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DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

HARAMAYA

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL INGINEERING

PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN PROJE
GROUP 19
NAME ...................................................................ID NO
1.GEMECHU G/MARIAM..................................................0890/09
2.FIKIRU ABERA...................................................................0888/09
3.FEDASA ADAMU...............................................................1284/09
4.GEMECHIS ADEM..............................................................1220/09

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table of content
c0ntentS
Acknowledgement.....................................................................I
abstract.................................................................................................II
list of figure.........................................................................................III
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. introduction...................................................................................1
1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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First of all, it is our deep gratitude to God. Internally motivated to undertake some appreciable work
as a part of our curriculum, we undertook this project design report. Unsure though but with a hope and
then we was introduced to the design report work to be completed.
We thankful to Mr. Addis our advisor and our lecture of theoretical and calculation .Also all friends who
helped us directly or indirectly in our work regarding this design project..

ABSTRACT
Our Project “DESIGN OF PRESSER VESSEL ” mainly focuses on the mechanical design book
and analysis of presser vessel. Our project contains the design and material selection of the
presser vessel for Different type of shell also. For better efficiency, improvement of power
transmit rate is important phenomenon.
This paper proposes the design of pressure vessel that is primarily constructed depend on many
purpose . Pressure vessel design were suggested so that they can be applied for all dimensions
and thicknesses and they stand with the internal pressure without failed.
This paper also concentrates on the analytical and numerical calculation of the critical internal
load for a pressure vessel containing a longitudinal edge crack or cracks. Initially, the vessel’s
capacity is analyzed based on the theoretical fracture methods for several material properties,
different crack lengths, and vessel’s wall thickness.
These analyses are conducted using an extended finite element method to observe its accuracy
and applicability. In problems with complex configuration of crack, it’s difficult to use
theoretical method for analyzing the structure. Therefore, after verifying the with extended finite
element method excellent accuracy, several analyses are made for different cases.

CHAPTER ONE

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DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.1 Introduction
Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are called pressure vessels. A
pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside.
The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated situations. The
fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boilers, or may
combine with other reagents as in the case of a chemical reactor. Pressure vessels often have a
combination of high pressures together with high temperatures, and in some cases flammable
fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be
such that no leakage can occur. In addition these vessels have to be designed carefully to cope
with the operating temperature and pressure. It should be borne in mind that the rupture of a
pressure vessel has a potential to cause extensive physical injury and
Property damage. Plant safety and integrity are of fundamental concern in pressure vessel design
and these of course depend on the adequacy of design codes. When discussing pressure vessels
we must also consider tanks. Pressure vessels and tanks are significantly different in both design
and construction:
Tanks, unlike pressure vessels, are limited to atmospheric pressure; and pressure vessels often
have internals while most tanks do not (and those that do are limited to heating coils or mixers).
Pressure vessels are used in a number of industries; for example, the power generation industry
for fossil and nuclear power, the petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude
petroleum oil in tank farms as well as storing gasoline in service stations, and the chemical
industry (in chemical reactors) to name but a few. Their use has expanded throughout the world.
Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact, inessential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and
nuclear industries. It is in this class of equipment that the reactions, separations, and storage of
raw materials occur. Generally speaking, pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of
industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purposes. The size and geometric form of pressure
vessels vary greatly from the large cylindrical vessels used for high-pressure gas storage to the
small size used as hydraulic units for aircraft. Some are buried in the ground or deep in the
ocean, but most are positioned on ground or supported in platforms.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT AND SCOPE OF ASME CODE

In 1911, American Society of Mechanical Engineering established a committee to

formulate standard specifications for the construction of steam boilers and other
pressure vessels. This committee reviewed the existing Massachusetts and Ohio rules
and eon ducted an extensive survey among superintendents of inspection departments,
Engineers, fabricators, and boiler operators. A number of preliminary reports were
issued and revised. A final draft was prepared in 1914 and was approved as a code and
copy righted in 1915.
The introduction to the code stated that public hearings on the code should be held
every two years. In 1918, a revised edition of the ASME code was issued. In 1924, the
code was revised with the addition of a new section VIII, which represented a new
code for unfired pressure vessels.
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1.4 THE API-ASME CODE

In 1931, a joint API-ASME committee on unfired pressure vessels was appointed
to prepare a code for safe practice in the design, construction, inspection and repair of
unfired pressure vessels.

1.5 THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT IS TO:

 Design a typical pressure vessel and able to calculate, analytic stress and strength in pressure
vessel.
 Know the selection of materials type and identify its environmental behavior
 Identify the reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure
 Make us be familiar with the different codes and standards that guide the design procedure
while designing a typical pressure vessel
1.6 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Pressure vessels are used in a number of industries; for example, the power generation
industry for fossil and nuclear power, the petrochemical industry for storing and processing
crude petroleum oil in tank farms as well as storing gasoline in service stations, and the chemical
industry (in chemical reactors) to name but a few. Their use has expanded throughout the world.
The size and geometric form of pressure vessels vary greatly from the large cylindrical vessels
used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size used as hydraulic units for aircrafts.
 Generally pressurized equipment’s are required for a wide range of industrial plant for
storage and manufacturing purposes. Some of them are:-
 Chemical: - The chemical process industry is a common user of storage tanks. These
vessels are to store industrial liquids and other flow able materials required in the
manufacture of their final products in many cases. Storage tanks are also needed to store
the final product prior to shipment.
 In this project we design a steam tank.
 Pharmaceutical industry: - The pharmaceutical industry operates in an environment with
strict requirements on safety. In the production of pharmaceutical products, medicines
and pure water are sterilized by using smaller pressure vessels. It also used in many
processes such that :
o Bioreactors
o Reaction vessels and filtration
o Storage of base and finished products
o In passenger cabin: - Air enters the cabin (on jet powered airplane) through bleed
in the high-pressure compressor of the engines. This air is routed through air cycle
machines or “packs” as they commonly referred to. Air exits the cabin throughout
flow valves, which are typically at the rear of pressure vessel. These can be
manually or computer controlled and will open and close to regulate how much
air leaves the cabin
1.8 PRESSURE DESIGN FOR THIN AND THICK WALL CYLINDER
1. Thick-walled Cylinders

