International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Impact Factor (2012): 3.358

Design and Mapping of Underground Sewerage

Network in GIS, a Case Study of Islampur Town
J. A. Patil1, Dr. Mrs. S. S. Kulkarni2
1
P.G.Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Islampur, Maharashtra, India
2
Director, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Islampur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract: The infrastructure of a city, mainly the water supply and sewerage system are vital for urbanization, wastewater generated
from urban area is a result of domestic and industrial activities, and domestic wastewater contains organic and inorganic matter in
suspended, colloidal and dissolved form. The municipal wastewater management is a critical issue in an urban environment. If the
municipal wastewater is not properly collected, treated and disposed, the related effects pose serious threat to the environment. Many
small cities do not have proper drainage system, Islampur, Dist. Sangli; Maharashtra, India is one such. As on date all the domestic
waste water is either send in open drain or in open area around the houses. This is resulting in hygienic problems and to cater for;
Municipal Corporation of Islampur town has come up with underground sewage collection plan. This study aim at designing collection
system for Islampur town, the work undertaken uses, GIS as a tool for mapping the collection system (primary and secondary) in order
to facilitate further works.

Keywords: Wastewater, suspended, colloidal, municipal, underground, hygienic, environment, sewage, network and GIS.

1. Introduction 2. Previous Research Works

A sewerage system is composed of various sewer lines 1) Urban Development on Sewerage and Sewage
terminating at the junction of a large sewer line. The large Treatment (1993) by CPHEEO manual.
sewer line also terminates at the junction of a still larger In this manual provides objectives, planning of sewerage
sewer line. Finally, the main sewer line terminates at the system, also show design consideration, population
outfall. Thus, a sewerage system can be viewed as a set of forecast, design criteria, parameters. It provides standard
sewer lines collecting discharges at their nodal points and assumptions, tables, and design period for various
emptying into another set of sewer lines. systems. It provides design of sewer, type of pipe
materials, velocity flow and also provides STP process,
In this paper attention is focused on the design of a sewer design and related standard considerations.
line and mapping of sewer network in GIS tool, with also a 2) Swamee, P. K. (2001). “Design of Sewer Line”.
location of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). GIS has been Journal Environmental Engineering.
regarded and proven as an efficient and powerful tool in the In this paper provides the major portion of the cost of a
wastewater industry. According to American Water Works wastewater system. In the design of a sewerage system
Association, 90% of water agencies are now partially using the sewer line is the basic unit occurring repeatedly in the
GIS to assist their daily operation [9]. design process. Any savings during the design of this
unit will affect the overall cost of the sewerage system.
Islampur town is an important central town in the vast rural The literature shows that the present status of sewer line
hinterlands of Walwa Taluka in Sangli District. The town is designs algorithms use linear programming and dynamic
situated on 17020’ N Latitude and 74020’ E Longitude. It is programming. This literature provides the various
located 40 Kms to the North-West of Sangli (a district formulas such as resistance equation, diameter equation,
headquarter), 29 Kms to the South-East of Karad and 48 depth equation, maximum velocity and discharge
Kms to the North of Kolhapur. The town situated at a equation and optimization of the equations. Remedial
distance of about 7.5 Kms from the right bank of river measures are given on minimum cover, self cleansing
Krishna. velocity. In the description of algorithm, the procedure is
stepwise given, design example and its solution. An
There is no underground sewerage scheme in Islampur algorithm for optimal design of a sewer line has been
town. All domestic wastewater generated in the basin is described. The resistance equation was used for
discharged through open channels in to the nallas. This elimination of design variables.
open surface drain system has got many problems such as 3) Charalambous, C. and Elimarn, A. A. (1990),
very easy for foreign matter to have entry in the open “Heuristic Design of Sewer Networks”. Journal
drains which hampers. The flow and creates stagnation of Environmental Engineering.
the sewage, creates odor nuisance, creates mosquito and This paper is presented a Heuristic approaches for the
files problems and deterioration of river water quality. design of sewer networks and the use of standard
diameters. This Heuristic provides good and logical
(rather than optimal) designs of sewer networks. The
necessary and sufficient conditions to determine
positions of a lift station are presented in a theorem.

