SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE

INDUSTRY OR USER BASED PROBLEM

Now a days, petrol and diesel engines are widely used in vehicles. Petrol and
diesel are non-renewable resources. These engines produce pollution in the
environment. IC engines releases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide
and hydrocarbons in the environment after combustion of fuels. These gases polluted
the environment and makes human life uncomfortable. On the other hand there is
limited availability of crude oils so, it is difficult to save these resources for future
generations.

It is necessary to find some alternatives for petrol and diesel vehicles. Using
electricity is the best alternative to petrol and diesel. Electricity is one of the common
and easiest way because it is most widely available energy source. It can be used as an
energy source for vehicles to replace conventional fuels. Electric vehicles are used for
pollution free transportation. We are working on electric vehicles in our project. Here
we are trying to produce the electricity by using renewable resources of energy which
are easily and universally available. In this project we are using universally available
solar energy for producing electricity required to run an electric scooter.

The aim of the project is to design a scooter with renewable solar energy.
Solar scooter aims to be a small. Research and development business that develops
renewable technology and helps everyone start riding electric bicycles around rather
than using their cars. We firmly believe that using solar powered bicycles is one of the
best methods of reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

In this project we are going to use solar panel and DC hub motor. The voltage
generated by the solar panel is stored in battery through charging circuit. From the
battery, power will be supplied to the DC hub motor through accelerator followed by
gate switch. The purpose of gate switch is when break is applied then automatically it
opens the connection between motor and accelerometer.

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1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES :-

A renewable energy resource is a natural source of energy which can be

replenished with the passage or any other natural processes. Renewable resources of
time, either through biological process of reproduction are a part of Earth's natural
environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. 16 % of total global energy
consumption comes from renewable energy resources Renewable resources may be
the source of power for renewable energy. However, the rate at which the renewable
resource is consumed should not exceed its renewal rate to ensure its sustainability.

Fig. 1.1 Renewable Energy Resources

1.2 SOLAR ENERGY:-

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly

characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture
and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques
include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water
heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to
the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light-dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

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The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing

source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World
Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–
49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy
consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.

In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "The development of

affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-
term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an
indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource,
enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global
warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are
global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be
considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely
shared".

Fig. 1.2 Different Uses of Solar Energy

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY FOR PROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION AND SPECIFICATION

RESEARCH PAPERS

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY 1

TITLE: - Mobility Scooter Having Solar Panel for Charging Batteries.

AUTHOR: - Howard Clark

YEAR: - 2010

A battery powered electric vehicle, such as a mobility scooter, has a solar

panel for supplying at least part of the charge and/or power to one or more of the
vehicle's batteries. A frame may be attached to the rear of the scooter to support two
photovoltaic cell solar panels. The frame may be adjustable to vary the height of the
panel. The panels and/or the frame may be removable. The upright portion may be
adjustable to vary the height of the panel. A charge regulator may be provided. The
panel may be retrofitted to an existing scooter.

 PROBLEM DEFINITION 1

We have done our first literature survey on the “Mobility Scooter Having
Solar Panel for Charging Batteries”. Behind doing this survey there is a problem, all
the world is facing. And that problem is global warming. Temperature of the earth is
rising. One of the major cause for this problem is crude oils. Petrol and diesel engines
are widely used. Petrol and diesel engines work as a prime mover in which the fuel is
burnt within the engine and the products of combustion serve as the thermodynamic
fluid, as with gasoline and diesel engine. In this engine air and fuel mixture is burned
and produces power. Fuel used in this engines are petrol and diesel. As well as the
construction of this type of engine is very complicated. As it includes number of parts
for producing power. Maintenance require for this engines is also more.

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2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2

TITLE - Feasibility Study of a Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Model.