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2. Thin-walled Cylinders

 T HICK-WALL T HEORY

• Thick-wall theory is developed from the Theory of Elasticity which yields the state of Stress as
a continuous function of radius over the pressure vessel wall. The state of Stress is defined
relative to a convenient cylindrical coordinate system:

1. σt — Tangential Stress

2. σr — Radial Stress

3. σl — Longitudinal Stress

• Stresses in a cylindrical pressure vessel depend upon the ratio of the inner radius the outer
radius (ro/ ri) rather than the size of the cylinder.

• Principal Stresses (σ1, σ 2, σ3)

1. Determined without computation of Mohr’s Circle;

2. Equivalent to cylindrical stresses (σt, σr, σl)

• Applicable for any wall thickness-to-radius ratio.

 Cylinder under Pressure

Consider a cylinder, with capped ends, subjected to an internal pressure, pi, and an external
pressure, po,

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Figure 1.1 Tangential stress

 Longitudinal Stress:

• Applicable to cases where the cylinder carries the longitudinal load, such as capped ends.

• Only valid far away from end caps where bending, nonlinearities and stress concentrations are
not significant.

 T HIN -WALL T HEORY

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• Thin-wall theory is developed from Strength of Materials solution which yields the state of
stress as an average over the pressure vessel wall.

• Use restricted by wall thickness-to-radius ratio:

 According to theory, Thin-wall Theory is justified for,( tv/r≤1/20)

 In practice, typically use a less conservative rule, ( tv/r≤1/10)

• State of Stress Definition:

1. Hoop Stress, σt, assumed to be uniform across wall thickness.

2. Radial Stress is insignificant compared to tangential stress, thus, σr= 0.

3. Longitudinal Stress, σl

Exists for cylinders with capped ends;

Assumed to be uniformly distributed across wall thickness;

This approximation for the longitudinal stress is only valid far away from the end-caps.

4. These cylindrical stresses (σt , σr , σl ) are principal stresses (σt , σr , σl ) which can be
determined without computation of Mohr’s circle plot.

• Analysis of Cylinder Section

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Figure 1.2 radial stress

CHAPTER TW0

2.1 MATERIAL SELECTION

These mechanical and physical properties are very important for the selection of the
martial by using different kind standard such as ASMS.

 strength
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 corrosion resistance
 resistance to hydraulic attack
 fracture toughness
 fabric ability

2.2.1 STRANGTH
The strength of the martial are based on the mechanical propriety of the material that
used for the most easy ,fast ,strong and low cost of production .some of the mechanical
properties are(yield strength ,ultimate tensile strength ,creep strength and rupture strength).

 Yield strength
Yield strength is the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic
deformation. Some of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown below and there
yield strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.

Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(
304)
Yield 35 69 138 197 205
strength(Map)
Table2. Yield strength of alloys R [5]

 Ultimate tensile strength(UTS)

The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the
material .it is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard
tensile test.

Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast iron Copper Nickel

18Cr/8Ni(304)
UTS(Map) 90 510 414 200 520
Table2. Ultimate tensile strength R [5]

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Creep strength Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature and exposed
to static mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The
time dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a constant lode
and stress.
Rupture strength Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure
Of the fluid that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile strength(UTS)
which means the martial have high UTS and it have good Rupture strength.
2.2.2 Corrosion resistance is partial or complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any
substance by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The term
corrosion specifically applies to the gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt
water, on metals.

The most familiar example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a complex chemical
reaction in which the iron combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron oxide.
The oxide is a solid that retains the same general form as the metal from which it is formed but,
porous and somewhat bulkier, is relatively weak and brittle.

Chemical Cast iron Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Oil G G C C G
Table 3.corrstion property R [3]

G-good and c-caution-depending on the martial

2.2.3 Resistance to hydraulic attack

The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing
temperature. The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 2500C (482F) above 600F,

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hydrogen attack cause irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damaged
carbon and low alloy steel.

Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

iron 18Cr/8Ni(304)
Tensile 414 90 520 200 510
strength(ULT)Map
Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6
temperature
(2500C)Map
Table.4 temperature effect on UTS R [1]

2.2.4 Fracture toughness

The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion is
very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and yield stress related
with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress consternation (K). And stress
consternation facer is shown blow.

Material Steel less Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast

steal18Ni/8Cr iron
Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low
toughness(K),Map
Table.5 fracture toughness R [5]

2.2.5 Fabric ability

Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of
common metals and alloys are shown blow.
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S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed.
U -Unsatisfactory.

Martial Mashing Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work temperate(co)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Stainless S S S D S 1050
steel(18Cr,8Ni)304
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700
Table.6 fabric ability R [1]

CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL SELECTION

we select Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni(304)because it has good yield strength(205MPa),

tensile(UTS) strength(510MPa), good fracture toughness, good resistance of temperature, good
corrosion resistance and it can fabricate in different mated except casting.

Material Tensile( UTS) Modulus of Hardness Specific

strength, Map elasticity, Brunel gravity
Gap
Stainless 510 210 160 8.0
steel
18Cr/8NI
(304)
Table 7 .Revision of property of stainless steel R [1]

2.3 Welding

Welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metal are

Joined together by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. There
Are several methods to make welded joints? In a particular case the choice of a
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Type from the numerous alternatives depends on:

1. The circumstances of welding.

2. The requirements of the code.
3. The aspect of economy.

 THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF WELDING:

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small
diameter vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using
backing strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the
last (closing) joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined
also by the equipment of the manufacturer.

