Linux

Linux Installation

1. Insert Linux CD in place of boot option press enter. To install in a

graphical mode.
2. It will ask to check CD media click skip.
3. Welcome to Red hat enterprise Linux.
4. Click next.
5. Language selection.
6. Select English.
7. Key board configuration, select US English.
8. Click next.
9. Mouse configuration, wheel mouse (PS2).
10. Click next.
11. Disk partitioning setup.
12. Two options: -
a. Automatically.
b. Manually partition with disk drive.
13. Select second option. Click next.
14. Select free space and click new.
15. In place of mount point.
16. Select /boot.
17. File system type - Ext3.
18. Size (MB) 200 minimum.
19. Select fixed Size.
20. Click ok.
21. Click continue.
22. Select free space.
23. Click new.
24. In place of mount point /home.
25. File system type –Ext3.
26. Size (MB) 600.
27. Select fixed size. Click ok
28. Select free space. Click new.
29. File system, select swap.
30. Size- doubles the RAM memory 550.
31. Select fixed size.
32. Click ok.
33. Select free space.
34. Click new.
35. In place of mount point select /root.
36. File system type- Ext3.
37. Select file to maximum available size.
38. Click ok.
39. Click next.
40. Boot loader configuration.
41. Select Dos.
42. Click edit.
43. In place label type operating system name.
44. Click ok.
45. Click next.
46. Network configuration.
47. Click edit.
48. Uncheck configure using DHCP IP address.
 a. Ex: - IP : 192.168.100.99
b. Net mask : 255.255.255.0
49. Click ok.
50. In place manually type name.
a. Ex: - Raghu.linux.com
51. Place of primary DNS, same IP address.
52. Click next.
53. Click continue.
54. Firewall configuration.
55. Select enable firewall.
56. Select all services. Click next.
57. Additional language support.
58. Select Telugu. Click next
59. Time zone selection.
60. Select Asia/Calcutta.
61. Click next.
62. Set root password.
63. Minimum 6 Characters maximum 256.
64. Click next.
65. Package installation default.
66. Select customize option.
67. Click next.
68. Package group selection.
69. Click next.
70. About to install.
71. Click next.
72. Installing packages.
FEATURES OF LINUX

1 It is a multi-user, multi-task, 32 – bit operating system.

2 It will support IP version 4 and IP version 6.
3 Linux has two graphical environments.
a. KDE ( kernel desktop environment ).
b. GNOME (graphical network object module ).
1 Linux has 7 terminals , 6 are text and last one is graphical
terminal.
2 By pressing CRLT+ ALT+ F1 to F6 we get text terminal.
3 By pressing CRLT+ALT+F7 we get graphical terminal (GUI).
4 Linux have 4 default windows.
o Installation method by using CD, Floppy, HDD, through NFS, through
NIS, through FTP server and through Kick-start.
5 Linux support dumb terminal, smart terminal, disk less workstation.
6 Linux support many server like Samba server, Apache server, Web
server, NIS server, FTP server etc…
7 Linux support many shells like ‘c’ shell ‘sh’ shell ‘ICSH’ shell bash etc…
8 Linux have many softwares like C, C++, Java, Python, and Perl etc…
9 Linux have in built office, open office, star office, ABI word etc…
10 Linux have many web browsers like Mozilla, Konqueor, netscape
navigator.
11 Linux support maximum 8 NIC card.
12 Linux supports raid zero, one and five.
13 Linux have improved security key berries 6.0.
14 Linux support TV tuner card, palm top, laptop, USB drive, digital cam,
web cam, multi media etc…
FATHER OF LINUX: -

Linux Travolds in 1991.

Types of Linux: - 1. Non-core Linux.

2. Core Linux.

Non-core Linux: - It is an older version of Linux. In this Linux, shell and

kernel are working together.

Core Linux: - New version of Linux. In this Linux shell and Kernel both are
separate. Ex: -RHEL 3.0, 4.0.

Fedora: - It is a testing platform of Linux. Ex; - Fedora core1, core2, core3,

core4.

RHEL VERSION 3; -
In this version kernel 2.4 is available this version have many additions.
Ex: - Enterprise server (ES), Advanced server (AS), Work station (WS).

RHEL VERSION -3(ES): - Maximum requirements work up to two CPU

support 16GB RAM.

RHEL VERSION-3 (AS): -Work up to 16 CPU support 64GB RAM.

RHEL VERSION-3 (WS): -Work up to 1 CPU support 64 GB RAM.

