copy forms included with the participation invitations. Most of the
participants from the University of Dammam were males because there is no mix between
genders on colleges.
Survey
The survey questionnaire was available in two languages: English and Arabic. A total of 185
respondents completed the survey (95 used the Arabic questionnaire and 90 used the English
questionnaire) and all questions were multi-choices questions.
Results
Results of the survey show that although most of the users are aware of the privacy settings, most
of them do not change their privacy settings from default settings. Majority (67%) of the
respondents were interested in controlling their privacy settings, but only 60 percent changed
them. Only 40 percent changed their privacy settings regularly. Two thirds (66%) of the users
said they were familiar with privacy settings, and about three-fourths (73%) said they could
prevent others from seeing their personal information.
Chung, W. (2016). Social media analytics: Security and privacy issues. Journal of Information
Privacy & Security, 12(3), 105-106.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15536548.2016.1213994
Address privacy and security risks with social media. (2011). Strategies for Health Care
Compliance, 15(9), 8-10. Retrieved from https://login.ezproxy.utech.edu.jm/login?
url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.utech.edu.jm/trade-journals/address-privacy-
security-risks-with-social-media/docview/881274574/se-2?accountid=35539
INFORMATION ONLY REFERENCES
Chewae, M., Hayikader, S., Hasan, M.H., & Ibrahim, J. (2015). How Much Privacy We Still
Have on Social Network. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
Vol 5, Issue 1, ISSN 2250-3153.
Chaffey, Dave. (2021). Global social media research summary 2021. Retrieved from
https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-
global-social-media-research/
Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021: Global Overview Report. Retrieved from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-global-overview-report
New References
Aldhafferi, N., Watson, C., & Sajeev, A. (2013). Personal Information Privacy Settings of Online
Social Networks and their Suitability for Mobile Internet Devices. International Journal
of Security, Privacy and Trust Management (IJSPTM), vol 2, No 2.
DOI:10.5121/ijsptm.2013.2201