AUTHORS: - 1) Bin Ye 2) Jingjing Jiang 3) Lixin Miao

4) Peng Yang 5) Ji Li 6) Bo Shen

YEAR: - 2015

In China, the power sector is currently the largest carbon emitter and the
transportation sector is the fastest-growing carbon emitter. This paper proposes a
model of solar-powered charging stations for electric vehicles to mitigate problems
encountered in China’s renewable energy utilization processes and to cope with the
increasing power demand by electric vehicles for the near future. This study applies
the proposed model to Shenzhen City to verify its technical and economic feasibility.
Modeling results showed that the total net present value of a photovoltaic power
charging station that meets the daily electricity demand of 4500 kWh is $3,579,236
and that the cost of energy of the combined energy system is $0.098/kWh. In addition,
the photovoltaic powered electric vehicle model has pollutant reduction potentials of
99.8%, 99.7% and 100% for carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides,
respectively, compared with a traditional gasoline-fueled car. Sensitivity analysis
results indicated that interest rate has a relatively strong influence on COE (Cost of
Energy). An increase in the interest rate from 0% to 6% increases COE from
$0.027/kWh to $0.097/kWh. This analysis also suggests that carbon pricing promotes
renewable energy only when the price of carbon is above $20/t.

 PROBLEM DEFINITION 2
After the previous survey we go further for the second research. Now a days
carbon percent in the environment of the is increasing very highly. Daily use vehicles
are contributing the increasing percentage of carbon in climate. There is increase in
pollution, because the use for petrol and diesel vehicles is increasing widely. This
crude oils are non – renewable. There are limited availability of crude oils, and
demand is increasing widely. It is getting impossible to save this crude oils for future.
It is getting necessary to find alternatives for conventional vehicle.

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2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

TITLE: - Solar Based Electrical Vehicles With Conductive Plastics.

AUTHOR: - 1) Patrapalli Durga Venkata Lakshmi.

2) Make Madhu Manikya Kumar.
3) Sornapudi Durga Prasad.
4) Kavali Sanjay Bhargav.

YEAR: - 2018

The conversion of sunlight into electricity can be achieved using a solar cell
and is one of the most attractive future source of energy. This project describes the
characteristic of an organic cell. Several characteristics which impact on the
conversion efficiency of organic solar cells are discussed. Recently, organic solar
cells are attracting a lot of attention due to some intrinsic advantageous characteristics
like flexibility, light weight and large area applications, and significant improvement
in the power conversion efficiency. For polymer- based organic photovoltaic cells,
which are far less expensive to manufacture than silicon-based solar cells, scientists
have long believed that the key to high efficiencies rest in the purity of the
polymer/organic cell’s two domains-acceptor and donor. Mounting these organic solar
cells on Electrical Vehicles will improve the efficiency of the overall system.

 PROBLEM DEFINITION 3
From this research, the concept of solar based electric scooter is completely
understood. This research was to necessary in concern with the following problem
definition.
When air and fuel mixture burns in the cylinder it develops power as well as
exhaust gases. This exhaust gases are exhausted to the environment through the
exhaust gas pipe. This exhaust gases consists of Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
and hydro carbons. This gases are harmful for environment as well as human. As
discussed above the use of conventional vehicles (i.e. Petrol and Diesel Engines) is
harmful to environment and humans.

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2.4 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

TITLE: - Study Of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid Mild Cars: A Review.

AUTHOR: - 1)Ranjeet Singh

2) Manoj Kumar Gaur

3) Chandra Shekhar Malvizz

YEAR: - 2012

A large amount of research on solar energy operated hybrid mild cars and
solar cars have been considering the recent 10 year development. An overview of this
research is presented; both in terms of an historic overview of research projects, book,
and journal paper addressing the different research issues for mild car are discussed.
In this paper, a study on past, present and future solar energy applications , has been
presented to the main issue of solar car, technical parameters and the model structure
have been discussed , on the basis of this we have collected various research work and
the work has been noticed. The objective of this work is to estimate the potential of
energies, solar energy and IC engine power. Both powers will be utilized in near
future work.