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Based on this theoretical result, a heuristic design out the general slope of the ground which helps in finalizing
algorithm, using either Manning or the modified Hazen- the alignments and directions of the sewers.
Williams hydraulic equation, is developed. The proposed
heuristic design algorithm takes into account all the Table 3.1: Sample Collected Data from Islampur Town
structural and hydraulic requirements. In this paper also

Type of Sewer Line

Ground Level in M
Way points
gives the diagram of geometry of sewer line, shows the

Length in M

Population

(probable)
level of the pipe. The CPU time for designing sewer

Remark
Sr. No.
networks using the proposed heuristic is less than 10% of

From

To
the time required for the optimization procedure. Such
application indicates the effectiveness of the heuristic in
rapidly providing “good” sewer network designs that are 1 1 2 574 573 37.9 0 Sub-main Near
comparable to the optimal ones. 2 2 3 573 574 31.6 0 Sub-main Rajaram
4) Greene, R., Agbenowosi, N. and Loganathan, G. V. 3 3 4 574 576 36.5 0 Sub-main bapu
(1999). “GIS-based approach to sewer system 4 4 5 576 575 33.1 15 Lateral Petrol
design”. Journal Environmental Engineering. 5 4 6 576 572 31.1 10 Sub-main Pump
In this paper, planning and design of sewer networks, 6 6 7 572 573 36.0 15 Sub-main
most decisions are spatially dependent because of the 7 1 7 574 573 31.2 15 Main
right-of-way considerations and the desire to have flow 8 7 8 573 577 29.0 10 Sub-main
by gravity. The geographic information system- (GIS-) 9 8 9 577 573 27.4 0 Lateral
based approach takes advantage of the spatial analysis 10 9 10 573 571 20.7 10 Lateral
capability of GIS in combination with a sewer design 11 8 11 577 573 33.0 35 Sub-main
program to develop an integrated procedure for the 12 11 12 573 576 30.2 15 Lateral
design of sewer systems. The program that was
developed uses the user specified manholes’ locations to 5. Population Projection
generate the sewer network. The GIS is used to analyze
the area’s topography, surface features, and street 1. General Considerations
network to delineate sub-watersheds, to locate pump Sewerage projects considering the overall economy and
stations, and to determine the path for the force main. replacement criteria are recommended to design to meet the
requirements over a 35 years period after its completion. The
3. Objectives of Study period between design and completion is taken as 1 year
(i.e.) 2015 year. Hence it is required to forecast the
 Data collection required for design of domestic sewage population of the Islampur town for the next 35 years (viz.)
collection system. 2050 year. Design population i.e. population after 35 years
 Design of underground sewage collection system. should take into consideration certain such as scope of future
growth and development in industrial, commercial,
 Location of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).
educational, administration and social circles etc.
 Mapping sewage network using GIS.
2. Population Details
4. Data Collection Population data from year 1951 to 2011 is available as
shown in figure no. 1 and table no. 1 with the help of this
The field data required for the design of the sewerage system data; population forecasting has been done and three years
such as details of exiting water supply, the ward wise and such as 2015, 2030 and 2050 of population also shown in
road wise population as per census, development plan etc. figure no. 1.
were collected from the Islampur Municipal council. Also
the Geographical Information of the town is essential to find

