ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK MERSING

DEE40082 – PROJECT 2
CONVEYOR SYSTEM USING IOT

NAME MATRIK NO.

AHMAD FAISAL BIN KAMRUDIN 25DEE18F1050

DEE5B
SESSION: JUNE 2019

1
 CONVEYOR SYSTEM USING IOT

NAME MATRIK NO.

AHMAD FAISAL BIN KAMARUDIN 25DEE18F1050

This report is accomplished and presented by the students which it requires to achieve
the award of Diploma In Engineering Electric And Electronic.

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 CONFIRMATION OF PROJECT REPORT
This page will be the proof for the topic of the project called CONVEYOR SYSTEM
USING IOT is been submitted, revised and certified as qualified and writing project
needs as set.

Checked by:

Supervisor Name : EN. HJ JAIDI BIN AHMAD

Supervisor Signature :

Date :

Students:

1. Name : AHMAD FAISAL BIN KAMARUDIN

Registration Number : 25DEE18F1050

Signature :

Date :

2. Name :

Registration Number :

Signature :

Date :

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and the most, I would like to thank to my supervisor EN. HJ JAIDI BIN
AHMAD for the support, assist and knowledge that have been given. Particularly,
when the moment that we desperate for information about the project. Otherwise, the
project would not be accomplished.

Subsequently, thanks you to all the lecturers of Polytechnic Mersing for the
guidance that have been provided to us. For example, the thoughts they gave since the
first semester until now and the programme that they create to help us. Therefore, we
can proceed our project without any problem.

While we making this project, there is a lot of challenge and rejection about our
previous project which got us stressed but thankfully we have been through all of that.
We also did a lot of mistake and mostly at the soldering part. But because mistakes
that we did, the more knowledge that we gain.

Last but not least, thanks to all my friend for provide support for equipment that
they have what us do not. Due to unscheduled time, my objective to complete the
project became messy and some parts and equipment have gone. Thanks to them for
helping by giving equipment and others facilities.

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 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 7

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Problem Statement 10
1.3 Objective 10
1.4 Project Scope 10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review 11

2.1.1 NodeMCU ESP8266 11
2.1.2 Relay 12
2.1.3 Conveyor 14
2.1.4 Power Supply 15
2.1.5 Arduino Uno 17
2.1.6 ESP32 CAM 18
2.1.7 Webcam 20
2.2 Circuit Diagram 21
2.2.1 Power Supply Circuit 21
2.2.2 5V Relay Module 22
2.2.3 On Off Circuit Using SCR 23
2.3 Operation 24
2.3.1 Power Supply 24
2.3.2 5V Relay Module 24
2.3.3 On Off Circuit Using SCR 24
2.4 Advantage 24
2.5 Application 24
2.6 Limitation 24

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology 25
3.2 Flow Chart 26
3.3 Project Operation 27
3.3.1 Power Supply Circuit 27
3.3.2 NodeMCU ESP8266 31
3.3.3 Arduino Uno 33
3.3.4 5V Relay Module 38
3.3.5 On Off Circuit Using SCR 42
3.3.6 Webcam 45

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 3.4 Gantt Chart 47
3.4.1 Project 1 47
3.4.2 Project 2 48
3.5 Component Price 49
3.5.1 Project Cost 49
3.6 List Of Table 50
3.7 List Of Figures 51
3.8 List Of Appendices 53

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND PROJECT ANALYSIS

4.1 Result And Project Analysis 54

4.2 Findings 55
4.2.1 30VDC Power Supply 55
4.2.2 5V Relay Module 57
4.3 Analysis Data 58
4.3.1 Flowchart Project Operation 59
4.3.2 Blynk Application Performance 60
4.4 Combination Of Circuit 63
4.4.1 Block Diagram 63
4.4.2 Schematic Circuit 63
4.4.3 Real Circuit Visual 64

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION

5.1 Project Discussion 65

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Project Conclusion 67

6.2 Future Work And Recommendation 67

REFERENCES 68

APPENDIX 69

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 ABSTRACT
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in the industries for
transporting material. Conveyors producing single type of component at a time
generally monitor and control a single type of object. However, if there are more
objects, then another system needs to be developed. In order to control reasonably the
acceleration and dynamic tension, the operator must be in the facilities to control it.
Plus, the operator must make sure everything is going under control. Otherwise, the
conveyor machine will may damage due to technical issues without the operator even
notice. Other applications are in food processing units, bottling plants, and wood log
processing companies also make the study on economization of conveyor transfer as
an important one. The System is design by using Arduino, relay circuit, and
NodeMCU.

Industrial manufacturing involves large calibrations of data and process. Security,

optimal response time, and control are major constraints while describing a process in
industry. Various technologies were in research to enhance the functional capabilities
for better responses. IoT is one such promising technology to provide a better solution
in most advanced way. The architectural design of communication through IoT is one
of the open challenges facing, and there is a futuristic viability in achieving a solution
for such issues. This device will help the operator to control the facilities even outside
the facilities. Most of all with the support of IoT, operator able to operate the machine
even while in the break. Most importantly, the entire process might can be monitored
using a mobile phone with a suitable application called ‘Blynk’, designed for
real-time process application.

Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly increasing technology because today’s world is

internet world. IoT is combination of communication system and embedded system
which is used to connect hardware devices to the network or internet . IoT is used for
transmission and reception of data. These systems are used to monitor industrial
applications by implementing industry standard protocols using IoT. In this system
small scale industrial applications like liquid level control, energy monitoring etc. can
monitor wirelessly through wireless devices, mobiles and laptops. The main aim of
this paper is to summarize importance of IoT which will monitor small scale
industrial applications.