RHEL VERSION-4 (SE): -Server edition.

LINUX DISTRIBUTORS

Red hat
Caldera
Menderk. Available in Middle East and Asia.
Suse.
Debian.
Turb Linux Available in China and Japan.
Gentwo
Slack ware Linux Australia.
BASIC COMMANDS

LS : List of directory contents.

LS-L : Long listing format.
LS-A : To list all the files including hidden.
LS-F : Type of object.
/ - Directory.
* -Binary files.
@ -Symbolic links.
LS-LT : Time wise listing.
LS-LH : Human readable form.
PWD : Present working directory.
CD : Change directory.
CD.. : To exit form one directory.
MKDIR- : Make directory.
FILE HANDLING COMMANDS

Cat > filename : To create file.

Cat filename : Display file contests.
Ctrl+D : Universal end of input.
Ctrl+C : Break sequence.
Touch : To create empty file.
CP : Copying file and directory’s (Q) out side.
RM : To remove (or) delete file.
RMDir : To remove empty directory.
RM-RF : R Recursive.
F forcefully removes.
LN : To make links between files.
MV : Move source destination.
WHO : Show locked in users.
W : Show locked in users + press.
Who am I : Effective user ID.
UName : System information.
UName-R : Display Kernel version.
UName-A : All information of OS.
CAL : To display calendar.
Which : To display path of commands.
MAN : Manual of command (help).
Clear : Clear terminal [CRLT+Z].
Short : Short lines of text files.
Tail : Output of the last part of files.
WC : Print the number of bytes, words and lines
in the file.
LP : Print files.
Kill : Terminate a process.
Lead : Output of first part of file.
INITIALIZATION

INIT ‘0’: -Halt (or) Shut down.

INIT ‘1’: -Single user mode.
INIT ‘2’: -Multi user mode with out network.
INIT ‘3’: -Full multi user mode.
INIT ‘4’: -UN used.
INIT ‘5’: -Restart all the services.
INIT ‘6’: -Reboot.

One directory to another directory to copy one file.

CP filename /root/dir name

FILE AND DIRECTORY PERMISSIONS

There are two types of permission modes.

They are 1. Symbolic mode.

2. Absolute mode.

Symbolic mode: - Read=R User=U

Write=W Groups=G
Execute=X Other=O

#Chmod G+W file name

#Chmod G-W file name (“-RW-R—R--).
[Indicates file, RW-indicates users, R—indicates groups, R— others.
Screen graphical mode “CRLT+ALT+F7”

Absolute mode: Read=4

Write=2
Execute=1

#Chmod 7 7 7 filename
User Group Other
4+2+1 4+2+1 4+2+1
USER CREATION IN GRAPHICAL MODE

1 Main menu.
2 System settings user and groups.
3 Click and user.
4 Type and name.
5 File name.
6 Password.
7 Confirm password.
8 Login shell.
9 Click OK.

USER CREATION IN TEXT MODE

1 #Add user- user name

2 #Password –user name
3 New password
4 Confirm password
5 CRLT+ALT+F2

You can check $ symbol.

CONNECTION BETWEEN WINDOWS TO LINUX

1. Through Telnet.
2. Through Ligpel terminal.
3. Through ‘X’ manager.
4. Through T.S client terminal services.

Through Telnet: -R.P.M Red hat package management.

To check any package –rpm-q telnet.
To remove package-rpm-e telnet.

To install Telnet package-

#Mount /mnt/ cdrom.
To see CDROM contents.
#Cd/mnt/cdrom
#Ls
#Cd REDHAT
#Cd ls tel*
#To install package
# Rpm –ivn telnet (to install)
-I install
-V verbose
-H ‘/’ (hash)
To start telnet services: -
i. main menu
ii. System setting
iii. Server setting
iv. Services.
TELNET.

Short cut: - #NTSYSY

Highlight the Telnet services click ok.

In client side: -
Start
Run
Telnet IP address Linux system.
Click ok
Login and user name.
Through Hyper Terminal: -All ready Telnet services no need to do anything in
server side.

Client side: -
Start
Setting
Control panel
Add and remove programs
Add and windows components
Select accessories and utilities
Click details
Highlight hyper telnet option
Click ok
Click ok
Click next
Insert OS
Click ok
Click finish.

Progress: -
Start
Programs
Accessories
Communications
Click hyper terminal
For location information windows
Click cancel
In connection description windows, type any name
Click ok
 IN connect to windows
Host address: - Linux system IP address
Port address: - 23
Connecting using: -TCP IP (win sock)
Click ok.

