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Studimi I Transformatorit

1. The document describes an experiment using a transformer to investigate the laws governing transformers. 2. Key relationships measured include the secondary voltage as a function of the primary voltage, number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, and the secondary short-circuit current as a function of the primary current and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. 3. The experiment is intended to verify theoretical relationships for transformer behavior derived from Maxwell's equations, including that secondary voltage is proportional to primary voltage and number of turns in secondary coil, and that the transformation ratio is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the primary and secondary coils.

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fatjonmusli2016
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71 views

Studimi I Transformatorit

1. The document describes an experiment using a transformer to investigate the laws governing transformers. 2. Key relationships measured include the secondary voltage as a function of the primary voltage, number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, and the secondary short-circuit current as a function of the primary current and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. 3. The experiment is intended to verify theoretical relationships for transformer behavior derived from Maxwell's equations, including that secondary voltage is proportional to primary voltage and number of turns in secondary coil, and that the transformation ratio is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the primary and secondary coils.

Uploaded by

fatjonmusli2016
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Student's

Sheet
Printed: 18.04.2017 09:18:52 | P2440100

Transformer (Item No.: P2440100)


Curricular Relevance

Experiment:
Subtopic:
Area of Expertise: Education Level: Topic: Elektromagnetische
Elektrizität und
ILIAS Physik Hochschule Induktion und
Magnetismus
Faraday's Gesetz

Difficulty Preparation Time Execution Time Recommended Group Size

Difficult 10 Minutes 20 Minutes 2 Students

Additional Requirements: Experiment Variations:

Keywords:

Induction, magnetic flux, loaded transformer, unloaded transformer, coil

Introduction

Overview
An alternating voltage is applied to one of two coils (primary coil) which are located on a common iron core. The voltage induced
in the second coil (secondary coil) and the current flowing in it are investigated as functions of the number of turns in the coils
and of the current flowing in the primary coil.

Fig. 1: Experimental set-up for investigating the laws governing the transformer.

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]


D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com
Student's Sheet
Printed: 18.04.2017 09:18:52 | P2440100

Equipment

Position No. Material Order No. Quantity


1 PHYWE Multitap transformer, DC: 2/4/6/8/10/12 V, 5 A / AC: 2/4/6/8/10/12/14 V, 5 A 13533-93 1
2 Coil, 140 turns, 6 tappings 06526-01 2
3 Rheostat, 10 Ohm , 5.7A 06110-02 1
4 Clamping device 06506-00 1
5 Iron core, U-shaped, laminated 06501-00 1
6 Two-way switch, double pole 06032-00 1
7 DMM with NiCr-Ni thermo couple 07122-00 3
8 Iron core, short, laminated 06500-00 1
9 Connecting cord, 32 A, 500 mm, red 07361-01 6
10 Connecting cord, 32 A, 500 mm, blue 07361-04 6

Tasks
The secondary voltage on the open circuited transformer is determined as a function

1. of the number of turns in the primary coil,


2. of the number of turns in the secondary coil,
3. of the primary voltage.The short-circuit current on the secondary side is determined as a function
4. of the number of turns in the primary coil,
5. of the number of turns in the secondary coil,
6. of the primary current.With the transformer loaded, the primary current is determined as a function
7. of the secondary current,
8. of the number of turns in the secondary coil,
9. of the number of turns in the primary coil.

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]


D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com
Student's Sheet
Printed: 18.04.2017 09:18:52 | P2440100

Set-up and procedure

Fig. 2: Connection of the multi-range meters

The experimental set-up is as shown in Fig. 1. The multi-range meters should be connected as shown in Fig. 2, while the
voltmeter can be used through a double-pole two-way switch for the primary and secondary circuit. The iron yoke should be
opened only when the supply is switched off, as otherwise excessive currents would flow. When loading the rheostat, the
maximum permissible load of 6.2 A for 8 minutes must not be exceeded. The power unit is non-grounded, so that the phase
relationship of current and voltage can be displayed with a dual-channel oscilloscope, if available.
At constant supply voltage, the primary current is adjusted using the rheostat in the primary circuit, with the secondary short-
circuited. When the transformer is loaded, the rheostat is used as the load resistor in the secondary circuit.

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]


D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com
Student's Sheet
Printed: 18.04.2017 09:18:52 | P2440100

Theory and evaluation


If a current flows in a coil because of the alternating voltage applied, then according to Maxwell’s 2nd equation the induced
voltage in the coil is

(1)

where is the number of turns in the coil and is the magnetic flux density. This voltage is opposite in polarity to and
therefore

(2)

If there is a second coil (secondary coil) on the same iron core, so that the same flux density passes through the secondary
coil, then the induced voltage is

(3)

or, from (2)

(4)

Fig. 3: Secondary voltage on the unloaded transformer,


as a function of the primary voltage.

From the regression line to the measured values of Fig. 3 and the exponential statement

there follows the exponent

From the regression line to the measured values of Fig. 4 and the exponential statement

If a current flows in the secondary circuit, the resultant magnetic flux is superimposed on the flux density in the primary coil:
the a.c. impendance of the primary coil decreases as a result. Therefore the current in the primary coil increases with constant

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]


D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com
Student's Sheet
Printed: 18.04.2017 09:18:52 | P2440100

supply voltage .
Since the flux produced by in the secondary coil is equal to the flux produced by the additional current in the primary
coil, it follows that

(5)

The quotient is called the transformation ratio.


If the load on the secondary side is purely resistive and if the current flowing in the primary when the transformer is unloaded is
small in comparison with , then is the total current flowing on the primary side.

Fig. 4: Secondary voltage of the unloaded transformer


as a function 1. of the number of turns in the secondary
coil, 2. of the number of turns in the primary coil.

From the regression line to the measured values of Fig. 5 and the exponential statement

Fig. 5: Secondary short-circuit current as a


function of the primary current in the transformer.

there follows the exponent

From the regression line to the measured values of Fig. 6 and the exponential statement

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]


D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com
Student's Sheet
Printed: 18.04.2017 09:18:52 | P2440100

Fig. 6: Secondary short-circuit current of the


transformer as a function (1). of the number of
turns in the secondary coil, (2). of the number of
turns in the primary coil.

there follow the exponents

The losses of a transformer are mainly given by the ohmic resistance of the coil, the magnetisation and hysteresis losses of the
iron core, and losses through stray fields arising because the total primary magnetic flux does not pass through the secondary
coil, and vice versa. The inductive reactances and ohmic resistances of the primary and secondary circuits vary because of this.

Fig 7: Secondary current as a function of the


primary current, with the transformer loaded.

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]


D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com

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