 CODE REQUIREMENTS:
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material
and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of
vessels are also restricted by the Code.

The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the titles:

2.3.1 TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS:

The term categories specifies the location of the joint in a vessels, but not the

Type of joint. These categories are intended for specifying the special requirements

Regarding the joint type and degree of inspection. IS-2825 specifies 4 categories of welds.

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Figure 2.1

a) category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating

Chambers, nozzles and any welded join it’s within a formed or flat head.

b) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell, communicating Chambers,
nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the

Translations and a cylinder at either the large of small end, circumferential welded

Joints connecting from heads to main shells to nozzles and to communicating

Chambers.

c) Category C: welded joints connecting flange s, tubes sheets and flat heads to main

Shells, to formed heads, to nozzles or to communicating chambers and any

Welded joints connecting one side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.

d) Category D: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to

Main shells, to heads and to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles

To communicating chambers.

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 I select Category a (type 1) and butt joint for the shell and head. And its radiographic
examination (full), joint efficiency is (E=1). R [1

2.3.2 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS:

Process vessels are built up from preformed parts: cylinders, heads, and fittings, joined by
fusion welding. Riveted construction was used extensively in the past (prior to the1940s) but is
now rarely seen. Cylindrical sections are usually made up from plate sections rolled to the
required curvature. The sections (strakes) are made as large as is practicable to reduce the
number of welds required. The longitudinal welded seams are offset to avoid a conjunction of
welds at the corners of the plates.

The design of a welded joint should satisfy the following basic requirements:

1. Give good accessibility for welding and inspection.

2. Require the minimum amount of weld metal.

3. Give good penetration of the weld metal; from both sides of the joint, if practicable.

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4. Incorporate sufficient flexibility to avoid cracking due to differential thermal expansion.

Fig. 4.2 Types of welding

2.3.3 JOINT EFICIENCIES AND STRESS REDUCTIONS:

Efficiencies of joints at certain locations and reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations
of vessel components.The data of the table are based on the following Code regulations:

Full, spot, partial radiographic examination or no radiography of A, B, and C joints. UW-11

For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the
same as for spot radio graphed joints.

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Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt joints that are spot radio
graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value equal to 85% of the
allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b)

When the joints are not radio graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of
table “Types of welded joints” are used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal to
80% of the allowable stress value of material shall be used except for unstated flat heads, etc.
UW-12(c)

 THE ECONOMY OF WELDING:

If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the
deciding factor.

Some consideration concerning the economy of welding:

V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more economical than
the use of J or U preparation.

Double V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V
preparation.

Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion, while the
deposited weld metal increases with the square of its size.

Lower quality welding makes necessary the use of thicker plate for the
Vessel. Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical,
depends on the size of vessel, welding equipment, etc. this must be decided in each particular
case.

2.4. PRESSURE VESSEL COMPONENTS

The pressure vessel have different components such as vessel shell, head ,bottom supports ,
flanges, manhole and nozzle.
2.4.1. VESSEL SHELL
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational
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figure 2.1 elliptical head

2.4.2. BOTTOM SUPPORT
The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The support
has to be designed to withstand the dead weight and seismic loadings from the pressure vessel
and to limit the heat flow from the vessel wall to the base. The pressure vessel support structure
should be able to withstand the dead weight of the vessel and internals and the contained fluid
without experiencing permanent deformation. The supports for pressure vessels can be of various
types including lug support, support skirts, and saddle supports.
Note also the bottom support of our project is Saddle support.

Fig. 2.2 Saddle supports

2.4.4. NOZZLE
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:
· Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
· Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges).
· Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways.
· Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or mixer).
Nozzles are also sometimes extended into the vessel interior for some applications, such as for
inlet flow distribution or to permit the entry of thermo wells

2.4.5. MANHOLE

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Identical to a nozzle except it does not bolt to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind flange),
which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel.
Generally large in size.

Fig. 2.4 Manhole

CHAPTER 3

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

3.1. DIAMETER AND LENGTH CALCULATION

GIVEN PARAMETERS /SPECIFICATION/

 Medium = Steam
 Inner Service Pressure, (Map )= 5.07
 Nominal Volume, (L)= 16000
 Service Temperature, (CO)= 300
 Position = Horizontal
 Head Closer=Elliptical-Elliptical

SUPPORTING ELEMENT (Legs)

 Saddle frame

CONNECTING PIPES
 Two longitudinal & One lateral pipes nominal diameter, [mm] = 125
 One pipe for safety valve nominal diameter (mm) = 25 (flange)
 One bottom discharge pipe with nominal diameter (mm) = 150
 Let we take Corrosion allowance 1mm, because is not more corroded.

3.1.2 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

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A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be

subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally as the
pressure at which the relief device is set. The design pressure is taken as 5% to 10% more than
the internal pressure (working pressure).so our design pressure is
Design pressure=working pressure+5 to10 percent of working pressure
We select 5 percent for more safety purpose.
Pd=Pw+5% Pw where: Pw = work (steam) pressure.
Pd=5.07+5%*5.07 Pd= design pressure.
Pd=5.3235 Mpa
The pressure table value that used to find the ratio of L/D.