Keywords: IoT, Wi-Fi, NodeMCU( ESP8266), ESP32 CAM, Arduino Uno,

Conveyor, Relay Module, Camera, PLC

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, industrial monitoring has vital role in industrial area to monitor and
control the industrial applications or equipment. Industrial monitoring is used to know
dynamic condition of industrial devices or machines. Industrial Monitoring is used to
accomplish fast processing , minimize power consumption, to improve quality , lessen
expensive systems and global management of industry. There are lot of methods that
are available to monitor and control industrial processes like Zigbee, PLC-SCADA,
WSN, Internet of Things (IoT) etc. Nowadays, “Internet of Things” is a most
favorable technique for industrial process monitoring. IoT is combination of
embedded system and communication system in which industrial equipment are
connected to internet with the help of wireless sensor network and devices or
industrial application can monitor and control through mobiles and laptops. British
technology pioneer Kevin Ashton described the word “Internet of Things” in 1999.
He described that any physical object in the world can be connected to internet via
sensors.

Now variety of objects, sensors, devices and any physical object is connected
to internet very easily due to IoT. IoT is also used for exchange and collect of data
from physical objects or devices and display it on IoT dashboard through certain
communiction protocols. IoT is consist of hardware devices like sensors, actuators
and drivers which can be connected using zigbee, WSN, bluetooth, ethernet, wi-fi etc.
to the internet.

The main advantage of conveyor belts that system usually uses is that system can
avoid material spillage to a considerable extent. This is noticeable when powdered
materials like sand, cement, cement concrete, coal, etc. are transferred with their help.
Other applications in food processing units, bottling plants, and wood log processing
companies also make the study on economization of conveyor belt transfer as an
important one. System is presenting a study of the development of a control method to
control the movement and the stop of a continuously running conveyor belt. Different
types of conveyor belt systems implemented in the industries. Simple electronics
devices are used in this study.

Conveyor systems have become an inevitable part in an automated industry or

firm. Conveyor systems find their majority applications in manufacturing industries,
transportation sector, workshops, warehouses and many other similar firms, where
transportation of bulk quantities is necessary. A belt conveyor system is one of the
conveyor systems implemented today. Belt conveyors are the most used powered
conveyors since they are highly versatile and less expensive. Conveyor belt, pulleys
and electric motors constitute the important parts of a conveyor belt system. Belt
conveyor systems are necessary in industries which carry out the activities like coal
processing, transportation of agricultural products, chemical segregation, powdering
applications etc.

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 When all of this are combined from IoT to the industrial. The company can
improve their machine and provide effort to the operator. With the Iot, the process of
the machine will become flexible and more product can be produce than ever before
due to non-stop running machine. Why? Because the machine runs controlled by the
phone. Additionally, the operator can observes the conveyor machine through security
camera with the connection of the WIFI.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Conveyor system can only operate when there is appearance of the operator.
 The conveyor machine still using the old fashion way in the factory.
 Concern of employee distance due to Covid 19.
 Can lead the company to bankrupt due over amount of employee since economy
start to fall caused by Covid-19 appearance.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

 To improve the time flexibility for the conveyor machine to run.

 To improve the conveyor machine by adding unique features.
 To improve the quality of the conveyor system.
 To control the situation of distance amongs the employer.
 To reduce employer and maintenance cost.

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE

User
 This device is designed for a small medium industry that manufacture product
within below 1kg
Example: - Mineral bottle
- Product packaging
- Stamping
- Laser

 Designed to achieve a purpose for the industry that highly consider of the
consequences of not taking control the social distance of the employer due to
pandemic Covid - 19

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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is about the information of the construction of the project. By

meaning the construction which is about the information of each important
component that we use in order to complete this project. Those important component
are Arduino Uno, NodeMCU ESP8266, Relay, etc.

Hardware
 The input for power supply is 230/240 AC power.
 The output for Conveyor System is 0 - 30VDC from power supply.
- Circuit: 3 circuits are considered for the power supply circuit and
NodeMCU ESP8266, relay circuit, SCR circuit.
 NodeMCU ESP8266 connection distance limit
- Distance limit is 18 meter
 24VDC Conveyor Rail.
- Load limitation 10kg
 Webcam.
- Distance limit is 18 meter

Software
 Arduino IDE
 C++

2.1.1 NodeMCU ESP8266

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially

included firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems,
and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module. Later, support for
the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added. NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which
open source prototyping board designs are available. The name "NodeMCU"
combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). The term "NodeMCU" strictly
speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits. Both the
firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

Figure 1: NodeMCU ESP8266 Figure 2: NodeMCU Pin Configuration

By using this NodeMCU, the conveyor will able to run controlled by smartphone
using a Blynk app. The reasons why using while there is already a specific design for
PLC system is it is way cheaper. Despite of that, the coding will be a difficult task for
us.

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2.1.2 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for

a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The
switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make
contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.

Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent

low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays
were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the
signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were
used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.

The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts,
but other operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which
use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays.

Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch
persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with
opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no
effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications when interrupted power
should not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.

Figure 3: 5V Relay Module Figure 4: 4 Channel 5V Relay Module

A relay is also an electrically operated switch that can be turned on or off, letting
the current go through or not, and can be controlled with low voltages, like the 5V
provided by the Arduino pins.

Controlling a relay module with the Arduino is as simple as controlling any other
output as we’ll see later on.

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 Figure 5: 2 Channel 5V Relay Module

This relay module has two channels (those blue cubes). There are other models
with one, four and eight channels. This module should be powered with 5V, which is
appropriate to use with an Arduino. There are other relay modules that are powered
using 3.3V, which is ideal for ESP32, ESP8266, and other microcontrollers.

Figure 6: Relay Pin out

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2.1.3 Conveyor

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that

moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor
systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which
make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. They also
have popular consumer applications, as they are often found in supermarkets and
airports, constituting the final leg of item/ bag delivery to customers. Many kinds of
conveying systems are available and are used according to the various needs of
different industries. There are chain conveyors (floor and overhead) as well. Chain
conveyors consist of enclosed tracks, I-Beam, towline, power & free, and hand
pushed trolleys.

Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to the
numerous benefits they provide. One of the benefits is that conveyors are able to
safely transport materials from one level to another, which when done by human labor
would be strenuous and expensive. Subsequently, they can be installed almost
anywhere, and are much safer than using a forklift or other machine to move
materials.Furthermore, they can move loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. Also,
many have advanced safety features that help prevent accidents. There are a variety of
options available for running conveying systems, including the hydraulic, mechanical
and fully automated systems, which are equipped to fit individual needs.

Figure 7: Conveyor Belt

Conveyor systems are commonly used in many industries, including the

Mining, automotive, agricultural, computer, electronic, food
processing, aerospace, pharmaceutical, chemical, bottling and canning, print finishing
and packaging. Although a wide variety of materials can be conveyed, some of the
most common include food items such as beans and nuts, bottles and cans, automotive
components, scrap metal, pills and powders, wood and furniture and grain and animal
feed. Many factors are important in the accurate selection of a conveyor system. It is
important to know how the conveyor system will be used beforehand. Some
individual areas that are helpful to consider are the required conveyor operations, such
as transportation, accumulation and sorting, the material sizes, weights and shapes and
where the loading and pickup points need to be.

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2.1.4 Power Supply

The power supply for our project produce 0 - 30V to supply enough power to
make sure our conveyor machine works. A power supply is an electrical device that
supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply
is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current,
and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred
to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces
of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power.
Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices. Other functions that power supplies may
perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the
current in the event of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic
noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction,
and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary
interruption in the source power (uninterruptible power supply).

Figure 8: Power Supply

DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power

supplies will employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower
AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying
DC voltage, which in turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an
unregulated DC voltage.

A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load.

Depending on its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or
from an AC source such as the power mains.

DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power

supplies will employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower
AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying
DC voltage, which in turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an
unregulated DC voltage.

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 The filter removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining
AC voltage is known as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the
minimum amount of filtering that must be provided by a power supply. In some
applications, high ripple is tolerated and therefore no filtering is required. For
example, in some battery charging applications it is possible to implement a
mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a transformer and a single
rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit charging current.

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2.1.5 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is an open - source microcontroller board based on

the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six
capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages
between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The
hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution
Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Figure 9: Arduino Uno Figure 10: Arduino Uno Pin

Configuration

By using this arduino, the conveyor will able to run and the speed can be
controlled through the arduino. The reasons why using while there is already a
specific design for PLC system is it is way cheaper. Despite of that, the coding will be
a difficult task for us.

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2.1.6 ESP32 CAM

The ESP32-CAM board is a device that combines an ESP32-S chip and a

OV2640 camera. It allows you to set up a video streaming web server, build a
surveillance camera to integrate with your home automation system, do face
recognition and detection, and much more. Besides the OV2640 camera, and several
GPIOs to connect peripherals, the ESP32-CAM also features a microSD card slot that
can be useful to store images taken with the camera or to store files to serve to clients.

The ESP32-CAM also designed to be used in various IoT projects, such as home
smart devices, industrial wireless control, wireless monitoring, QR wireless
identification and so on. It supports deep sleep mode with power consumption as low
as 6mA at 5V which makes it ideal for portable IoT applications.

Figure 11: ESP32 CAM

Specification:
Voltage: 5V
Current: 2A

Features:
 The smallest 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi BT SoC Module
 Low power 32-bit CPU
 Up to 160MHz clock speed, up to 600 DMIPS
 Built-in 520KB SRAM and 4M PSRAM
 Supports UART/SPI/I2C/PWM/ADC/DAC
 Support OV2640 and OV7670 cameras,
 Built-in Flash lamp.
 Support micro SD card
 Supports multiple sleep modes

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Figure 12: ESP32 CAM
Pin Out

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2.1.7 Webcam

A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time
to or through a computer to a computer network, such as the Internet. Webcams are
typically small cameras that sit on a desk, attach to a user's monitor, or are built into
the hardware. Webcams can be used during a video chat session involving two or
more people, with conversations that include live audio and video. For
example, Apple's iSight camera, which is built into Apple laptops, iMacs and a
number of iPhones, can be used for video chat sessions, using the iChat instant
messaging program. Webcam software enables users to record a video or stream the
video on the Internet. As video streaming over the Internet requires much bandwidth,
such streams usually use compressed formats. The maximum resolution of a webcam
is also lower than most handheld video cameras, as higher resolutions would be
reduced during transmission. The lower resolution enables webcams to be relatively
inexpensive compared to most video cameras, but the effect is adequate for video chat
sessions.

Figure 53: Webcam

The conveyor system provide wireless feature. Because of that, it cannot deny
that the user will operate the device from another room. It also capable to operate the
siren so the user notified that the device is operating but that is not enough. I design a
webcam to provide real time visual display from the Blynk to allow the user to see
through it.

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2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2.2.1 Power Supply Circuit

Figure 13: 0 - 30V AC to DC Power Supply Circuit

This power supply circuit requires a step down transformer in order to make the
power supply operates. It has a potentiometer of 5k ohm which make the power
supply capable to adjust the output. This circuit has Full Wave Rectifier, 0.5W
resistors, 5W resistor, capacitors, IC(LM723) and IC socket, diodes, transistors and
others. The power supply accept the input of 24V AC and 2A that been produced by
the transformer. Then the power supply produce 0 - 30VDC and 2A.

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2.2.2 5V Relay Module Circuit

Figure 14: 5V Relay Module Circuit(2 Way Channel)

The relay module supported 5V by NodeMCU and provided 2 input which will
be use to trigger both relay. The concept of the relay module is input connected to the
470Ohm which connected to the PC817. That component will also supplied 5V.
Connected to the 1kOhm resistor then to the 2SC1815 transistor. The Led supplied by
5V also connected to the 470Ohm resistor and diode(parallel). Finally it connected to
the relay.