Su: -Super user.

: - Press enter.
: -Type root password.

(Su) is to come in Linux # To shut down Linux system #Power off.

CONNECTION BETWEEN WINDOWS TO LINUX: -

Through X- manager: -
To get graphical console.
Install X-manager software in windows system.
X-manager is a setup file.
Double click to X-manager icon.
Click ‘X’ start.
Name ‘Don’t change anything’.
Host ‘server system IP address Linux’.
Protocol Telnet.
User name server system.
Password server user password type.
Click RUN.
$ KSM server.

KDE WINDOW: Kernel desktop

environment.

THROUGH T.S CLIENT: -

USE: -To sees windows server desktop on Linux system.

Install in windows system: -

Install terminal services.
Terminal services.
Terminal server line services.
In Linux system: -
Where is TS client display the path TS client.
#/user/bin/tsclient
It will open terminal server client.
In place of computer type windows server IP address.
Clicks connect.

NETWORK CONFIGURATION IN LINUX: -

#Redhat-config-network
1 Start
2 Main menu
3 System settings
4 Network
5 Click new
6 Select LAN Ethernet connection
7 Click forward
8 Select statically set IP address
9 Type 192.168.100.5
10 Subnet mask
11 Type 255.255.255.0
12 Click forward
13 Click apply
14 Click active option
15 Select YES
16 Click OK
17 To check LAN card address
#IP config
HOW TO BREAK PASSWORD: -

1 Select Red hat Linux.

2 Press E.
3 Select Kernel Line.
4 Press E.
5 Type space Linux single.
6 Press enter.
7 Press B.
8 Password root.
9 Press enter.
10 New Password.
11 Give new password.
12 Retype new password.
13 Press enter.
14 Reboot.

HOW TO BREAK PASSWORD WITH CD: -

1 Boot from CD.

2 Type Linux rescue.
3 Select English.
4 Click OK.
5 Keyboard lay out – US.
6 Click OK.
7 Select NO option.
8 Click continue.
9 Click OK.
10 Chroot/mnt/sysimage.
11 Passwd root.
12 New password.
13 Confirm password.
14 Reboot.
DNS Configuration: -
Required packages: -
Check the package #rpm-qbind
#rpm-qbind-utils
#rpm-qchanging-name server

Configuration: -#host name

To change host name
#Host name (compname.domain.com)
#Vi/etc/sysconfig/network.
We have to come insert mode.
We have to change the name.
#Cd/var/named
#Ls
#Cplocal host. Zone
#Cpnamed.local
#Vi visual. For

Forward look up zone: -

2.Second line we want remove.

3.Third line @INSOA cmtes.com.root.cmtes.com
10.Tenth line @1d in ns domain. name
Ex: - vinod.cmtes.com.
11.Eleventh line @1d in a 192.168.100.22
12.Twelveth line 1d in computer name.

Save Ex: -WQ

Reverse lookup zone: -
#Vi vinod.new
2. @ INSOA cmtes.com.root.cmtes.com
8. @ IN ns vinod.cmtes.com.
10.IP address IN PTR vinod.cmtes.com
Save Ex: -WQ
#Vi/etc/hosts
We have to change the last line.
192.168.100.22.vinod cmtes.com.vinod.
Save Ex: - WQ
#Vi/etc/named.conf

Number wise: -Set nu.

Start from 26to36 total copying yanking.
Copy: -11+yy
Come to 37-line press p.
38.Zone “cmtes.com”in {
40.File “vinod.for”:
44. Zone “100.168.192. In –addr
46.File “vinod.rev”
Save Ex: -WQ
#Service named restart.
To check DNS is working or not
#Dig –X192.168.100.22
QUERY-ANSWER: 1 AUTHORITY: 1 ADDITIONAL: 1
#Ping www.cmtes.com
#Ping vinod.cmtes.com
DHCP CONFIGURATION: -

Package required: -rpm-qdhcp

Rpm-qdhclient

Configuration: -
#Cd/usr/share/doc/dhcp-3. Opl2
#Ls
#Cp dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcpd.conf
#Vi/etc/dhcpd.conf
th
4 line IP address 192.168.100.0& subnet mask 255.255.255.0
10thoption nis-domain “Linux.com”
11thoption domain-name “Linux.com”
12thoption domain-name-server 192.168.100.8
15thoption ntp-servern 192.168.100.8
16thoption net bios-name-server 192.168.100.8
21thrange dynamic-boot up 192.168.100.100 to192.168.100.200
#Service dhcpd restart
#Dhcpd-d-p
-D=dhcp debug mode
-P=printer debug mode