Pressure

Psi Mpa
Table
L/D ratio
3.1.used to fined L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448

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There for the ratio of L/D=5 and L=5D because the deign pressure is greater than 3.448Mpa.
V= Vs +2Ve
Vs=π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*L
Vs= (1/4)*π*D2*(5D)
Vs= (5/4)*π*D3 =(5/4) π*D3
Ve=4/3 (ᴨ*a*b *c) We take the Most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a major
and minor axis ratio of 2 :1. So, a (major axis) =2, b (minor axis) =1, b=c=1 and D=2a,
2=a/b, b=D/4=c
Ve= 2/3(ᴨ*D/2*D/4*D/4) =1/24(ᴨ*D3) 2Ve= 1/12(ᴨ*D3)
And the sum of the volume is 16000L=16m3
V=Vs+2Ve= 16m3=5/4 π*D3+(1/12)* ᴨ *D3= (4/3)*π*D3
16m3=4.189D3 and D= (16/4.189)1/3m=1.5632m
Then: D=1.5632m, is inner diameter of the pressure vessel.
And L=5D=5*1.5632m=7.8158m, is length of pressure vessel.
From the above calculation we got:
D=1.5632m
L= 7.8158m, and we are going to design the pressure vessel based on this parameter.
h=D/4=0.3908m
SHELL THICKNESS
To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to internal design pressure of
P=2.09MPa there are different equations and its corrosion allowance for stainless steel
18Cr/8Ni is (4mm) from the table. There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure
that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.

Where t = min. required thickness of shell, mm

P = internal design pressure, Pa

Ri = inside radius of shell, mm

σ = max. Allowable stress, Pa

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E = joint efficiency (min)

C.A=corrosion allowance, mm

3.2.1 CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS (LONGITUDINAL STRESS)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the
long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385 σ all*E .In which case we
shall use the following formulae for thickness of shell.

NOTE;

1;Formulas are valid for

a. pressure <3000psi

b. cylindrical shells where t<=0.5Ri or P<=0.385SE

2.Formulas for factors

K=0.167[2+(D/2h)^2]

M=0.25(3+(L/r)^0.5)

Given Pd=5.3235MPa

D=1.5632m
S = 105MPa
E=1

C.A=1mm, because the pressure vessel which we are going to design is with steam
medium. So it has low corrosion allowance.
t = (Pd*Ri/ (S*E -0.6Pd)) + C.A = (5.3235*781.6/(105*1-0.6*5.3235))+1=41.87mm

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Now to determine thickness of shell first categorize our pressure vessel according to its
design pressure compared to standard. Therefore, check whether the vessel is thick or thin.

If Pd > 0.385σallE…………………it is thick, Thus t= R(√((σ𝐸+PD)/( σ𝐸−PD)) −1) . . . (1)

If Pd < 0.385σallE…………………it is thin, Thus t=𝑃𝑅/(σ𝐸−0.6𝑃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
Where σall =allowable design stress=85mpa
E=joint efficiency (let=1)
t=thickness of the shell
R=internal radius of the shell
Pd=design pressure (let Pd=P)
Design Design Length of Inner Radius Joint corrosion
pressure stress vessel of vessel efficiency(E) allowance (C.A)
(P)-in (δd)-in Mpa (L)-in m (R)-in m in m
Mpa

5.3235 105 7.816 0.7816 1 0.001

Table. 5.1 Design Parameters

5.3235< 0.385*105=40.425Mpa

 Therefore 5.3235Mpa < 40.25Mpa then our pressure vessel is categorized in thin
cylindrical shell.
Then by using equation 2.
P∗R 5.3235∗0.7816
t¿ + 0.001 ¿ +0.001=41.87mm
SE−0.6 P 105∗1−0.6∗5.3235

Increase the plate thickness to allow the bending stress due to wind loadings at the base of the
column. A much thicker wall will be needed at column base to withstand the wind and dead
weight loads. As a first trial, divide the column into three sections, with increasing the thickness
by 4mm per section; 44, 48 and 52mm. The mean thickness is 30mm.
 Finally let’s find the external radius and diameter
Re = Ri +t=0.7816m+0.0041m=0.8235m Re= external radius
And where:
De=2*Re=2*0.8256m=1.6469m De=external diameter
Stress calculation

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To design a safe pressure vessel, we must check .in thin pressure vessel is subjected to tangential
(𝜎t) and longitudinal(𝜎L) stresses.
A) Tangential (hoop stress) 𝝈t or 𝝈h: - which act in direction tangential to the circumference is
called circumferential (hoop stress).
P∗De 5.3235∗1647
σ h= = =104.6 N /mm 2
2t 2∗41.87
.
Where: P=design pressure
De=external diameter
t= thickness of the shell
σ h=hoop stress

B) Longitudinal (𝝈L): -which is a tensile stress acting in the direction of the axis.
P∗De 5.3235∗1647
σ l= = =52.35 N /mm 2
4t 4∗41.8

𝑓𝑖𝑔 5.1 longitudinal stress (𝜎L)

𝑓𝑖𝑔.5.2 Circumferential (hoop stress) (𝜎t)

The maximum of the stress which is hoop stress (𝜎h) is must less than the allowable stress
therefore check the stress which resist the internal pressure 𝜎h < 𝜎all = 104.6Mpa <105Mpa
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 As we have seen from the calculation the hoop and longitudinal stress is less than the
allowable stress of stainless steel. So, the design of the cylinder is safe.

 CHECK THE STRESS ALSO BY USING FAILURE THEORY

A) Maximum principal stress theory

σ h+σ l √( σ h−σ l ) +4 τ 2
σ 1 , σ 2= ±
2 2
104.6+52.35 √( 104.6−52.35 )+ 4 τ 2
σ 1 , σ 2= ±
2 2

τ 2=0
σ 1 , σ 2=78.075 ±3.607
σ 1=84.74 Mpa
σ 2=72.21Mpa

The maximum of the two stress is 𝜎1 = 84.74 Mpa. Therefore 𝜎1=84.74 Mpa < 𝜎all so the design
is Safe.
B) Maximum shear stress theory
𝞽max=(𝜎1− 𝜎2)/2 = (104.6Mpa−52.35Mpa)/2
𝞽max=26.125Mpa
𝞽all=𝜎all/2=105Mpa/2= 52.5Mpa
𝞽max < 𝞽all therefore the design is safe.
C) Maximum distortion energy
𝜎12- 𝜎1 𝜎2+ 𝜎22= 𝜎all2
𝜎all'2=104.62-104.1*52.35+52.352 = 8205.9Mpa2
𝜎all'=90.59Mpa = 90.59Mpa
Therefore 𝜎all'< 𝜎all=90.59Mpa < 105Mpa so the design is safe.
3.2.2 CLOSURE HEAD
Heads are one of the important parts in pressure e vessels and refer to the parts of the vessel that
confine the shell from below, above, and the sides. The end s of the vessels is closed by means of
heads before putting them into operation. There are different kinds of pressure vessel closed
heads. Some of them are listed below.
The heads may be of various types such as:
Elliptical head
Flange head
Hemispherical head
Tory spherical head
Conical head or conical head
From this types of heads we designed for Elliptical head.