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2.2.3 On Off Circuit Using SCR

Figure 15: On Off Circuit Using SCR(BT 151)

This circuit designed to create a on off operation to the load(Motor). In order to

do that student must us a SCR(BT 151). First of all, an input must connect to the push
button then SCR and resistor 1kOhm both parallel. 1kOhm resistor connected to the
10kOhm resistor. Between both of the resistor connected to gate of the SCR then the
cathode connected to load(Motor).

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2.3 OPERATION
2.3.1 Power Supply

When the transformer received an input of 240VAC, it will reduce the amount of
voltage to produce 24VAC 2A into the power supply. The AC current will flow to the
full wave bridge rectifier part which will converts both half cycles of the AC signal
into pulsating DC signal. Then it flows to the capacitors which are act as a filter to
smooth out the ripple contained in the pulses of DC obtained from the rectifier circuit
while increasing the average output voltage or current. Finally, the regulator part will
converts unregulated AC into a constant DC.

2.3.2 5V Relay Module

The relay can be use as a switch. It will triggered when the relay received any
signal. The signal input will connected by the NodeMCU or Arduino. Relay need 5V
supply connected to the +DC to allow it to operate otherwise the relay will not able to
perform the task. The output of the relay is COM, NO and NC. The COM is originally
connected to the NC but when it received the signal from the input, the COM will
connected to the NO.

2.3.3 On Off Circuit Using SCR

This circuit applied by the 30VDC power supply. When the ON button is push, it
allows the current to flow through the gate of the SCR. Hence, it enable the current to
flow into the load. But when the OFF button is pushed. The system will be
deactivated.

2.4 ADVANTAGE

 Provide two modes(Manual Mode & Auto Mode)

 Can be controlled by mobile phone.
 High reliability.
 High flexibility.
 Can be use to any machines.

2.5 APPLICATION

 This project can be use in industries.

 Can be use for smart home automation.

2.6 LIMITATION

 Not a waterproof project.

 Phone connection capacity has limitation depends on the model of the phone’s
user.
 Can only produce 30VDC and cannot be change.

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3.1 METHODOLOGY

This chapter will tells about a system of methods used in a particular area of
study or activity. One of the most chapter in the final proposal because it will use as a
proof to verified that we make this project. Moreover, it provide some information on
how we proceed our work and others. The information of how we proceed means the
information of what we do in each by each steps. In other words called a procedure. It
also important because methodology can be use as our schedule to prevent our job
from getting convoluted. When our job is been scheduled, all our work able to
complete flawlessly without any disturbance occur.

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3.2 FLOWCHART

Start

Literature:
1. Problem Statement
2. Project Objective and Scope
3. Carry Out Fact Findings
4. Circuit Selections

Determine the design of

the power supply circuit

No

Achieved

Yes

Construct the circuit

Testing Circuit No

Achieved

Yes

End

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3.3 PROJECT OPERATION
3.3.1 Power Supply Circuit

Malaysia’s electric supplier company such as Tenaga Nasional Berhad(TNB) is

only produce alternate current(AC) and those type of currents are not suitable for our
project. This can be the reason we create the power supply in order to convert the AC
into direct current(DC). But before we design it, we have to analysis the information
of the power supply about the input, process and output whether it is okay to proceed
or not. To analysis it by using an Proteus 8 application on our laptop.

Figure 16: Proteus Icon Figure 17: Proteus Display

By using Proteus 8 application, we must construct the circuit of power supply that
produce 0 - 30V. Moreover, we must observe the operation of all the waveform that
been produce from each part of the power supply such as full wave rectifier, filter,
regulator, and the load. By doing so, the circuit must connect to the oscillator to
measure the waveform. After that, connect it with the DC Voltmeter to measure the
DC Output.

Figure 18: 0 - 30VDC 2A Power Supply Circuit

27
 If the power supply output produce the current and waveform as desired. The
circuit can take to the next stage. The circuit must be displayed into PCB by clicking
the PCB layout in the Proteus 8.

Figure 19: PCB Layout

While proceeding this, students must be creative to put the component at the
suitable position. The position also cannot be to close nor to far, otherwise the circuit
will be unsuitable to combine with other component board in one box due to it size.
When the students activate the auto router, some of the circuits may missing because
of certain reasons such as no space. Even if students try to connect by using top
copper, the circuit still will not be able to operate. If the PCB layout is perfect with all
the appearance of the components, circuits and suitable board edge size. The students
may display it 3D.

Figure 20: 3D Visual

After students satisfied with their design, the circuit must be printed as the figure
21 below.

Figure 21: Printed Circuit (Paper)

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 Then use printed circuit on the paper to printed on the UV board. But first, make
sure that the terminal holes on the printed paper if fit otherwise it will be waste. To
printed on the UV board is students require a UV machine that have been prepared at
the lab. Students must put the UV board and make sure the green surface is facing
upward. Students must remember not to exposed the UV board with any light source.
Do not ever make a physical contact to the green surface because it will effect the
circuit. Place the printed paper on the UV board then close the UV machine. It take 1
minutes a 30 seconds for it to prepare.

After that, put inside the acid water to remove the green stuff that still attached on
the UV board. Try to shake it soft and gently until the green stuff start to fade. After it
faded, students will see the circuit more clearly.Then, the UV board must etching it to
remove the copper part. The etching part will take within 20 minutes. Finally, use the
sand paper to scrub the board until it looks clean.

Figure 22: Printed UV Board

Then use the Mini drill to drill the terminal holes to allows the component to be
put. Some holes are not suitable to certain components due to the size of the
component’s terminal. Thus, the drill point must be change into a suitable size for the
component to attach.