 PROBLEM DEFINITION 4
From all the problems discussed above, it is very necessary to find the
alternative for conventional vehicles. Now a days, it is possible to run the vehicles on
the electricity. This is one of the best alternative for conventional vehicles. Electric
vehicles (EV’s) are best alternative for conventional vehicles. Here electricity is used
to run the vehicles. Latest electric vehicles require recharging of batteries on daily
basis as per use. Electric vehicles provide a clean and pollution free mode of
transportation. Zero pollution is achieved by using electric bikes. This vehicles are not
harmful for environment and humans. This vehicles are simple in construction and
this vehicles have low maintenance cost as there are less number of parts. From the
study of this research paper we can ensure that the solar energy can be used to drive
the scooters, bike and cars.

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2.5 LITERATURE SURVEY 5

TITLE: - Solar Energy Contribution To An Electric Vehicle Needs On The Basis Of
Long-Term Measurements.
AUTHOR: - 1) Em. Kostopoulos 2) G. Spyropoulos

3) K. Christopoulos 4) J.K. Kaldellis

YEAR: - 2018
In this project, the current study till now provides useful insight with regards
to RES-based electro mobility, using real measurements from the operation of the
innovative, solar-based EV charging station of the Soft Energy Applications and
Environmental Protection Laboratory of the University of West Arica. The particular
installment can operate both autonomously and connected to the local grid and is used
both for research and the actual charging of EVs, and it is helpful for the creation of
smart grids and future smart cities. The available vehicle is discharged under real-
world driving conditions and afterwards charged under the same charging speed in
order to assess the contribution of solar energy (photovoltaic (PVs). The importance
of the results lies in the fact that the energy consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle
(BEV) is estimated under real-world driving conditions, together with the respective
PV or grid contribution necessary for charging the vehicle, while, in addition to that,
sizing directions for a solar charging station used for the supply of a BEV's annual
energy needs are provided.

 PROBLEM DEFINITION 5
Electricity can be produced by different sources. Latest electric vehicles
require recharging of batteries on daily basis as per use. We are trying to produce
electricity by using the natural sources available. We are searching the renewable
source for charging the scooter. That’s why we thought to charge the scooter on the
universally available solar energy. Solar energy is easily available in the environment.
As well as this vehicle will be useful for environment and social wellbeing.

However, electric vehicles are only sustainable if electricity used to charge

them comes from sustainable source of energy. Charging electric vehicles from solar
energy provides a sustainable means of transportation.

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CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED DETAILED METHODOLOGY OF SOLVING

IDENTIFIED PROBLEM WITH ACTION PLAN

In previous chapter detailed information of the literature survey as well as the

problem definition are discussed. To solve all the problems discussed above we are
producing a new scooter, as our project titled “SOLAR RECHARGEABLE
ELECTRIC SCOOTER” under this topic in our academic year 2019 – 2020, we are
preparing a model of a electric scooter which will charge on the solar energy.

We have proposed a methodology to solve the problems. Our methodology is

divided in different parts, under different titles.

Sequence of proposed methodology is as follows –

1. Proposed Methodology 1 – Design of scooter

2. Proposed Methodology 2 – Basic Information about E – Scooter.
3. Proposed Methodology 3 - Selection of Components
4. Proposed Methodology 4 – Extra Features of Proposed Scooter
5. Proposed Methodology 5 – Tentative Design of Scooter

3.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 1

DESIGN OF SCOOTER

We are preparing a model of a scooter which will have solar panels. For
producing this model, designing is important. Design gives the basic idea about the
product. There are different software available for the designing of the products.
Software to be used are –

1. AutoCad

2. PTC Creo Parametric 3.0

3. Catia

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 3.1.1 AutoCAD

AutoCAD is a drawing software widely used in the industry. AutoCAD is a

commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.
AutoCAD provides accuracy. AutoCAD is used in the industry, by architects, project
managers, engineers, graphic designers, city planners and other professionals.
Similarly we have used this software for the tentative designing of our scooter.

 3.1.2 PTC CREO Parametric 3.0

This software is used for 3D modelling and drafting. Part drawn in this software
will 3D and it can visualize from 360 degrees. 3D modelling of product gives the idea
about how will the part look after manufacturing.