Figure 1: Population of Last Decades and Forecasting

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The design period for the project is taken as 35 years. Pn = 67771 + 0.4* 8610 + 0.4*(0.4+1)*(947/2)
Considering 2015 as the year of commissioning of the
scheme, the ultimate year for design of sewerage scheme is Pn = 71480 …… (ii)
taken as 2050.
3. Geometric Progression Method
Table 1: Population of Islampur Town in the Previous In this method the percentage increase is assumed to be the
Decades rate of growth and the average of the percentage increase is
Sr. Arithmetrical Incremental Rate of used to find out future increment in population. This extension
Year Population
No. Increase Increase Growth has to be done carefully and it requires vast experience and
1 1951 16113 good judgment. This method gives much higher value and
2 1961 20820 4707 0.292 mostly applicable for growing towns and cities having vast
3 1971 27160 6340 1633 0.305 scope for expansion. Formulae of this method as below:
4 1981 33016 5856 -484 0.216
Pn = P1 * (1 + Z) n
5 1991 42459 9443 3587 0.286
Where,
6 2001 58330 15871 6428 0.374
7 2011 67771 9441 -6430 0.162
Pn = Population in the nth Decades
Total = 265669 51658 4734 1.634 P1 = Population in the latest Decades
Average = 37953 8610 947 0.272 n = No. of Decades
(Ref.: Development Plan of Municipal Council of Islampur Z = Geometric Mean (from table no. 1)
Town) Sample Calculation:
Data:
Year = 2015, P1 = 67771, n = 0.4, Z = 0.272 and Pn =?
6. Methods of Population Forecasting Pn = 67771*(1+0.272)0.4
Pn = 74625 …… (iii)
There are many methods for the population forecasting
Take the average of these three answers as below manners:
suitable for the town. From that some methods are given
Avg.1 = ( i + ii ) / 2 = (71215 + 71480) / 2 = 71348
below:
Avg.2 = ( i + iii ) / 2 = (71215 + 74625) / 2 = 72920
Avg.1 = ( ii + iii ) / 2 = (71480 + 74625) / 2 = 73052
1. Arithmetical Increase Method
In this method, the average increase of population per decade
Select a minimum value i.e. P2015 = 71348 (see also in figure
is calculated from the past records and added to the present
no 1) of these three averages and same calculations of
population to find out population in the next decades. This
remaining years.
method gives low value and is suitable for well settled and
established communities. Formulae of this method as below:
7. Design of Sewer Line
Pn = P1 + n*X
Where, 1. Components
Pn = Population in the nth Decades
P1 = Population in the latest Decades The Sewerage system consists mainly of:-
n = No. of Decades  Collection system (sewer, sewer appurtenances
X = Avg. Arithmetical Increase (from table no. 1)  Conveyance system (pumping station, pumping main
Sample Calculation: etc.)
Data:  Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Year = 2015, P1 = 67771, n = 0.4, X = 8610 and Pn =?
Pn = 67771 + 0.4* 8610 2. Planning
Pn = 71215 …… (i)
 Objective
2. Incremental Increase Method The objective of a public waste water collection and
In this method the increment in arithmetical increase is disposal system is to ensure that sewage or excreta and
determined from the past decades and the average of that sullage discharged from communities is properly collected,
increment is added to the average increase. This method transported, treated to the required degree and finally
increases the figures obtained by the arithmetical increase disposed of without causing any health or environmental
method. Formulae of this method as below: problems.
Pn = P1 + n*X + n * (n+1) * (Y/2)
Where,  Need for planning
Pn = Population in the nth Decades Planning is required at different levels; national, state,
P1 = Population in the latest Decades regional and community. Though the responsibility of
n = No. of Decades various organizations in charge of planning public waste
X = Avg. Arithmetical Increase (from table no. 1) water disposal systems is different in each case, they still
Y = Avg. Incremental Increase (from table no. 1) have to function within the priorities fixed by the national
Sample Calculation: and state governments and to keep in view overall
Data: requirements of the area. The waste water disposal
Year = 2015, P1 = 67771, n = 0.4, X = 8610, Y = 947 and Pn projects formulated by the various State sponsoring
=? Authorities at present do not always contain all the