Figure 23: Drilled UV Board

Subsequently, place all the components based on the schematic circuits or the
PCB layout which is on the Proteus 8. Then, check it again if the component had put
at the wrong place.

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 Figure 24: Components Attached To The Board

After that, solder the terminal part and make sure the soldered terminal is not
connect to other terminal. If that happens, the short circuit occur.

Figure 25: Soldered Components

The UV Board is ready to be use for the project.

30
3.3.2 NodeMCU ESP8266

Figure 26: NodeMCU ESP8266

NodeMCU is a microcontroller that capable of setting each pin both input and
output. It also capable to connect into internet. For this project, we have to design the
coding that able to control the activation system. This coding does not only operate
one output but two. The output is motor and a siren. The nodemcu will control 3
relays.

Coding:

31
32
3.3.3 Arduino Uno

Figure 27: Arduino Uno

This project requires a webcam to allow the user to see the real time visual from
the mobile phone. Therefore, we design one by using a ESP32 CAM and Arduino
Uno. In order to connect the ESP32 CAM, we have to follow to coding as below.

Coding:

33
34
35
36
37
3.3.4 5V Relay Module

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in
another circuit. When a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open contact
when the relay is not energized. When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there
is a closed contact when the relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical
current to the contacts will change their state.

Figure 28: Relay Block Explanation

Our project provide a auto mode feature which applies the device to connect to
the phone. The relay must receive a signal to make it operate either use an Arduino or
NodeMCU. Therefore, relay will be a perfect component for this task. First of all,
student must design a circuit by using a proteus application which allow student to
create custom or desire circuit. However, this circuit does not need for student to
figure it out by themselves because it already provided by the internet. Anyway, use
the app to design the desire circuit.

Figure 29: Relay Module Schematic Circuit

38
 After the circuit has been designed, check the circuit if there is a faulty
connection or miscalculation or etc. If there is none, student can proceed to the next
stage by click the PCB layout. It will display a blank black screen that waiting for the
student to put the component same as the schematic circuit. Student must place the
components according to the suitable place and possible place so the circuit can be
connect once students click the auto router. Auto router will allow students to design
the circuit route automatically. If the component placed at place that where the circuit
is unable to generate, the circuit will be incomplete. Therefore, fix it until there is no
error message display.

Figure 30: Relay Module PCB Layout

It will display as the figure above, make sure every route set as a bottom
copper(blue). When the PCB layout is completed, student can proceed to see the 3D
visual of the designed circuit.

Figure 31: Relay Module 3D Visual

After that, student can print the circuit and proceed the standard procedure which
are printing, lightening with UV light and etching.

39
 Figure 32: Printed Figure 33: Lightening
Circuit With UV Light

Figure 34: Circuit Figure 35: Etching

Display With Acid

When its done, student can now proceed their drilling on the board when start
soldering. Then, start soldering after insert the component on the board. Once it is
done the circuit board is now ready to be use for the project.

40
Figure 36: Soldered Figure 37:Complete
Circuit Circuit

41
3.3.5 On Off Circuit Using SCR

A Silicon-Controlled Rectifier, or SCR, is essentially a Shockley diode with an

extra terminal added. This extra terminal is called the gate, and it is used to trigger the
device into conduction (latch it) by the application of a small voltage. To trigger, or
fire, an SCR, voltage must be applied between the gate and cathode, positive to the
gate and negative to the cathode.

Figure 38: Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

When testing an SCR, a momentary connection between the gate and anode is
sufficient in polarity, intensity, and duration to trigger it. SCRs may be fired by an
intentional triggering of the gate terminal, excessive voltage (breakdown) between
anode and cathode, or an excessive rate of voltage rise between the anode and cathode.
SCRs may be turned off by anode current falling below the holding current value
(low-current dropout) or by “reverse-firing” the gate (applying a negative voltage to
the gate). Reverse-firing is only sometimes effective and always involves high gate
current.

Anyway, our project provide a manual mode which allow the user use ir
manually instead of using auto mode. This feature design if the auto mode faulty
occurs or having a bad connection between the phone and the Iot system. To design a
manual mode feature, student must create a circuit that requires a 2 push button. It
will make the device activated when on button(normally open) is pushed while
deactivated when off button(normally close) is pushed. In order to do that it requires a
component that capable to rectify the current when something triggered it and block
the current when triggered it. A SCR is a perfect component for this concept because
it needs a signal triggered form the gate to allow the current flows.

Student must create the circuit using the Proteus application just like the previous
circuit(30VDC Power Suppy, 5V Relay Module).

42
 Figure 39: On Off Circuit Using SCR
Schematic Circuit

Figure 40: On Off Circuit Using SCR PCB

Layout

Figure 41: On Off Circuit Using SCR 3D

Visual

43
Student can now begin their printing and etching progress.

Figure 42: On Off Circuit Using SCR

Printed Board

44
3.3.6 Webcam

Figure 54: Webcam Schematic Circuit

I am using a self design webcam instead of buying the expensive version due to
expensive cost and have no idea to activate it. I did bought HIK Vision webcam but
could not able to activate it. Therefore, RM70 is a waste. After a while of researching
to activate the HIK Vision webcam. I found out that the app do not work anymore as
it used to be according to the feedback of their customer. So, I decided to do research
to find the concept to design a webcam using ESP32 CAM and the coding to connect
it the Blynk app.

Based on the Figure 54, it require a Arduino Uno and ESP32 CAM. An Arduino
Uno will be use to upload the coding from the laptop. ESP32 CAM is the main part of
the reason to called it a webcam when this device is done because ESP32 allow the
device to display a real time visual. Arduino Uno pin GND connected to the RESET
pin. Pin TX from Arduino connected to the VOT pin of ESP32 CAM and RX
connected to the VOR. At ESP32 CAM, pin GPIO0 connected to the ground. As
usual Pin 5V and GND connected to each other between the Arduino and ESP32.
When the circuit connection is complete, it will look like the picture below.