 3.1.3 CATIA

CATIA is a computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) is a multi-

platform software. CATIA enables the creation of 3D parts, from 2D sketches, sheet
metal, composites, moulded, forged or tooling parts up to the definition of mechanical
assemblies. From using this software force analysis on the particular component is
also possible.

As we are designing a totally new scooter, so it is very necessary to analyze the all
parameter. By using this software we will come to know that where will be the more
force on the scooter. And which will the correct place for mounting of solar panels on
the scooter by considering safety of panels as well as force analysis.

Fig. 3.1 Use of CATIA Software

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3.2 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 2

BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT E- SCOOTER

 3.2.1 E - Scooter

Electric motorcycles and scooters are plug-in electric vehicles with two or three

wheels. The electricity is stored on board in a rechargeable battery, which drives one
or more electric motors. Electric scooters (as distinct from motorcycles) have a step-
through frame.

 POWER SOURCE

Most electric motorcycles and scooters as of May 2019 are powered by

rechargeable lithium ion batteries, though some early models used nickel-metal
hydride batteries.

Alternative types of batteries are available. Z Electric Vehicle has pioneered use
of a lead/sodium silicate battery (a variation on the classic lead acid battery invented
in 1859, still prevalent in automobiles) that compares favourably with lithium
batteries in size, weight, and energy capacity, at considerably less cost.

 CHARGING

All electric scooters and motorcycles provide for recharging by plugging into
ordinary wall outlets, usually taking about eight hours to recharge (i.e. overnight).
Some manufacturers have designed in, included, or offer as an accessory, the high-
power  level 2 charger, which can charge the batteries up to 95% in an hour.

 HYBRID

Honda has developed an experimental internal combustion/electric hybrid

scooter. Yamaha has also developed a hybrid concept motorcycle called Gen-Ryu. It
uses a 600cc engine and an additional electric motor. Hybrid uses a 125cc engine and
an additional 2.4 kW motor.

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 PERFORMANCE

Electric and gasoline powered motorcycles and scooters of the same size and
weight are roughly comparable in performance. In August 2013 Road and
Track evaluated a high-end electric motorcycle as faster and better handling than any
conventionally powered bike. Electric machines have better 0 to 60 acceleration, since
they develop full torque immediately, and without a clutch the torque is instantly
available.

 RANGE

Electric motorcycles and scooters suffer considerable disadvantage in range, since

batteries cannot store as much energy as a tank of gas. Anything over 130 miles
(210 km) on a single charge is considered an exceptionally long range. As a result,
while electric machines excel as daily commuters traveling a fixed distance round
trip, on the open road riders experience inhibiting range anxiety. Also electric power
trades off range against speed.

 MAINTENANCE

Electric scooters and motorcycles need very little maintenance.

As Wired magazine's transportation editor Damon Lavrinc reported after an
experiment of trying to go six months using nothing but a Zero electric motorcycle:
"with only a battery, a motor, and a black box (i.e. the controller) to keep you moving,
electric motorcycles are a breeze to maintain compared to a conventional motorcycle,
what with all the lubricating and adjusting and tuning you have to do. You basically
just worry about consumables: brake pads, tires, maybe a brake fluid flush. That’s
about it." Electric scooters and motorcycles equipped with regenerative
braking typically have longer brake pad life because a significant portion of braking
duty can be performed with the electric motor instead of the mechanical friction
brakes.

 FUEL COST

At between one and two cents per mile (depending on electric rates), electric
machines enjoy an enormous fuel cost advantage. Three months and 2,800 km
(1,700 mi) of commuting on an electric motorcycle cost Lavrinc less than $30 for

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electricity; on a BMW gasoline bike a single trip of 650 km (400 mi) cost nearly the
same.

In above points we discussed about the solar energy and major factors in
electronic scooter. But in our project the source used is solar energy. All functions are
same as normal E-scooter only the resource will change.

3.3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 3

SELECTION OF COMPONENTS

To produce a complete model of scooter we required number of different

components. So our proposed methodology 3 includes all the information about our
proposed system. Major component of the scooter is solar panel and Motor. And other
components are wheels, drum brake, speedometer and accelerator and so on.