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DED 2019

3.2.3 ELLIPTICAL HEAD

For an internal pressure (P) the thickness of the ellipsoidal head is given by
t = 𝑷𝑹𝑲/(𝟐S𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷)

Where D=shell diameter

P= design pressure
K=stress intensity factor
K= 1/6(2 + (a/b) 2] a and b semi-major, semi-miner axes of ellipse

3.2.4 CALCULATION OF REQUIRED HEAD THICKNESS

Our pressure vessel is elliptical head in shape and 5.577MPa internal design pressure is applied
on it and its thickness is given below. According on the two theory.

 Thin-shell theory S=P*Ro/2t

 Exact’’ theory S= (P Ri3 /RO3-Ri3)(1+Ro3/Ri3 )

Given S=Stress affect the head

P=design pressure=5.3235Mpa
Ri=inner radius=0.7816m
Ro=outer radius=0.8235m
t=0.04187m
Thin-shell theory
 S = P*Ro/2t= (5.3235*0.8235)/(2*0.04187)=52.35Mpa

Exact’’ theory
S = [PRi3/ (Re3-Ri3)] [1+Re3/2Ri3]
S = (5.3235*0.78163/(0.82353-0.78163)*(1+0.82353/2*0.82353))=47.083Mpa
Therefore let’s find the head thickness and take the largest value for S=47.083Mpa
t = 𝑷𝑫𝑲/𝟐(S𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷)
Where D=shell diameter,
K=stress intensity factor
K=1/6 [2+ (a/b) 2] a and b semi-major, semi-miner axes of elliptical
a=2b for 2:1 ellipsoidal head
K=1/6 [2 + (2b/b) 2] =1
t = 𝑷𝑫K/ (𝟐S𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷)+𝑪.𝑨=5.3235*1.5632*1/(2*47.083*1-
0.2*5.3235)+0.001=0.0894m=89.4mm

3.2.5 STRESS ANALYSIS

In this part, we will find the stresses that the head subjected. And we compare with the design
stress (allowable stress) to confirm the design is safe.

At any point At the center At the tangent line

27

𝜎x=PRL/2t 𝜎x= PR2/2th 𝜎x= PR/2t

𝜎Ø= PRL/t(1-RL/2Rm) 𝜎Ø= 𝜎x 𝜎Ø= PR/t(1-R2/2h2)
DED 2019

Table. 5.2 Stress analysis

Where h=depth of head P = design pressure
RL=latitudinal radius of curvature L= crown radius
RM=maridional radius of curvature r = vaucle radius
𝜎x= latitudinal stress
𝜎Ø= maridional stress
At any point X
𝜎x = PRL/2t 𝜎Ø= PRL/t (1-RL/2Rm)

Where Rl= (Ri4/h2+x2(1-Ri2/h2)) 1/2 Rm=RL2*h2/Ri4

h=outer diameter/4=DO/4
h=1.647/4=0.417m=417mm Let X =250mm
Ri (inner radius) =0.7816m=781.6mm
RL= (0.78164/0.4172+0.252 (1-0.78162/0.O.4172))1/2=1.41m
Rm=1.412*0.4172/0.78164=0.9263m
𝜎x=PLR/2t=5.3235*7.816*1.41/2*0.894=32.8Mpa
𝜎Ø= PRL/t (1-Rl2/2h2) =5.3235*0.7816/0.0.894 (1-1.412/2*0.4172)=-38.6Mpa
 Negative sign indicate compressive stress.
From the above analysis, we seen that the design is safe. That means all six stresses calculated
above are less than the design stress or allowable stress so the design is safe.
3.2.6 CHECK THE STRESS BASED ON FAILURE THEORY
A) Maximum principal theory
σ1, 𝜎2 =1/2 (𝜎x +𝜎Ø) ± 1/2 √ ( σ x−σØ ) 2+ 4 τ 2=
σ1, 𝜎2=1/2(44.77-38.67)± 1/2 √ ( 44.77+ 38.67 ) 2 , τ =0
σ1, 𝜎2=3.05±41.72
σ1=44.77Mpa 𝜎2=-38.67Mpa
The maximum of the two stress is 𝜎1=44.77Mpa Therefore 𝜎1=44.77Mpa < 𝜎all so the design is
safe.
B) Maximum shear stress theory
𝞽max = (𝜎1- 𝜎2)/2 = (44.77+38.67Mpa)/2 =41.72Mpa
𝞽all= 𝜎all/2=105Mpa/2=52.5Mpa
𝞽max < 𝞽all therefore the design is safe.
C) Maximum distortion energy
σall'2= σ12- σ1 σ2+ σ22
σall'2=44.772-44.77*38.67+38.672=10768.47Mpa
σall'=42.05Mpa
Therefore σall'< σall, 42.05Mpa < 105Mpa so the design is safe.

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DED 2019

To join the head and shell we use butt walled joint and the head shell have deferent thickness in
according to CODE UW-9(c), UW-13. Joining of a plate unequal thickness with butt weld, the
thickness of the plate shall be tapered is more than 3.125mm (1/8in).