Figure 55: Webcam Complete Circuit

The device cannot operate if the code is not uploaded. By using the coding that I
found in the internet given. It does not work until I modified a little bit. After that, I
uploaded the code and pull out the jumper wire at pin GPIO that connected to the
GND. Otherwise, the device will not work.

45
 Figure 56: Self Design Webcam
The Self Designed Webcam is completed and it is ready to be use. To connect it
to the Blynk. I must put the Video Streaming from the ‘+’ option at the top right
corner of the app display. After that, there is a URL link that need to insert which is
‘http://192.168.43.239/’. The URL consist an IP address which will appear at the
serial monitor or the Arduino App after I pressed the reset button.

46
3.4 GANTT CHART
3.4.1 Project 1
Table 1: Gantt Chart Project 1
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
MONTH DECEMBER JANUARY FEBUARY MARCH
Searching Project Topic /
Submission Project Title /
Searching Power Supply / / / /
& Software
Searching Components / / /
for the Project
Preparing The / / /
Investigation Report
Submission The /
Investigation Report
Construction Power / /
Supply
Progress The Project /
Presentation /

47
3.4 GANTT CHART
3.4.2 Project 2
Table 2: Gantt Chart Project 2
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
MONTH AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER
Discussion with / / / / / / / / /
supervisor

Searching Components / / / /
And Coding for the
Project
Survey Components / /

Testing Circuit / / / /

Preparing Report / /
Document

Preparing Slide For / /

Presentation

Presentation /

48
3.5 COMPONENT PRICE
3.5.1 Project Cost

Table 3: Component Price

No. Item/description Price
(RM)
1 Step Down Transformer T76-2403 75.00
2 0.5W 47ohm Resistor 0.05
3 0.5W 1.8Kohm Resistor x 2 0.10
4 0.5W 18Kohm Resistor x 2 0.10
5 0.5W 75Kohm Resistor x 2 0.10
6 0.5W 100Kohm Resistor 0.05
7 5W 0.33ohm Resistor 2.00
8 470pF Capacitor (Ceramic) 0.50
9 100uF Capacitor(Electrolytic) 0.20
10 3300uF Capacitor(Electrolytic) 12.00
11 IC LM723CN 14.00
12 IC Socket 14Pin 3.00
13 Diode 1N5402 x2 2.00
14 Diode 1N4007 1.00
15 TIP3055 Transistor 3.00
16 CS9012 Transistor x 2 0.60
17 5Kohm Potentiometer 1.00
18 Presentized PCB PP-1010 x 3 42.00
19 0.25W 470ohm Resistor x 5 0.50
20 0.25W 1kohm Resistor x 3 0.30
21 PC817 x 2 0.90
22 2SC1815 Transistor x 2 0.40
23 Diode 1N4002 x 2 0.40
24 LED 5mm x 2 0.20
25 2Pin Terminal Block x 14 2.80
26 3Pin Terminal Block x 3 0.60
27 Relay 5V SPDT x 2 2.60
28 BT151 Transistor 0.60
29 BT 151 Transistor x2 1.80
30 5V 1 Way Channel Relay Module 4.10
31 1k Ohm Resistor x2 0.20
32 10k Ohm Resistor x2 0.20
33 Strip Board 1.80
34 Arduino Uno 28.00
35 ESP32 CAM 19.50
36 SKL MS-190 24VDC Baby Mini Siren 32.40
37 24VDC Motor Conveyor 400.00
38 5V 1A AC to DC Adapter 8.50
39 9V 2A AC to DC Adaptor 10.80
40 Waterproof Electronic Box TC810 11.50
41 Small Black Box 6.50
Total Price 691.00

49
3.6 LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Title Page

1 Gantt Chart Project 1 47
2 Gantt Chart Project 2 48
3 Component Prices 49
4 Input & Output Of The Project 58

50
3.7 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 NodeMCU ESP8266 11
2 NodeMCU ESP8266 Pin Configuration 11
3 5V Relay Module 12
4 Channel 5V Relay Module 12
5 2 Channel 5V Relay Module 13
6 Relay Pin Out 13
7 Conveyor Belt 14
8 Power Supply 15
9 Arduino Uno 17
10 Arduino Uno Pin Configuration 17
11 ESP32 CAM 18
12 ESP32 CAM Pin Out 19
13 0 - 30V AC tor DC Power Supply Circuit 21
14 5V Relay Module Circuit(2 Way Channel) 22
15 On Off Circuit Using SCR(BT 151) 23
16 Proteus Icon 27
17 Proteus Display 27
18 0 - 30VDC 2A Power Supply Circuit 27
19 PCB Layout 28
20 3D Visual 28
21 Printed Circuit(Paper) 28
22 Printed UV Board 29
23 Drilled UV Board 29
24 Components Attached To The Board 30
25 Soldered Components 30
26 NodeMCU ESP8266 31
27 Arduino Uno 33
28 Relay Block Explanation 38
29 Relay Module Schematic Circuit 38
30 Relay Module PCB Layout 39
31 Relay Module 3D Visual 39
32 Printed Circuit 40
33 Lightening With UV Light 40
34 Circuit Display With Acid 40
35 Etching 40
36 Soldered Circuit 41
37 Complete Circuit 41
38 Silicon Controlled Rectifier 42
39 On Off Circuit Using SCR Schematic Circuit 43
51
40 On Off Circuit Using SCR PCB Layout 43
41 On Off Circuit Using SCR 3D Visual 43
42 On Off Circuit Using SCR Printed Board 44
43 30VDC Power Supply Schematic Circuit 55
44 Before Diode Waveform 55
45 After Diode Waveform 56
46 Regulated Waveform 56
47 5V Relay Module Schematic Circuit 57
48 Creating A Project File 60
49 Creating A Project File 2 60
50 Place The Trigger Button 60
51 Setting Button 60
52 Setting Button 2 61
53 Webcam 20
54 Webcam Schematic Circuit 45
55 Webcam Complete Circuit 45
56 Self Design Webcam 46
57 Project Blynk Display 62
58 Conveyor System Block Diagram 63
59 Self Designed Webcam Block Diagram 63
60 Conveyor System Schematic Circuit 63
61 Self Designed Webcam 64
62 Conveyor System Real Circuit Visual 64
63 Self Designed Webcam Real Circuit Visual 64