 3.3.1 Solar Panels

A solar Panels (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that helps in
the conversion of a light energy directly into electrical energy by creating voltage
when it gets exposed to light. It is a form of photoelectric cell which, when exposed to
light, can produce and support an electric without being attached to any external
source of voltage, but requires an external load for power consumption.

This is the field of technology and research related to practical application of

photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light through it is more commonly
used to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight. Cell can be describe as a
photovoltaic also when the light source is not necessarily sunlight (lamp light,
artificial light, etc.) in such cases the cell is sometime used as a photo detector (For
e.g. Infrared Detector), for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the
visible range and measuring light intensity.

The working of photovoltaic cells required 3 basic features,

1. The absorbing of light, generating electron-hole pairs.

2. The separation of charge carries of unlike types.
3. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

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Figure shows the construction of solar panel.

Fig. 3.2 Solar Panel

 3.3.2 Flexible Solar Panel

There are no. of solar bikes available. In that solar bikes solar panels are provided
externally i.e. on the top of bike. Which make the design of scooter more complex and
difficult to use in regular. To eliminate this problem and in concern to use the scooter
in daily basis, In our proposed system we are integrating solar panels directly in the
scooter. Solar panels will be fabricated in the body of the scooter. On the front panel
of scooter, on the front wheel mudguard and similarly on the rear panels of the scooter
and on the rear wheel mudguard, we are providing sufficient solar panels. So the
scooter can give the sufficient back up.

To make the solar panel fabricated, we research for some new technology
available in the global. From our research we come to know that, Flexible solar panel
is the new concept coming. The flexible panel can be use as required. In concern with
fabricating solar panels in scooter, we are looking further for flexible solar panels.

Flexible solar cell research is a research-level technology, an example of which

was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in which solar cells are
manufactured by depositing photovoltaic material on flexible substrates, such as

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ordinary paper, using chemical vapor deposition technology.[1] The technology for
manufacturing solar cells on paper was developed by a group of researchers from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the National Science
Foundation and the Eni-MIT Alliance Solar Frontiers Program.

In conventional solar panels, the supporting structures of the panel like glass,
brackets etc. are mostly twice as costly as the photovoltaic materials manufactured on
them. As paper costs approximately a thousandth of glass, solar cells using printing
processes can be much cheaper than conventional solar panels. Also other methods
involving coating papers with materials include first coating the paper with a smooth
material to counter-act the molecular scale roughness of paper. But in this method, the
photovoltaic material can be coated directly onto untreated paper.

Fig. 3.3 Flexible Solar Panel

 3.3.3 Electric Motor

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Electric motors are used in the electric bike. An electric motor is an electrical
machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. There are different
types of electric motor used in EV’s. Some types of motors are discussed below.

1. DC SERIES MOTOR

High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a suitable option
for traction application. It was the most widely used motor for traction application in
the early 1900s. The advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can also
withstand a sudden increase in load. All these characteristics make it an ideal traction
motor. The main drawback of DC series motor is high maintenance due to brushes
and commentator’s. These motors are used in Indian railways. This motor comes
under the category of DC brushed motors.

Fig. 3.4 DC Series Motor

2. BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless because

it does not have the commutator and brush arrangement. The commutation is done
electronically in this motor because of this BLDC motors are maintenance free.
BLDC motors have traction characteristics like high starting torque, high efficiency
around 95-98%, etc. BLDC motors are suitable for high power density design
approach. The BLDC motors are the most preferred motors for the electric vehicle
application due to its traction characteristics. 

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Fig. 3.5 Brushless DC Motor

 3.3.4 Battery

Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. Solar panels are
connected to battery. Energy taken form the solar rays on the panels, is then saved in
batteries and passes to the electric motor used.

Solar charge controllers' primary function is to manage power, but it may offer
additional capabilities including load control and lighting. Thus, when the solar
charge controller receives the solar supply, it then regulates the electricity and current
directed to the batteries to ensure proper battery charging occurs.

Batteries used in home energy storage typically are made with one of three
chemical compositions: lead acid, lithium ion, and saltwater. In most cases, lithium
ion batteries are the best option for a solar panel system, though other battery types
can be more affordable.