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essential elements for appraisal. When projects are  Peak Factor
assessed for their cost benefit ratio and for institutional or The peak factor or the ratio of maximum to average flow
funding purposes, they are not amenable for comparative depends upon contributory population and the following
study and appraisal. Also at times different standards are values are recommended. These peak factors will be
adopted by the Central and State agencies regarding applied to the projected population for the design year
various design parameters. It is necessary therefore to considering an average wastewater flow based on
specify appropriate standards and design criteria and to allocation.
avoid different approaches.
Table 3: Peak Factor [15]
 Design considerations Sr. No. Contributory Population Peak Factor
In designing waste water collection, treatment and 1. Up to 20000 3.5
disposal system, planning generally begins from the final 2. 20000 to 50000 2.5
disposal point going backwards to give an integrated and 3. 50000 to 750000 2.25
optimum design Co suit the topography and the available 4. Above 750000 2.0
hydraulic head, supplemented by pumping if essential.
5. Velocity
3. Design Period The sanitary sewer is designed to obtain adequate scouring
velocities at the average or at least at the maximum flow at
Sewerage projects may be designed normally to meet the the beginning of the design period for a given flow and
requirements over a thirty five year period after their slope. Velocity is little influenced by pipe diameter. The
completion. The period between design and completion recommended slope for minimum velocity is 0.75 metre/sec.
should also be taken into account which should be between and maximum velocity is 3.00 metre/sec.
three to six years depending on the type and size of the
project. Design periods for the project components may be  Pipe Size
designed to meet the periods mentioned below in table no 2: The pipe size should be decided on the basis of ultimate
design peak flow and the permissible depth of flow. The
Table 2: Deign Periods [15] minimum diameter of public sewer may be 150 mm. In
Sr. Recommended hilly areas, where extreme slope are prevalent, the size of
No. Component Design Clarification sewer may be 100 mm [15].
period in years
1. Collection 35 The system should be designed  Depth of Cover
System i.e. for the Prospective population of 1 m cover on pipeline is normally sufficient to protect the
Sewer 35 years, as its replacement is pipe lines from external damage [15].
Network not possible during its use.
2. Pumping 35 Duplicating machinery within 6. Manholes
Stations the pumping station would be
(Civil easier/cost of civil works will be
Works) economical for full design Manholes are interconnecting between two or more sewers
period. and to provide entry of sewers. Manholes are used to
3. Sewage 35 The construction may be in a building connections and junction chambers.
Treatment phased manner as initial the
Plant (STP) flows may not reach the designed 7. Hydraulic Design Equation
levels and it will be
uneconomical to build the full Normally, The Manning’s equation is used most commonly
capacity plant initially. for the design of sanitary sewers because it is efficient,
popular and fully satisfied the experimental results [1] and
4. Design Parameters same is used for this design.

 Population The Manning’s Equation is as below,

The population is very important parameter because of V = (1/n) x R (2/3) x S (1/2)
water supply quantity is predominating. Where,
V = Velocity in metre/sec
 Rate of Water Supply n = Friction Factor
Wastewater quantity may be assumed to be 80% of the = 0.011 (For Plastic smooth pipe)
quantity of water supply. The sewers should be designed = 0.013 (For Cement-concrete pipe)
for a minimum of 150 lpcd. R = Hydraulic Radius in metre
(C/s area of flow in sq. metre)
 Slope/Gradient = Wetted perimeter in metre
Slope depends upon the topography of ground and levels. S = Slope of Energy Grade Line
Slope is also another important parameter because the rate Wastewater = 80 % of water supply per person
of flow is depends upon the amount of slope.