52
3.8 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

1 Arduino Uno Pin Configuration 69
2 NodeMCU ESP8266 Pin Configuration 69
3 ESP32 CAM Pin Configuration 70
4 Conveyor System Using Iot Circuit Visual 70
5 Webcam Using Iot Circuit Visual 70
6 Conveyor System Using Iot 71

53
4.1 RESULT AND PROJECT ANALYSIS

In this chapter, it will discuss about the circuit analysis for the power supply
circuit, relay and others. We also will analysis the designed circuit as main objective
to achieved for this project. It is one of our main priority to ensure the project
functions is in good condition and prepared to be use.

While doing the project analysis, it will test the project based on the objective of
the project which are:

 To test to value of the voltage and current that have been produce by my project.
 To test the efficiency of the output
 To test the performance of my project

54
4.2 FINDINGS

The findings show the observation and result obtain during the production
process of the project and after the project are completed. The information obtained
will be shown. During the process of implementation of the project, there are various
issues that I have faced but those can be solve by discussion with the our supervisor
and other team about the idea, concept and method. The testing process is to
determine the ability of the prototype to achieve the objective.

4.2.1 30VDC Power Supply

Figure 43: 30VDC Power Supply Schematic Circuit

From our circuit,the power supply received a 24VAC from 240VAC - 24VAC
Transformer. By using a full wave bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC to output of
the power supply, it will produce 30VDC. The circuit will be measure to observe to
waveform that the power supply create.

Waveform

Figure 44: Before Diode Waveform

The waveform is in sinus form as it is because

it does not past through the full wave bridge
rectifier yet.

55
Figure 45: After Diode Waveform

The waveform when it past through the full

wave bridge rectifier. It appears that it
produce a ripple voltage that need to be get rid
of it.

Figure 46: Regulated Waveform

The waveform in a complete form of DC. This

is because the regulator that reduce the ripple
voltage.

56
4.2.2 5V Relay Module

Figure 47: 5V Relay Module Schematic Circuit

The circuit will be supplied 5V from the NodeMCU ESP8266. The NodeMCU
will trigger D2 and D3 to the relay which make the relay make a clicking sound.

57
4.3 Analysis Data

After the project is done, it must be analysis by the designer to see how it
operates. Furthermore, it has to take as a note to gain information for the
documentation.

Table 4: Input & Output Of The Project

MANUAL
Input Output
On Button(Normally Open) Motor
Off Button(Normally Close) Motor
AUTO
Input Output
GPIO5 GPIO0(1.5s)
GPIO4
GPIO2 GPIO0(1.5s)
GPIO16

Based on the table above, the project provide to features( Manual & Auto mode).
Each of them have their own operation for input and output.

In manual mode, it requires two input to make one output to operate. If the On
Button is triggered, the motor will activated. When Off Button is triggered, the motor
will deactivated.

In auto mode, it requires a mobile phone connection to make this project to

operate. In blynk, it provide two buttons(On & Off). GPIO5 will assume as On button
and GPIO4 is Off button. When GPIO5 is triggered, GPIO0 will operates for 1.5
seconds. Which it connected to the siren. Then, GPIO2 will operates the motor. When
GPIO4 is triggered, GPIO0 will triggered for 1.5 seconds then GPIO16 will operates.
It design to use as a ‘CURRENT BLOCKER’.

58
4.3.1 Flowchart Project Operation(Auto)

Start

No

If GPIO5
is HIGH

Yes

GPIO0
1.5s

GPIO2

No

If GPIO4
is HIGH

Yes

GPIO0
1.5s

GPIO16

59
4.3.2 Blynk Application Performance

The auto mode for this project require a control supported by the phone. The
connect it with the phone, we using an application that can be downloaded in Google
Playstore. The is app is called Blynk.

Figure 48: Creating A Figure 49: Creating A

Project File Project File 2

Figure 50: Place The Figure 51:Setting

Trigger Button Button

60
 Figure 52: Setting Button 2

The file project in Blynk will connnect to the device follower by their authority
toke, username and password. So far, the performance fulfill my satisfaction.

61
Figure 57: Project Blynk Display

62
4.4 COMBINATION OF CIRCUITS
4.4.1 Block Diagram

Figure 58: Conveyor System Block Diagram

Figure 59: Self Designed Webcam Block

Diagram

4.4.2 Schematic Circuit

Figure 60: Conveyor System Schematic Circuit

63
 Figure 61: Self Designed Webcam Schematic Circuit

4.4.3 Real Circuit Visual

Figure 62: Conveyor System Real Circuit Visual

Figure 63: Self Designed Webcam Real Circuit Visual

64
5.1 PROJECT DISCUSSION

Based on our experiment, we have completed our project which is Conveyor

System Using IoT. While doing this project, They were a lot of obstacles, hindrance
and all of that. But with support and guidance form other teams, friends and my
supervisor everything is possible despite the stress that we have been through. At first,
I was quite nervous for this subject because I thought I would not made it. Because of
that, I became not confident of myself and ended up planing to make a low quality,
foolish project that does not even solve any problem to the people that needed.