There are different types of batteries. Some batteries which are used in daily basis
are Lead Acid, Lithium ion.

1. LEAD ACID BATTERY

Flooded lead-acid batteries are the cheapest and in past most common traction
batteries available. There are two main types of lead-acid batteries: automobile engine

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starter batteries, and deep cycle batteries. Automobile alternators are designed to
provide starter batteries high charge rates for fast charges, while deep cycle batteries
used for electric vehicles like forklifts or golf carts, and as the auxiliary house
batteries in RV's, require different multi-stage charging. No lead acid battery should
be discharged below 50% of its capacity, as it shortens the battery's life. Flooded
batteries require inspection of electrolyte level and occasional replacement of water
which gases away during the normal charging cycle. Traditionally, most electric
vehicles have used lead-acid batteries due to their mature technology, high
availability, and low cost.

Fig. 3.6 Lead Acid Battery

2. LITHIUM ION BATTERY

Lithium Ion (and the mechanistically similar lithium polymer) batteries, were
initially developed and commercialized for use in laptops and consumer electronics.
With their high energy density and long cycle life they have become the lead
candidate for use in EVs. The first commercialized lithium-ion chemistry was a
lithium cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite anode first demonstrated by N. Godshall
in 1979, and by John Good enough, and Akira Yoshino shortly thereafter. The
downside of traditional lithium-ion batteries include sensitivity to temperature, low

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temperature power performance, and performance degradation with age. Due to the
volatility of organic electrolytes, the presence of highly oxidized metal oxides, and the
thermal instability of the anode SEI layer, traditional lithium-ion batteries pose a fire
safety risk if punctured or charged improperly.[11] These early cells did not accept or
supply charge when extremely cold, and so heaters can be necessary in some climates
to warm them. The maturity of this technology is moderate. The Tesla Roadster
(2008) and other cars produced by the company used a modified form of traditional
lithium-ion "laptop battery" cells that can be replaced individually as needed.

Recent EVs are utilizing new variations on lithium-ion chemistry that sacrifice
specific energy and specific power to provide fire resistance, environmental
friendliness, rapid charging (as quickly as a few minutes), and longer lifespans. These
variants (phosphates, titanates, spinels, etc.) have been shown to have a much longer
lifetime, with A123 types using lithium iron phosphate lasting at least 10+ years and
7000+ charge/discharge cycles.

Fig. 3.7 Structure of Lithium Ion Battery

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Fig. 3.8 Lithium Ion Battery

 3.3.5 Other Components of Scooter

To make the scooter there are different components required. Information of some
parts is discussed here. We will required wheels, brakes, and accelerator.

We are taking all the mechanical components of the bike from the old
conventional vehicles. That means instead of IC engine and fabricated parts. We will
buy all the mechanical components form the garage. We are producing this model in
social wellbeing so there should be minimum cost of the scooter. To make best form
the waste is always good. This is prototype model of the solar rechargeable electric
scooter so we are focusing on the cost reduction too.

3.4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 4

EXTRA FEATURE IN PROPOSED SCOOTER

In this designed scooter we are providing some extra feature. In concern with
safety. Main and important feature of the bike is an Emergency switch. Emergency
switch is a new concept. There is no such type of switch in another vehicles. We are
introducing this concept.

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SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

 3.4.1 Emergency Switch

This switch will be provided in the storage box of the scooter. In case of
accidents it is getting difficult to contact to the family member. So in that case this
switch will work.

Contacts number are provided in the program of that emergency switch. Any
four contact number of family and friends are provided. As well as GPS is also
provided in that program of switch.

In case of any accident or emergency any one can just press that emergency
switch, after that calls and messages will be send on that four contact number which
are programmed in the system. As well as GPS location of the Scooter will also send
after using that switch. So it will be convenient for family to find the location of the
scooter.

To avoid the misuse of this emergency switch, it is provided in the storage box of the
scooter. Storage box will be open by using the key of scooter, and then switch can be
operated.

