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Introduction To Communication Systems: Saeid Karamzadeh

This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses key elements of communication systems including transmitters, transmission channels, and receivers. It also covers fundamental limitations of communication systems such as bandwidth and noise. Modulation techniques are explained as a way to overcome some limitations and allow efficient transmission. The document also discusses emerging technologies like wireless networks, software defined radio, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.

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Mesut Ozil
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37 views

Introduction To Communication Systems: Saeid Karamzadeh

This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses key elements of communication systems including transmitters, transmission channels, and receivers. It also covers fundamental limitations of communication systems such as bandwidth and noise. Modulation techniques are explained as a way to overcome some limitations and allow efficient transmission. The document also discusses emerging technologies like wireless networks, software defined radio, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.

Uploaded by

Mesut Ozil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Saeid Karamzadeh
CHAPTER
1

Introduction
ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION

Attention, the Universe! By kingdoms, right wheel

The first telegraph message on record. Samuel F. B. Morse sent it over a 16 km line in 1838.
ELEMENTS AND LIMITATION OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

• A communication systems convey information from its source to a


distance away.

Information Transfer
INFORMATION, MASSAGE AND SIGNALS

• The goal of a communication system is to reproduce at the


destination an acceptable replica of the source massage.
INFORMATION, MASSAGE AND SIGNALS

• We can identify two distinct massage categories: ANALOG and DIGITAL


An analog message is a physical quantity that varies with time, usually in a smooth and
continuous fashion.
A digital message is an ordered of symbols selected from finite set of discrete elements.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• There are three essential parts of any communication systems,


the Transmitter, Transmission Channel and Receiver.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a transmitted signal suited to the
characteristics of the transmission channel.
• Signal processing for transmission almost always involves modulation and may also
include coding.
• The transmission channel is the electrical medium that bridges the distance from source to
destination.
• It may be a pair of wires, a coaxial cable, or a radio wave or laser beam.
• Every channel introduces some amount of transmission loss or attenuation, so the signal
power, in general, progressively decreases with increasing distance.
• The receiver operates on the output signal from the channel in preparation for delivery to
the transducer at the destination. Receiver operations include amplification, to compensate
for transmission loss, and demodulation and decoding to reverse the signal processing
performed at the transmitter. Filtering is another important function at the receiver, for
reasons discussed next.
UNWANTED UNDESIRABLE EFFECT

• Attenuation is undesirable since it reduces signal strength


in receiver.
• Distortion; is waveform perturbation caused by the
imperfect response of the systems to the desired signal
itself.
• Interference; is communication by extraneous signals
from human sources, other transmitters, power lines, and
machinery, switching circuit and so on.
• Noise refers to random and unpredictable electrical
signals produced by natural processes both internal and
external to the system

• Distortion interference and noise appears as alteration of


signal shape.
UNWANTED UNDESIRABLE EFFECT
COMMUNICATION DIRECTION

• Simplex (SX)
• Full-Duplex (FDX):
• Half-Duplex (HDX):
• one-way, or simplex (SX), transmission.
• A full-duplex (FDX) system has a channel that allows simultaneous transmission in both directions.
• A half-duplex (HDX) system allows transmission in either direction but not at the same time.
FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATION

• Technological Problems:
• Hardware availability,
• economy factor,
• governmental regulations

• Fundamental physical limitations:


• Bandwidth (speed),
• Noise (Thermal noise, ).
FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATION

Every communication system has a finite bandwidth B that limits the rate of signal variations.
We measure noise relative to an information signal in terms of the signal-to noise power ratio S/N (or SNR).
MODULATION AND CODING

• Modulation signal (massage)


• Carrier wave

• AM , FM, PM. (CW: Continuous Wave)


• PAM (pulse amplitude modulation)

The message can be retrieved by the complementary process of demodulation.


MODULATION
MODULATION BENEFITS AND APPLICATION

• Modulation for efficient transmission


• Modulation to overcome hardware limitation
• Modulation to reduce noise and interference
• Modulation for frequency assignment
• Modulation for multiplexing
CODING METHODS AND BENEFITS

• Coding is a symbol-processing operation for improved communication when the


information is digital or can be approximated in the form of discrete symbol.
• Both coding and modulation may be necessary for reliable long-distance digital
transmission.

• Encoding and Decoding. Digital Signal Processing.


ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION
OVER WIRELESS CHANNELS

• Given that the earth is spherical, the practical distance for line-of-sight (LOS) communication
(Radio signals) is approximately 48 km,
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION OVER WIRELESS
CHANNELS

• signals from Los Angeles (LA) travel 3900 km to New York City (NY)

Earth’s atmosphere regions and


skywave propagation
via the E- and F-layers of
the ionosphere.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION OVER WIRELESS
CHANNELS

• multipath interference whereby the signal and a delayed version(s) interfere with
each other at the destination.
• This destructive addition of signals causes signal fading.
RF WAVE DEFLECTION

• In addition to waves reflecting from buildings, they can also reflect off of hills,
automobiles, and even airplanes.
• velocity changes

Diffraction occurs when the


wave front meets a sharp edge
SKYWAVE PROPAGATION
• Radio waves are deflected in the troposphere or ionosphere to enable communication
distances that well exceed the optical LOS.
EMERGING DEVELOPMENTS

• circuit switching
• packet switching
• Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP),
• 1G and 2G voice-only
• 3G wireless: (a) voice and data, (b) packet-only switching (some systems are
compatible with circuit switching), (c) code division multiple access (CDMA),
(d) full global roaming, and (e) evolutionary migration from the existing base of
2G systems. For example, 2.5G cell phone systems are a combination of voice
and data.
EMERGING DEVELOPMENTS
EMERGING DEVELOPMENTS

• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)


• Ultra-wideband (UWB)
• Computer networks (Wifi, WiMax)
• Software radio, or software-defined radio (SDR),
EMERGING DEVELOPMENTS

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