Client side: -In windows

1 My computer.
2 Right click properties.
3 Local area connection.
4 Right click properties.
5 TCP/IP
6 Click details.
7 Obtain IP address automatically.
8 Click OK
9 GO to RUN.
10 CMD
11 IP config/release.
12 IP config/renew.
Linux client side: -
1 Go to terminal.
2 # Red hat –config-network.
3 Select LAN click edit.
4 Select obtain.
5 IP/Address automatically.
6 Click apply.
7 Click activate.
8 Click close.

FTP Configuration
Install process: -
1 #Rpm-e vsftpd
2 #Rpm-q vsttpd
3 #Eject
4 #Mount /mnt/cdrom
5 #Cd/mnt/cdrom
6 #Ls
7 #Cd Red hat
8 #Cd rpms
9 #Rpm-ivh vsftpd-1.2.0-41386.rpm
Processor: -
Required packages: -#rpm-qvsftpd
#rpm-evsttpd
#Cd/var/ftp
#Ls
#Mkdir public
#Cd pub
#Touch v1 v2 v3 v4
#Mkdir vinod
#Ssh 192.168.100.22
Press YES.

Pass word: - Root password

#Ftp192.168.100.22
: Anonymous
Ftp>dir
Ftp>cdpub
Ftp>quit.
Client side: - C:/>ftp
Ftp>open 192.168.100.22.Linux IP address
Linux client side: - #ftp
#ftp>open
To192.168.100.
: Anonymous
Password.

Setup commands: -

1.Authentication.
2.Firewall
3.Mouse.
4.Network
5.Printer.
6.System services.
7.Time Zone.
Authentication Configuration: -By using this option we can configuration real
interest relationship.

NIS: -Authentication services.

SMS: -Authentication services.

Firewall configuration: -Fire wall protects against net work instructions.

By using this option we can enable Firewall in Linux OS and using certain
protocols to enable Fire wall like “http smtp ftp ssh telnet etc”

Mouse configuration: - By using this option we can select appropriate

Mouse for the system.

Network configuration: -By using this option we can configuration LAN

Card and allot IP address.

Printer Configuration: -By using this option we can install our printer and
Test print out.
System services: -By using this option we can enable & disable start
Services.

Time Zone configuration: -By using this option we can select time zone for
The system. Ex: - Asia/ Calcutta.
BACK UP & TYPES OF BACK UP: -

There are three types of back up’s. They are.

1 TAR- Tape archive.

2 CPIO –Copy Input Out put.
3 Dump.

1. #Tar – cvf/dev/hto/root/somename (ex: -vinod)

-C =create
-V =verbrose mode.
-F =file.
#Tar –cvfbackup.tar/root/somename (ex: -vinod).

Restore: - #tar –xvf root back up. tar

#tar –z cvf backup. tar/root
Where z is the zip tag file. And you can see the back up file now.

2. CPIO: -First you want to go inside root that file only.

#Ls/cpio-o.user.cpio (some name).

Restore: -cpio-I/home/users.cpio

3.DUMP: -#dump-ouf home.dmp/home/

Where O =full backup
U =update
F =take back up in a file.
PRINTER INSTALLATION IN LINUX: -
Printer installation in graphical mode: -

1 Main menu
2 System settings
3 Printing
4 #Red hat-config-printer.
5 Click new
6 Add a new print queve
7 Click forward
8 Queue name
9 Click forward
10 Select a queue type.
1.Locally connected.
2.Network cups (IPP)
3.Networked UNIX (LPD)
4.Networked windows (SMB)
5.Networked novel (NCP)
6.Networked jet direct.

Select locally connected.

1 Select /dev/lpo
2 Click forward
3 Select printer manufacture and model.
4 Click forward (hp lacer 6l)
5 Click apply.

Printer Installation In Text Mode: -

#Red hat-config-printer
1 Click new
2 Type Queve name and select Queve type.(Local printer device)
3 Click next
4 Select device path/dev/lpo
5 Click next
6 Select printer manufacture and model name
7 Click next
8 Click finish
SAMBA SERVER CONFIGURATION: -

Network: -(Red hat-config-network) Short cut SAMBA (man samba)

#Rpm –qsamba
#Rpm -qsamba-client
#Rpm –qsamba –common
#Rpm –q swat. SWAT: -Samba web administration tool.