Figure 5.3 welding type of head to shell

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 HEAD TO SHELL TRANSITIONS
4.1.1 SELECTING OF STANDARD FLANGE
Several different types of flanges are used for various applications. The principal types used in
the process industries are:
1. Welding-neck flanges.
2. Slip-on flanges, hub and plate types.
3 .Lap-joint flanges.
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DED 2019

4. Screwed flanges.
5. Blank, or blind, flanges.
We select welding-neck flanges because they have along tapered hub between the flange Ring
and the welded joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses
between the flange and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck
flanges are suitable for extreme service conditions; where the Flange is likely to be subjected to
temperature and shear. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on
process vessels and process equipment.
Standard flanges will be specified for most application. Special design would be used only if no
suitable standard flange were available; or for large flanges. We use the standard flange for
ANSI stainless steel slip on the boss flange for welding.

Fig Standard flange (Steel welding-neck flange)

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DED 2019

Table 6.1 Standard flange used for head and shell

Normal Pipe Flange Raised Boiling Drilling Neck
Size
size
O.D face
D1
D bB h1 d4 fF Size No d2 K d3 h2 r
Pipe Flange Raised Boiling Drilling Neck
700 711.2 960 46 125 820 5 M39 24 42 875 760 20 12
O.D Face
Normal
size d1 D B h1 d4 f Size No d2 K d3 h2 R

65 76.1 185 22 52 12 3 M16 8 18 145 9 10 6

2 0

Table 6.2 Standard flange used for nozzle

4.2 CALCULATING THICKNESS AND STRESS OF NOZZLE AND

BOTTOM DISCHARGE

Opening Nozzles
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subjected to internal corrosion,
erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole or other
inspection opening for examination and cleaning. From inspection opening for inside diameter of
vessel.
D= 125mm inside diameter of nozzles and two 125mm pipe size nozzle flange.

Our diameter Dno= 125+2*t=127.5mm. Then use above two opening

The opening made by pipe or a circular nozzle, the axis of which is not perpendicular to the
vessel wall or head. properly reinforced opening is not limited as to size, but when the opening in
the head of a cylinder shell is larger than one half the diameter of the head.

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DED 2019

In our design use a discharge pipe, because mostly the attached nozzle selected by considering
circular cross sectional of flange. In the design of Nozzle opening we use reinforcement because
to reduce stress concentration around the hole.
7.1.1 DESIGN OF NOZZLE THICKNESS
In our project , the given diameter of the Nozzles,(Two longitudinal and One lateral ), and make
opening the head surface.
Nozzles diameter (Dni) =168.275mm
Using thickness formula of head calculate the thickness of the nozzle.
 The thickness of all pipes (Two longitudinal and One lateral) are the same because
the given diameter the same(mm) = 168.275

Nozzle minimum thickness (tm) =P*R/ (SE+0.2P)+CA

tm=(5.3235∗168.275)/ (105∗1-0.2∗5.3235)+1 = 0.378in. But for design purpose we have to take

t>min tickness.
i.e from table t=0.562in.
Di=5.501in
schedule number=120

7.1.2 DESIGN OF STRESS ON THE NOZZLE

𝜎ℎ= P*Dni/(2tn)= 5.3235∗168.275/(2∗14.275) = 62.75Mpa

When compare 𝜎ℎ and 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝜎ℎ < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 . therefore our design also safe.

In 7.1.3 DESING OF BOTTOM DISCHARGE THICKNESS

our case, we get diameter of the manhole and make opening on the shell surface

Dbi=150mm Rmi=75mm
Using thickness formula shell calculate thickness bottom discharge, the minimum required
bottom discharge thickness is:
(tb)= P*Dm/(𝜎𝐸−0.6𝑃) = 2.09∗150/(105*1−0.6∗2.09)=3mm
Dbo = Dbi+ 2t = 150+2*3 = 156mm

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DED 2019

MAN HOLE AND REINFORCIMENT DESIGN

DESIGN OF MANHOLE

Know let we assume the nominal diameter of the man hole as 33in.
Pd=5.3235Mpa
S=105Mpa
Dn=33in
Do=33in=838.2mm
trn= Pd*Ro/(SE+0.2Pd)

(5.3235)*(419.1)/(105*1+0.2*5.3235)=21

Design pressure(P) 5.3235Mpa

Design stress(S) 105Mpa
Density(ρ) 7700Kg/m3
Gravitational acceleration(g) 9.8m/s2
Corrosion allowance(CA) 1mm
Diameter of the vessel(m) 1.5632m
Factor (F) 1
Thickness of the vessel(t) 0.04187m
Reinforcement design for an opening
The opening is 1/3 of the vessel diameter
The opening = 1/3(1.5632) = 0.52m
Radius (R) = 0.26m

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DED 2019

Fig.4.1-Manhole reinforcement design criteria

Nominal thickness of the nozzle
PR 5.3235 × 0.7816
t n= = ( 105× 1 )+(0.2 ×5.3235) m + CA =0.039m + 0.001m =0.04m
SE+ 0.2 P
The inside diameter of the manhole
d = opening - (2 ×t n) = 0.52m – (2 × 0.04) m= 0.44m
The inside radius of the manhole Rn = ½(0.44) m= 0.22m
The required thickness of seamless manhole
P Rn 5.3235× .22
t rn= = ¿
SE+ 0.2 P ( 105× 1 )+ 0.2× 5.3235¿ m = 0.011m

The required thickness of the shell (t r) = thickness of shell – corrosion allowance

t r = 0.0418m – 0.001m = 0.0408m
The metal used as reinforcement must be located within the limits
 The limit measured parallel to the vessel wall (L) is equal to d or Rn +t n+t
L = Rn +t n+t= 0.22m+0.04+0.011=0.271m
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DED 2019

