UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EN 5302 REINFORCED CONCRETE

CHAPTER 3

DOUBLY
REINFORCED BEAMS
Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement

Edited by

Amir M. Salih Sardar R. Mohammad

MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering

2018-2019 ©
Draft Edition
18-11-2018
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CHAPTER 4 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Introduction [6]

 The steel that is occasionally used on the compression sides of beams is

called compression steel
 Beams with both tensile and compressive steel are referred to as doubly
reinforced beams
 In some circumstances, space or aesthetic requirements limit beams to
such small sizes that compression steel is needed in addition to tensile
steel.
 To increase the moment capacity of a beam beyond that of a singly
reinforced beam with the minimum tensile strain of (0.004), it is necessary
to introduce another resisting couple in the beam.
 This is done by adding steel in both the compression and tensile sides of
the beam.

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 Compressive steel increases not only the resisting moments of concrete

sections but also the amount of curvature that a member can take before
flexural failure.
 This means that the ductility of such sections will be appreciably
increased.
 Compression steel makes beams tough and ductile, enabling them to
withstand large moments, deformations, and stress reversals such as
might occur during earthquakes.
 Many building codes for earthquake zones require that certain minimum
amounts of compression steel be included in flexural members.
 Compression steel is very effective in reducing long-term deflections due
to shrinkage and plastic flow.

 Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning stirrups (by
tying them to the compression bars) and keeping them in place during
concrete placement and vibration.
 Tests of doubly reinforced concrete beams have shown that even if the
compression concrete crushes, the beam may very well not collapse if the
compression steel is enclosed by stirrups.

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 Once the compression concrete reaches its crushing strain, the concrete
cover spalls or splits off the bars, much as in columns (Next chapters).If
the compression bars are confined by closely spaced stirrups, the bars
will not buckle until additional moment is applied.
 ACI Code states that compression steel in beams must be enclosed by
ties or stirrups or by welded wire fabric of equivalent area.

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Notations

𝑇 ∶ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑇 ∶ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝐴 ∶ 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑇 )

𝐴 ∶ 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑇 )

𝐴 ∶ 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴

𝑀 ∶ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑀 ∶ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡𝑒ℎ𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑀 ∶ 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀

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Moment Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Beams

The strain in the compressive reinforcement

𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝜺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒄

4.3.1 CASE 1: Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement Yielded

Mns : Steel – Steel Mnc: Concrete – Steel

𝑇 =𝐶 𝐴 = 𝐴 − 𝐴

𝑇 =𝐶
𝐴 𝑓 =𝐴 𝑓 → 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏

𝑴𝒏𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅 ) 𝐴 𝑓
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓 𝑏

𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀 ≥ 𝜀𝑦

𝒂
𝑴𝒏𝒄 = 𝑨𝒔𝒄 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 −
𝟐

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒏𝒔 + 𝑴𝒏𝒄

𝑴𝒅 = 𝝓 𝑴𝒏 ≥ 𝑴𝒖

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4.3.2 CASE 2: Tension Reinforcement Yielded but Compression

Reinforcement Not Yielded

𝜺𝒔 ≥ 𝜺𝒚 & 𝜺𝒔 < 𝜺𝒚

o Find depth of compression block (a)

( 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄 𝒃)𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒂 − ( 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝒔 𝜷𝟏 𝒅 ) = 𝟎

Mns : Steel – Steel Mnc: Concrete – Steel

′
∵ 𝜀′𝑠 < 𝜀𝑦 → 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝐴 = 𝐴 − 𝐴
′
𝒄−𝒅
𝜺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝑇 =𝐶
𝒄
𝒇 𝒔 = 𝑬𝒔 𝜺𝒔 𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑎 𝑏

𝑇 =𝐶 𝐴 𝑓
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓 𝑏
𝑓
𝐴 𝑓 =𝐴 𝑓 → 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜀 ≥ 𝜀𝑦
𝑓

𝑴𝒏𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅 ) 𝒂
𝑴𝒏𝒄 = 𝑨𝒔𝒄 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 −
𝟐

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒏𝒔 + 𝑴𝒏𝒄

𝑴𝒅 = 𝝓 𝑴𝒏 ≥ 𝑴𝒖

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4.3.3 CASE 3:

𝑓 <𝑓

𝑓 ≥𝑓 Not Permitted by ACI318

4.3.4 CASE 4:

𝑓 <𝑓
Not Permitted by ACI318
𝑓 <𝑓
Analysis of doubly Reinforced Beams

Example 11

Compute the design moment capacity of the beam section shown.

𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

SOLUTION

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Example 12

Compute the design moment capacity of the following beam using the given data.

𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

SOLUTION

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Lateral Support for Compression Reinforcements[8]

ACI 318 M-14: 9.7.6.4

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Design of doubly Reinforced Beams

4.8.1 Example 13

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎.

Given:

𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠: 22 𝑐𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟) 10 𝑐𝑚

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 (𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑟) ∶ 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝐿 ∶ 1.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 ; 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∶ 5.0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 60𝑐𝑚

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SOLUTION

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Homework

4.9.1 Homework 1 [5]

Compute the design moment strength of the following

beam.

𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

4.9.2 Homework 2

Repeat Homework 1 using 𝑓 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and comment on the results.

4.9.3 Homework 3

Compute the design moment strength of the following beam

section and comment on the result.

𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

4.9.4 Homework 4

The beam section shown below is loaded by a factored flexural moment Mu=520
kN.m, design the beam for flexure using the following information.

𝑓 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Diameter of bars: 25mm

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4.9.5 Homework 5

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚:

Given:

𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 25 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑚

𝐿𝐿 = 35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠: 40𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝐿 = 4.5 𝑚

Available Materials

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 ∶ 0.65 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓. ∶ 5 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 12𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 16𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑓 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

Required

Design the beam.

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References

[1] J. K. Wight and J. G. MacGregore, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and

Design, 6th ed. 2012.

[2] C. V. R. Murty, R. Goswami, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, and V. V. Mehta,

Some Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings. .

[3] A. O. Aghayer and G. F. Limrunner, Reinforced Concrete Design, 8th ed.,

vol. 1. 2015.

[4] C. D. Buckner, Concrete Design, Second Edition. .

[5] D. N. Y. Abboushi, Reinforced Concrete, vol. 1–2. 2014.

[6] R. H. B. Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. 2014.

[7] A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C. W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures,

14th ed. 2010.

[8] ACI Committee 318, Aci 318M-14. 2014.

[9] M. N. Hassoun and A. Al-Manaseer, Structural Concrete Theory and

Design, 6th ed. .

[10] Subramanian, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. 2013.

[11] A. M. Ibrahim, M. S. Mahmood, and Q. W. Ahmed, Design of Reinforced

Concrete Structures, First. Baghdad, 2011.

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