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Sample Calculation  Qfull = 0.06 cum/sec
Consider, one primary line of sewer network which is Then, (qact) / (Qfull) = (0.017/0.06) = 0.281
waypoint no 770 to 773 (thick line), and the location is at By using Interpolation Formulae,
right side of Sambhuappa Math in Islampur town. (Y-Y0)/(X-X0) = (Y1-Y0)/(X1-X0)
Data: Where,
Population (P) = 535, Peak Factor (PF) = 2.25, Slope (S) = X0 and Y0 = Lower Value
(591.50 - 590)/110.70 = 0.01, Wastewater Quantity = X and Y = Middle Value
80%*150 = 120 lpcd and Design Flow (Qd) and Velocity of X1 and Y1 = Higher Value
Flow (V) =? Compare between Velocity and Discharge of Hydraulic
Qd = 535*2.25*120*0.05 Elements and find out X (Vel. of Flow)
= 1.44 MLD or X0 = 0.776 Y0 = 0.196
Qd = 0.017 cum/sec X= ? Y= 0.281
But, Qd = qact X1 = 0.902 Y1 = 0.337
(qact) / (Qfull) = 0.5 (From table no 4)
(0.017) / (Qfull) = 0.5 (0.281–0.196) / (X–0.776) = (0.337–0.196) / (0.902–0.776)
Qfull = 0.033 cum/sec X or v/V = 0.85
Qfull = V x A  Velocity of Flow, (V) = 1.03 m/sec > 0.75 m/sec
= (1/N) x (D/4) (2/3) x S (1/2) x ( /4) x D2 (Hence, OK)
D = 0.20 m (or 250 mm provided)
 V = 1.21 m/sec and A = 0.05 Sqm
Same procedure and calculations of other lines of network
and all these lines of calculated values are shown in table no.
4.4 as below:
Table 4.6: Calculated Values of Sewerage Networks

Velocity, m/sec
Sewer Line

Q, cum/sec
U/s RL, m

D/s RL, m
From

Slope
D, m
L, m

PF
To

Primary Lines
812-818 827-821 831-858 851-847 832-773 773-775 770-773

591.50

590.00

110.70

0.033

0.010
0.25

1.03

2.25
770

773

535
590.00

589.00

80.10

0.037

0.010
0.25

1.07

2.25
773

775

595
590.25

590.00

175.60

0.017

0.010
0.20

0.86

2.25
832

773

265
590.00 587.35

582.30 582.00

242.80 123.90

0.113

0.040
0.25

2.38

2.25
851

847

450

0.143

0.030
0.30

2.27

2.25
831

858

765
585.60

583.00

191.80

0.057

0.015
0.25

1.39

2.25
827

821

605
590.00

582.20

259.20

0.183

0.030
0.35

2.41

2.25
812

818

975
2580-818 2575-821 809-726

587.60

581.70

220.80

0.283

0.025
0.35

3.26

2.25
809

726

905
583.90

583.00

84.80

0.014

0.015
2575

0.20

0.95

2.25
821

150
583.00

582.20

120.10

0.013

0.015
2580

0.20

0.93

2.25
818

140

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 Paper ID: 02015296
738-2583 727-2583 818-727 821-818 858-821 847-858 844-847 1061-844 760-719 882-776 2213-844 843-844 867-843 775-843 873-775 776-775 754-760 767-760 781-776

738 727 818 821 858 847 844 1061 760 882 2213 843 867 775 873 776 754 767 781

2583 2583 727 818 821 858 847 844 719 776 844 844 843 843 775 775 760 760 776

Tertiary Lines
Secondary Lines

580.00 581.40 582.20 583.00 582.30 582.00 583.20 584.75 585.90 590.75 584.00 583.70 587.90 588.00 588.35 588.20 592.70 592.20 591.70

579.00 579.00 581.40 582.20 583.00 582.30 582.00 583.20 583.75 588.20 583.20 583.20 583.70 583.70 588.00 588.00 585.90 585.90 588.20

50.70 106.20 65.10 81.60 159.30 52.80 104.60 210.30 82.90 185.40 160.70 42.00 140.90 179.30 118.20 27.80 197.70 157.20 181.80

9430 23000 23000 22500 22000 20565 20025 5310 1490 1955 175 14365 8960 5405 1555 3045 685 640 1090

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0.884 1.438 1.438 1.406 0.688 0.643 1.252 0.332 0.233 0.159 0.011 0.898 1.120 0.676 0.097 0.190 0.150 0.100 0.123
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

0.65 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.75 0.70 0.80 0.50 0.40 0.35 0.20 0.70 0.70 0.55 0.35 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.30
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358