The value of this limit is equal to 0.44 m

 The limit measured perpendicular to the manhole wall in outward (h) is equal to 2.5
t n or 2.5t, use the smaller value.
h = 2.5 × 0.0.04m= 0.1m (OR) h = 2.5 × 0.04187 = 0.1046m
The value of this limit is equal to 0.1m
 The limit measured perpendicular to the inward (h1) is equal to 2.5t or (2.5t n -
2(CA)), use the smallest value
h1 = 0.1026m (OR) h1 = (2.5×0.07663) – (2×0.002) =0.098m
The value of this limit is equal to 0.098m
The thickness of the reinforcing pad
 The length of the welding (LW) = 0.7 × t = 0.7 × 0.04187m = 0.0293m
 The diameter of pad ( D P) = (2 × L) – ( D P) = 2 × LW
D P = (2 × L) – (2 × LW) = 2*0.0293 =0.0586m
Radius of the pad ( R P)= 0.0293m
P RP 5.3235× 0.0293
Therefore t p= + CA= ( 105× 1 )+(0.2 ×5.3235) + 0.001m= 0.00247m
SE+ 0.2 P
The ratios since the material of
 the nozzle and pad is stainless steel (AISI 304)
 the shell is stainless steel (AISI 321)
fr1=1
Areas in the reinforcement of manhole design
Ar = (d * tr * F + 2 * tn * tr* F * (1-fr1)) UG-37=0.0068m
For vessel under internal pressure the total cross sectional area required for the reinforcement is
A= (d×t r×F) + (2×t n×t r × F × (1-fr1)) = 0.02m2
Area of excess thickness in vessel (A1)
A1 = (2×L-d) × (t-F ×t r) - 2 × t n (t-F×t r) × (1-fr1)=0.00029m2
Area of excess thickness in manhole (A2)
(A2) = 2×h × (t n-t rn) × fr1 =0.005157m2
Area of inside extension of manhole square (A3)

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DED 2019

A3 = 2 × h1 × (t n- 0.2 × CA) × fr1 = 0.00663 m2

Area of weld (A4)
A4 = (A41 + A3)× fr1+ A42 × f r 4
A42 = (0.7 × t) 2 = 0.00086m, A41 = t n × t n = 0.0016m2
A43 = has no minimum area
A4= 0.00773 m2
The sumA1+ A2 + A3 + A4 = 0.0198m2
Since the sum of A1, A2, A3, A4 is greater the area for reinforcement required. Stress in manhole
occurs due to longitudinal and circumference
Pd 5.3235 x 0.52
 Circumferential stress δ1 = 2t = 2× 0.04187 Mpa =33.06Mpa
Pd 5.3235 x 0.52
 Longitudinal stress δ2 = 4 t = 4 ×0.04187 Mpa= 16.53Mpa

7.1.4 DESIGN OF STRESS ON BOTTOM DISCHARGE

𝜎ℎ= P*Dbi/ (2tbi)= 2.09∗150/(2∗3 ) = 52.25Mpa.This result implies that; the design is safe. which
means 𝜎ℎ<𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
.
7.1.5 DESIGN OF SUPPORT
The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The support
has to be with stand the dead weight of the vessel and internal and the contained fluid without
experiencing permanent deformation. In additional the vessel is also subjected to mechanical
loads due to the action of wind.
 Total weight of the pressure vessel (dead weight)

The major sources of dead weight loads are:-

1. The vessel shell.

2. The vessel fittings: manhole ways, nozzles.
3. Internal fittings: plates (plus the fluid on the plates); heating and cooling coils.
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DED 2019

4. External fittings: ladders, platforms, piping.

5. Auxiliary equipment which is not self-supported; condensers, agitators.
6. Insulation.
7. The weight of liquid to fill the vessel.

Weight of the vessel shell

Weight of vessel shell = mass * gravity = density * volume *gravity
Volume of shell = π * diameter of shell * thickness of shell * height of shell

Weight of top section

Density of stainless steel = 7700kg/m3
We take the height, (3m) . Which is suitable for our pressure to preserve from wetness and
uncomfortable.
De = 1.6469m
Weight of pressure vessel = ρ * V* g
V = π(De+2t)2h - πDe2h

V = π(1.6469+2*0.0041)23 - π*(1.6469)2*3 = 0.258m3

Weight of vessel shell = ρ * V* g=7700kg/m3*0.258m3*9.81 = 19.488KN

Weight of ellipsoidal head;
Weight of ellipsoidal head = 1.084*De2* ρ * t = 1.084*2*7700kg/m3*(1.6469)2* 0.004187 =
94.788N
Total weight of ellipsoidal head=2*94.788N = 189.577N
Weight of nozzle (Wn) = ρ v g
Volume of nozzle (Vn) = π (Dni+2t) 2 L - πDni2L
Where Length of nozzle (Ln) = 2.5t=2.5*0.04mm=0.1mm
Thickness of nozzle (tn) =0.1mm

Diameter of nozzle (d) =33mm

Volume of nozzle (Vn) = π (33+2*0.04)2*0.1- π*(33)2*0.1 = 1.6607mm3

Weight of nozzle (Wn) = ρ v g= 1.6607*10-9* 7700kg/m3*9.81 = 0.001254N

Wn =0.001254N

Weight of bottom discharge = ρ v g

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DED 2019

Where: ρ is the density of stainless steel which is 7700kg/m3 ,

Do = 150+2t = 150.08mm
V= π/4*L (Do2-Di2) = π/4*0.01(0.1562-0.152) =14412.6mm3

W bottom discharge = ρ v g =7700kg/m3∗9.81*14412.6*10-9m3 = 1.088N

Weight of the medium =V*ρ ∗ g
When V=16m3 and ρ of steam=ρ of air = 1.025kg/m3
Weight of the medium =16m3*1.025kg/m3*9.81=160.9N
The Total dead weight