Configuration of SAMBA: -

#Vi/etc/samba/smb.conf

Last paragraph copy 277and paste in 285 line. 8+yy

285 Press “p”. Remove all semi colons (;)
286 My vinod
288Path =/vinod
289 Valid users=a1a2a3a4
Save WQ
#Mkdir/samba
#Cd/samba.
#Mkdir some files we can see the client side.
#Touch some files we can see the client side.
#Add user a1
#Passwd a1
#New passwd
#Confirm passwd
#Smb passwd –a a1
#Smb passwd: same passwd
#Servia smb restart.

LINUX CLIENT SIDE: -

#smb client//192.168.100.7/my vinod-ua1
Passwd: -a1passwd
Smb\>ls

WINDOWS CLIENT SIDE: - Ex: -(98 xp 2000prof)

#smb client//192.168.100.7/my vinod.
VI EDITOR: -

There are three types of modes.

They are 1. Insert mode

2. Command mode.
3. Executive mode (esc, shift, colon, wq); wq

Insert mode: - #vi (name)

Next press esc+I
For changing modes press esc.
To execute as save. Type ;WQ

How to access Windows partition in Linux: -

#Fdisk –l To display total hard disk partition.

#Mkdir /mnt/win-e
#Vi /etc/fstab
Windows will appear.
Esc + I press insert mode. Write down in last name.
Fdisk l
/dev/hdc3 /mnt/win-e-v fat default0-0.
Save; wq
#Mount/mnt/win-e/
#Cd /mnt/win-e
#Ls
Save as Select mnt Folder
Name [and type file name].
To increase no. Of virtual terminals.
Insert mode.
Root
Password
#vi/etc/init tab

If you want to see virtual editor in number wise esc; set nu

Go to 50th line and press YY (yanked – copying)
Save all the number after 6,7,8,9,10. And Restart.
MAIL SERVER: -

1. Send mail -Used in UNIX&LINUX.

2. Q mail -Used in UNIX &LINUX.
3. Port fix -Used in UNIX&LINUX.
4. Lotus Domain -WINDOWS
5. MS-EXCHANGE SERVER - WINDOWS

Package requirements: -
Rpm-q send mail
Rpm-qsend mail-cf
Rpm-qImap
Rpm-squirrel mail
Rpm-qM4
Rpm-qhttpd
Configuration: -
#Vi/etc/mail/send mail
#Vi/etc/mail/sendmail.mc
Goto84 line
Port smpt address (IP addressof system)
122 Remote the name and type full computer name(vinod.Linux.com)
Save; WQ
#M4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc> /etc/mail/sendmail.cf
#Serviece send mail restart
#Chk config Imap ON
#Service Xitented restart
#Servicehttpd start
#Chk config IDOP3 ON
#User add mail1
#User add mail 2
#Password mail 1
#Password mail 2
#mail mail1
Subject: ---------===---==------
Matter: -
CC: mail2
APACHEE SERVER: -

Min requirements: -

DNS must be confirmed.

Rpm-q httpd
Rpm-q httpd-devel
Rpm-q Red hat-config-httpd.

Configuration: -

#Vi/etc/httpd/config/httpd.conf
Windows will open.
; Set nu
151line nu 151 ---Litern IP no and port no
Litern 192.168.100.5:80
252 lines Type your domain name. Server ad using root a Linux.com
265 Total name #server name vino.linux.com:80
392 Direct Index Index.html
Save: WQ
#Cd/var/www/html.
#Vi index .html write web page
<html>
<head> <title> Welcome </title> </head><body back ground colour-
Pink TEXT –green><marquels>
<h1>
WELCOME TO APACHEE SERVER.
<h1> </marquels>
</body> </html>
; WQ
#Service httpd start.
#Mozilla
Windows will open.
WWW.LINUX.COM
MODEM INSTALLATION: -

#Red hat-config-network.
1 Click new
2 Select modem connection
3 Forward
4 Probing for modem
5 Select modem (manually).
6 Dev/modem
7 Click forward
8 Select provider

Prefix area code phone number

91 040 112233

Provider name: - BSNL

Login name Password

1 Click forward
2 Select automatically obtain IP address setting.
3 Click forward
4 Click apply
5 Select modem
6 Click activate
7 Click YES
8 Click OK
After the modem Installation we want access Internet.
Right click desktop.
Open terminal.
#Kppp
Connect to popup open.
Select login name and password.
Click connect.