2.76 2.68 2.68 2.66 1.71 1.69 2.59 1.85 2.39 1.71 0.76 2.38 3.26 2.88 1.36 1.61 2.43 1.93 1.81

Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014

0.015 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.025 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.020 0.010 0.010 0.035 0.025 0.018

2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25

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723-726 719-723 726-727 2583-STP No. 2

STP No. 2

579.00

578.80

32430
30.00

2.027

0.010
2583

0.95

2.92

2.25
581.70

581.40

28.80

0.524

0.020
4195

0.50

2.71

2.25
726

727

583.75

582.70

187.50

0.103

0.005
3290

0.35

1.07

2.25
719

723

582.70

581.70

132.30

0.105

0.005
3350

0.40

1.07

2.25
723

726
9. Mapping of Sewerage Network
Data was collected in the form of Way Points using GPS;
each point was taken at 30 m interval on straight path and at
every change in connection point. GIS was used to generate
a map which is shown in figure no 3 as below:

Graph of Geometry of Sewer Line (From 809 to STP)

Figure 3: Map of Islampur Town
This graph shows the ground profile of the one sewer line
from the network. Figure no. 4 shows the selected yellow lines, these yellow
lines indicate the sequence of network. It means from House
8. Data Representation Sewer to Lateral Sewer to Sub-main Sewer to Main Sewer to
STP.
The most common form of presentation of project work data
is in image form for continuous information (e.g. classified
data). Presentation of data in a GIS in tabular or diagram
form is desired. A GIS makes it possible to link or integrate
information that is difficult to associate through any other
mean.

Data Management Data Analysis

Users

Data Figure 4: Sewer Network of Islampur Town

Validation
Data Input
Sources Decision
CYCLE Making
10. Results and Discussion
DIAGRAM
Surveying
In this project, design of sewer line is one part of work
Data Gathering Real World which is done. And another part is mapping in GIS software.
The main objective of this project is to prepare a base map
of Islampur town, contour road network which is also useful
Figure 2: GIS as a Management Tool for sewer line as sewer lines are located in the centre of
road. Calculated total length of sewer line is 95.005 Kms

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and the range of diameter of sewer line is about 200 – 1000 Water Science and Technology, IWA Publisher, 1215-
mm. and also calculated total discharge quantity of 1222.
wastewater of Islampur town is 34.13 cum/sec. The [11] Marinaki M. and Papageorgiou M. (1997), “Central
proposed STP locations are five in Islampur town. In that Flow Control in Sewer Networks”. Journal of Water
five STP, two STP such as STP Point No. 1 and 4 are more Resources Planning and Management, (123), 274-283.
economical than other because it’s in low area, more space [12] McDonald S., “Using GIS to Increase the Value of a
and existence of the town and also covered more area to Sanitary Sewer Preventative Maintenance and
collect wastewater. And the STP Point No. 1 is near to Inspection Program”.
Krishna River as compare to other STP Points. It means [13] Muir R. J., “GIS Applications in Urban Drainage
treated of wastewater is poured into the river also. Master Planning”.
[14] Rao D. R. M. and Ahmed Z. (2013), “Selection of
11. Conclusion Drainage Network Using Raster GIS – A Case Study”.
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention,
 The available population data of Islampur town from (2), 35-40.
year 1951 to 2011, the population growth rate is 0.272. [15] Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment (Second
 Do not have proper drainage system, so underground Edition), Central Public Health and Environmental
sewerage system is required due to less pollution and Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban
diseases. Development, New Delhi March1993.
 As per design and analysis, the total sewage of all STP’s [16] Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering-
generated is about 34.13 cum/sec. Treatment, Disposal and Reuse.
 Five STP’s are required for collection of wastewater. [17] Peavy, H. S., Rowe, D. R. and Tchobanoglons, G.
(1985), Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill
 Total length of sewer line is 95.005 Kms and the range of
International.
diameter of sewer line is about 200 – 1000 mm.
[18] Rangwala, S. C., (2007), Water Supply and Sanitary
 Sewerage System of Islampur Town map is attached.
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Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014

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