Thinking about the title was challenging because we have to prepare several
project title just in case if one of them got rejected. When the project title has been
confirmed I have to do a lot research to gain some information. Therefore, I can
familiarize of what project I have to made and concept circuit I have to design.
Designing a circuit on Proteus app was not challenging at all because I already
familiar with it. Without any guidance, I only create the circuit referred from the
internet. Then, the custom circuit have done flawlessly. But what make it challenging
is the printer provided by the Polytechnic. Only one printer in the lab and over 30
students to use it. What makes it even worst is the printer only can be connect depend
on the laptop’s user because sometime connections will not occur. The reason is
unknown. When the laptop is a kind of problem hence the circuit that created in our
laptop that needed to transfer to other laptop is also a major problem. Due to the
version of the Proteus app, the file can only open if the version match with the file.
Otherwise, the file cannot be open and you have to design it again.

After the students printed the circuit, student can now use it to create a circuit on
the board. This part is the easiest because we got assisted by Sir Hassan to avoid any
mistake and waste that made by the students. Sir Hassan shows us guidance how to
use a UV machine, Developer machine and more. Back to printed circuit part,
students must put the UV board on the UV machine, then place the printed circuit on
the board. Students must keep in mind that UV board cannot be exposed to the light
and the exposed area cannot be touch. It is the reason the UV board manufactured
with a thick sticker on it. When it is done, student must proceed to put the board
inside the an acid so the green layer will come off. Students must shake it gently as
the green layer slowly faded. Then we will see a perfect circuit. Next, put it in the
Developer machine or Etching machine for 30 minutes. Within 30 minutes, student
must placed it upside down so the etching effect will be more efficient. Then, put it on
acid until the green layer on the circuit is faded. The circuit design is completed.

65
 In order to get the components, we have to go the HiTechtron which the only
shop I familiar located at Johor Bahru. It only takes half an hour to go there. Make
sure to prepare a list because I do not come to that store frequently due to long
distance driving. Of course there is going to be a component that I forgot to buy. Thus,
I started to buy some components online. It is the easiest way. I spend probably like
RM700 for this project. After that, I started drilling the board and placed the
component as it should be. Soldering and all of that. All of that process take an effort
especially the soldering part. Because I do not have any skill on soldering. Because of
that, my quality and result is not that good. After trying over and over, I got used to it
and pretty much I kind of good at it. For the bonus, I seek an information and tips to
soldering on Youtube.

When all of that is completed, I started to connect all the circuit referred to the
project plan. By that means is connect the power supply, relay nodemcu and others.
While in the progress, there is always an idea comes up in my mind that needed to
improve for my project. Before I proceed it, I always ask supervisor whether is it a
good idea or not.

66
6.1 PROJECT CONCLUSION

Based on this project, it design to improve to the quality for an industrial

company when it comes to producing, rapping or transporting. Furthermore, it also
design to give the employees who take part for observing conveyor to have advance
way to monitor it. Therefore, with this design the product can be produce more than
before.

On the top of that, by replacing the the PLC with NodeMCU provide a lot of
benefits and one of them is low cost. While seeking information about the project
especially the power supply which is what we making for this semester, we learn a lot
about their advantages, disadvantages, limitation and more. Furthermore, we also
experienced of feel what it is like to be in the world of engineering.

Subsequently, we accomplished our power supply circuit. By completing this

project, we able to analysis the data of the project. Furthermore, we able to learn and
experiencing on how to work with electric components. Subsequently, we got to learn
on how to use a electrical device such as the mini drill, soldering iron and more.

We have achieved our goal by completing our project successfully. The project
that we have made which is Conveyor System Using IoT would not be complete
without assist from our supervisor and friends. Although the faulty occurance,
components malfunction and all of mistake that we have made, we have gain a lot of
knowledge and experience that can be use for our future job. Furthermore, I also able
to learn from my mistake and never repeat it again. Moreover, if any faulty
component occur, I learn that I can fix it by change the component. It is a huge thank
you to our teammate, other team, friends and supervisor.

6.2 FUTURE WORK AND RECOMMANDATION

When this project is finished, I cannot deny that it is a perfect project as it always
need some improvement. The issue is the project takes a lot of space. Maybe it can be
design a smaller version for this project to reduce space.

This project also contain 3 relays due to the coding that have been uploaded to the
NodeMCU. I recommend that the coding need some improvement to reduce relay
usage and make the project operate more efficient.

The project lack of speed control for the conveyor. Therefore it need something
that control the PWM for speed of the motor conveyor.

67
 REFERENCES

Atzori, L., Iera, A., Morabito, G.: The Internet of Things: a survey. Comput.
Netw. 54(15), 2787–2805 (2010)

Ashton, K.: That “Internet of Things” thing. RFID J. 22, 97–114 (2009)

Darrow, B.: Canary in a coal mine, p. 14. Fortune, 1 August 2015

Evens, D.: The Internet of Things–how the next evolution of the internet is
changing everything. Cisco White Paper, pp. 1–11 (2011)

Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M.: Internet of Things (IoT):
a vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Gener.
Comput. Syst. 29(7), 1645–1660 (2013)

Kambatla, K., Kollias, G., Kumar, V., Grama, A.: Trends in big data analytics. J.
Parallel Distrib. Comput. 74(7), 2561–2573 (2014)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45940-0_31

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/power/thyristor-circuit.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider#:~:text=In%20electronics%2C%2
0a%20voltage%20divider,the%20components%20of%20the%20divider.

https://id.aliexpress.com/item/4000098476055.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxW9Kc3PROw&list=PLa8YbUOCQXlM
WDCluVSIDCtkXxk8FGNSm&index=7&t=132s

https://www.aecmd.com/24v/index

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam

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 APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Arduino Uno Pin Configuration

Appendix 2: NodeMCU ESP8266 Pin Configuration

69
 Appendix 3: ESP32 CAM Pin Configuration

Appendix 4: Conveyor System Using Iot Circuit Visual

Appendix 5: Webcam Using Iot Circuit Visual

70
Appendix 6: Conveyor System Using Iot

71