3.5 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 5

TENTATIVE DESIGN OF SCOOTER

 3.5.1 Tentative Design of Scooter

We have drawn the tentative design of the proposed scooter. We have use the
AutoCAD software for the designing.

As discussed above we are providing solar panels in the fabricated panels, the
design will give the clear idea of the position of the solar panel in the proposed
scooter.

Figure given on the next page shown the tentative design of the scooter.

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SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

Fig. 3.9 Tentative Design of Scooter

ACTION PLAN

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 SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

SR. NO. PLANNED

ACTIVITIES PLANNED ACTIVITIES EXECUTED
WEEK
 Formation of Project  Project group of 4 members was
Group. finalized.
 Basic Idea of C.P.P.  A basic idea and structure of the
 Group Meeting. subject was explained by the
subject coordinator Prof. D. S.
1 Week-1
Zalte.
 Meeting between group
members and Prof. D.S. Zalte
was held.

 Allotment of Project  Prof. V.S. Kalamani was allotted

Guide. as our guide.
2 Week-2  Meeting with Project  Discussion about various
Guide. alternatives with guide.

 Research on Project  Research of project topic by

Topics. visiting various industries.
 Discussion of Project  Discussion of project topics with
Week-3 Topic with Project project guide.
3
Guide.  Finalization of topic along with
 Finalization of Project documentation.
Topic.

 Collection of Basic  Collection of basic information

Information Required. about project topic.
Week-4  Initializing the  Collection of information about
4
Information of Project detailed working condition of
Topic. project.

 Submission of Title  Submission of Title Page and

Page and Abstract. Abstract as per standard format.
Week-5  Portfolio Part-A  Writing of portfolio Part-A and
5
Submission. submission.

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 SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

 Finalization of  Visit to the workplace and

Workplace. finalization of workplace.
6 Week-6  Organizing of  All the collected data to be
Resources. organized.

 Project Proposal.  Preparation of project proposal.

Week-7  Logbook.  Preparation and maintaining the
7
logbook.

 Survey of Materials  Market survey of required

8 Week-8 Required In Market. materials and testing of

materials.

9 Week-9  Tentative Designing.  Tentative designing of project.

 CAD Drawings.  Drafting of the CAD drawings as

10 Week-10 per the design.

 Solid Modeling  Drafting of 3D drawings

11 Week-11 Drawings. according to the design.

 Analysis of Drawings.  Analysis of various components

12 Week-12 of the project from the drawings.

 Project Report.  Preparation of Semester-V

Week-13  Presentation on ‘Project Report’.

13 SEMESTER-V  Preparation of presentation on
Project Report. Semester-V ‘Project Report’.

 Final Submission of  Final submission of Capstone

14 Week-14 CPP. Project Planning.

CONCLUSION
Now a days, there are limited availability of crude oils. It is necessary to find
some alternatives for petrol and diesel vehicles. Electric bike is one of the most useful
innovation. As well as electric vehicle is a great alternative for petrol fueled vehicles.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) like electric cars, e – bikes provide a clean and pollution free
mode of transportation. Zero pollution is achieved by using electric bikes. But E-
vehicles need electricity to charge its batteries, and as we know electricity is
generated by using Non-Renewable sources of energy such as coal. So to overcome

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SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

this problem, we are working on E-vehicles for our Capstone Project. In which we are
trying to charge an electric scooter by using Renewable source of energy. Hence, we
selected the topic “SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER” to
contribute for sustainable environment.

REFERENCES
1) Research Paper 1:-

https://patents.google.com/patent/GB2471168A/en

2) Research Paper 2:-

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284515967_Feasibility_Study_of_a_
Solar-Powered_Electric_Vehicle_Charging_Station_Model

MECHANICAL ENGG. K. K. WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK. 25

SOLAR RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC SCOOTER

3) Research Paper 3:-

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i2/IRJET-V5I206.pdf

4) Research Paper 4:-

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323572685_Study_of_Solar_Energy
_Operated_Hybrid_Mild_Cars_A_Review

5) Research Paper 5:-

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452321618300775

6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

MECHANICAL ENGG. K. K. WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK. 26