Shell vessel 19.488KN

Table 7.1 Total dead
weight
Ellipsoid 94.788N
 WIND LOADING

Wind Nozzle 0.001254N design procedure used to

determine the forces and moments
at each elevation. The over
turning moment at the base is
Liquid 160.9N
used to determine all the support
details. These details include the
number and size of bolts. The wind
force are Bottom discharge 1.088N obtained by multiplying
the projection area of each
element. Total 188.159KN Within each height zone
by the basic wind pressure for that
height zone and by the shape
factor for that element. The total
force on the vessel is the sum of the forces on all of the elements. The d esign wind pressure on
the projected area of a cylindrical tower, according to ASME 7-95 STANDARD, shall be
calculated by:
Generally our designed pressure vessel is in horizontal position therefore it is not affected by
winding load even if we put at the higher position.
 BENDING MOMENT AT BOTTOM (Mx)

Bending moment (Mx) =W*h2 /2 = 62.72*32/2 = 282Nm

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DED 2019

h is the total length of column vessel between tangent line = 3m

Where: W=F/h = 188.159/3N/m = 62.72kN
Bending stress due to wind load is not affect at all the horizontal position vessel (σb) = 0

 THE DIRECTION OF STRESS OR DEAD WEIGHT STRESS

Dead weight stress (σw) = WT/ π (Di + t) t =18 8.159*103 /π (1.56+0.04187)0.04817
=1430.86Kpa
Where WT = 188.159*103N, Di = 1.56m and t = 0.04187mm

7.1.6 DESIGN OF SADDLE SUPPORT

To design saddle support first calculate all loads acting on each saddle support and determine
number of saddle support.
Vertical down ward load due to weight (Fv) Fv =119.43N
Horizontal load due to wind (Fh) Fh = 188.159KN
The resultant load (R) = (Fv2+ Fh2)1/2= (119.432+1881592)1/2 =18 8.16KN
 If the number of saddles that used for the support is 3

Then load on each support (Q), Q = R/3 = (188.16/3)KN = 62.8KN

7.1.7 STRESS IN VESSEL DUE TO SADDLE SUPPORT

 Longitudinal stress
S1 = QH/D R2 t( (C1*K1+6K2R/C2t+D/2(1.17B/A) *(R2/HA))

Note Intension S1 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/2𝑡 shall not exceed the stress value
of shell material time efficiency.

 Circumferential stress
S2 = ± QR/DR2t*(C3K3+6K4R/C2T)
Note Intension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed the stress value
of shell material multiplied by 1.5.

Notation
Q=weight on one saddle, lbs 2A, 2B=Dimension of wear plate
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DED 2019

R=radius of the shell, (inch) C=shape factor

H=Lever arm of load, (inch) k=factor
t=wall thickness = 0.562
To find shape factor C from the table
R/t= 17.32/0.562 =30.8 B/A = 1.3925in/3in = 0.47
2B = b =2.785in ………………….B = 1.3925in
2A = h1 = 6in ……………………A =0.8in B/A = 0.5
C1 =0.72 C2=1.03 C3=0.95 C4=1.07
The factor K

B 3 1.3925
D= A /R
√
3

A
=3/0.81
√ 3
=2.87

K1 at D=0.182 and R/𝑡= 50 K1=0.335

K2 at D=0.182 and R/𝑡= 50 K2 =1.171

K3 at D=0.182 and R/𝑡 = 50 K3=0.319

K4 at D=0.182 and R/𝑡 = 50 K4=0.880

From the diagram lever load stress calculated in the form of:

S1=±𝑄𝐻/𝐷𝑅2𝑡(c1k1+6k2R/𝐶2𝑡 +𝐷/(2(1.17+𝐵𝐴))*𝑅2/𝐻𝐴))
If H =1.5in C2 = 1.03
Q = 665.4Lbsi D = 0.182
1. C1= 0.72 R = 12.18
K1=2.3 B = 1.3925
K2 =0.18334 A=3
S1 = ± 665.4*1.5/0.182*12.182 *1.06(0.72*2.3+6*0.18334*12.82/1.03*1.06 +0.182/(2(1.17+
1.3925*3))*12.182 /1.5*3)) = 481Psi = 3.32Mpa

S2=±𝑄𝐻/𝐷𝑅2𝑡(c3k3+6k4R𝐶2𝑡)
S2 = ±665.4*1.5/0.182*12.182*1.06(0.95*5.8+6*0.02*12.18/(1.03*1.06))= 215.5Lbsi = 1.49Mpa

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DED 2019

From the previous calculation 𝜎w=1430.86Kpa and 𝜎L=21.76M

ST1=S1+ 𝜎L = 3.32+21.76 = 25.11Mpa which is less than 𝜎all then design is safe.

ST2=S2 + 𝜎w = 0.08622+1.49 = 1.58Mpa it is also safe

CONCLUTION
From this project we conclude that, it requires a great care to design a pressure vessel since we
store very hot fluid (steam). So that we have to give attentions to select a proper material, to
follow a design procedures, to evaluate external factors.

The horizontal pressure vessels are often preffered,especially for a thin walled vessel operating
under high pressure. The design of a horizontal cylindrical vessels becomes simple beacause of
the additional bending stresses due to weight of the vessel it self and often fluid can be
eliminated. For design purposes it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable
stress that can be accepted in the material of construction. This is determined by applying a
suitable “design stress factor” (factor of safety) to the maximum stress that the material could be
expected to withstand without failure under standard test conditions.

As much as possible, our design of pressure vessel considers all criteria for a good quality and
life time of the pressure vessel. Such as; thickness of vessel column, standard flange, material
selection, internal pressure, design pressure, design temperature, design stresses and loads, even
the material properties, support and so on. Welding are also very important fabrication of
pressure vessels. Usually welded directly to the vessel,because the lugs are reqiured to withstand
the pressure in the vessel sells.
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DED 2019

42