APA DOCUMENTATION GUIDE

SETTING UP RESEARCH PAPERS

2020 EDITION
Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.)

COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT, LAMBTON COLLEGE

Copyright © 2020 Lambton College, Sarnia, Ontario

Student paper courtesy of Ramanvir K. Deol
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Why Document? 1
1 Plagiarism 2
Self-Plagiarism 2
Examples of Plagiarism 3
2 Conducting Research 4
A Note on Sources 4
3 Borrowing Information 5
Quoting 5
Examples 6
Short Quotation (fewer than 40 words) 6
Block Quotation (40 words or more) 6
Indirect Quotation 7
Quotation Marks Within a Quotation 7
4 Paraphrasing 8
Tips for Paraphrasing 8
Sample Paraphrase 8
Sample Indirect Paraphrase 8
5 Summarizing 9
Tips for Summarizing 9
Sample Informal Summary 10
Sample Formal Summary 10
6 Documentation 11
What Must Be Documented 11
7 Footnotes 12
8 Parenthetical References (In-Text Citations) 13
Examples 13
One Author, One Work 13
Two (or More) Works by the Same Author Within the Same Year 14
Multiple Authors, One Work 14
Two Authors 14
Three or More Authors 14 ii
 Groups as Authors 15
Work with No Authors 15
Citation from Two or More Sources 15
Indirect Citations (Secondary Sources) 15
Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Presentations 16
Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Interviews, or Lectures 16
Illustrations, Pictures, or Charts 17
Example of a Page with Illustrations 17
9 References 18
References Page Format 18
General Patterns 19
Book 19
Periodical (Journal/Magazine/Newspaper) 19
Online Media (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Online Forums, Clipart,
Infographics, Maps, and Photographs) 19
Webpages and Websites 19
Sample Reference Page Entries 20
Books 20
1. Books with One Author 21
2. Books with Multiple Authors 21
Two to Twenty Authors 21
3. Books with an Editor Instead of Author 21
4. Books with Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year 21
5. Books with a Group or Company Author 22
6. Books with Multiple Editions 22
7. Article, Chapter, Story, or Poem in a Book 22
8. Entry in a Dictionary 23
9. Wikipedia Entry 23
10. Government Document 23
11. Websites and Online Information 24
Websites and Webpages 24
Webpage on a News Website 24
Webpage on a Website with a Group Author 24
Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author 24
Webpage on a Website with a Retrieval Date 24
Periodicals 25
12. Article in a Journal 25
Journal Article with Twenty-One or More Authors 26

iii
 13. Article in a Magazine 26
14. Article in a Newspaper 26
15. Blog Post 27
Online Media 27
16. Social Media Post (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram) 27
17. Audio Visual, Audio, and Visual Works (Film or Video, TV Series, Episode or
Webisode, TED Talk, Webinar, Youtube Video or Other Streaming Video,
Podcast, Clipart/Stock Image, Infographic, PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes,
or Photographs) 27
18. Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Lectures, or Interviews 29
19. Non-Retrievable Sources 29
Sample References List 30
10 Documenting Presentations 39
What Must Be Documented 39
How to Document 39
Examples 40
Oral Documentation 40
PowerPoint Presentation—Text 40
PowerPoint Presentation—Illustration, Chart, or Figure 40
PowerPoint Presentation—References 41
11 Sample Research Paper 42
Format for Headings and Subheadings 42
Sample Student Research Paper 43
Sample Student Annotated Bibliography 51
Appendices 54
Appendix A—Capitalization and Punctuation 55
Appendix B—Proper Nouns 57
Naming Conventions 58
Appendix C—Checklist for Parenthetical References 59
Quotations 59
Paraphrasing and Summarizing 59
Pictures, Illustrations, Maps, and Charts 59
Appendix D—Checklist for References Page 60

iv
This guide is based on the following guidelines of the American Psychological Association:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

v
INTRODUCTION
This guide is designed to help Lambton College students provide proper documentation for
their research and set up research papers with proper formatting.
This guide is based on the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (2020). While there are a variety of other styles in use (MLA, Chicago Style, etc.),
the Communications Department at Lambton College recommends the use of the APA style to
provide consistency across the College.
Documentation itself is not difficult, but it does follow strict rules, so attention to detail is
essential. Use this booklet to help you provide proper credit for the sources you use in your
essays, research papers, assignments, reports, and presentations.
While this guide includes many examples, it cannot cover every possible entry type. As well,
your professor may prefer a different format for your papers. Always follow your professor’s
directions for essays, research papers, assignments, reports, and presentations.

WHY DOCUMENT?
Copyright law protects intellectual property in the form of books, articles, pictures, art,
websites, programming, film, etc.
When you use secondary sources to prepare your work, you must give credit to your sources
for the information they provide. Credit must be given whether you are using a textbook to
help you write up a lab report, or books, periodicals, and websites to help you prepare an
essay, research report, assignment, or presentation.

1
1
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence, covered by Lambton College Policy 2000‐5‐1,
“Student Rights and Responsibilities and Discipline Policy.”
Sanctions for academic dishonesty can include a zero on the assignment and suspension from
the College.
Plagiarism means representing the work of others as one’s own (American Psychological
Association [APA], 2020, p. 21). Plagiarism includes
➢ submitting as one’s own work material which was wholly or in part written by someone
else,
➢ failing to give proper credit for information retrieved from print, audio-visual, and
internet sources including articles, research papers, books, government documents,
statistics, charts, pictures, illustrations, or diagrams,
➢ presenting ideas derived from an existing source as if they were new and original, and
➢ downloading material from the internet (websites, online databases, newspapers and
journals, government sources and search engines, etc.) and presenting this information
without giving proper credit.
To avoid plagiarism, learn how to use resource material properly by
➢ using quotations correctly (Chapter 3),
➢ paraphrasing and summarizing material appropriately (Chapters 4 and 5), and
➢ providing proper documentation, both in-text and on a reference page, using the APA
style (Chapters 6 – 10).

Self-Plagiarism
The document you submit for each assignment should be new work. Do not use work you
have done for another assignment (even in a previous course or institution) to receive credit in
a new course. Reusing work is considered self-plagiarism, another form of academic
dishonesty.

2
Examples of Plagiarism
Original passage
The following passage is taken from an article by John Geddes that appeared in Maclean’s
magazine.
About half an hour before midnight, a year ago last March, the alarm sounded in Pikangikum that a house was on fire.
By then, though, the blaze was roaring, and the remote Ojibway community in north-western Ontario doesn’t have much
of a fire department.

Geddes, J. (2017, May). Fire alarm. Maclean’s, 130(4), 34.

There are several ways to use this information in an essay discussing fire safety in First Nations
Reserves. No matter which method you use, you must provide proper credit in the body of your
paper.

 A tragedy occurred in a northern community when the alarm sounded in Pikangikum that a house was on fire.
By then, though, the blaze was roaring.
➢ Quotation marks needed around the exact words taken from the source.
➢ Parenthetical reference must be added.
✓ A tragedy occurred in a northern community when “the alarm sounded in Pikangikum that a house was on fire.
By then, though, the blaze was roaring” (Geddes, 2017, p. 34).

 A tragedy occurred in a northern community. According to John, “the alarm sounded in Pikangikum that a house
was on fire. By then, though, the blaze was roaring.”
➢ Quotation marks indicate exact words from source.
➢ Parenthetical reference must still be added.
➢ Use author’s full name or last name in lead-ins.
✓ A tragedy occurred in a northern community. According to John Geddes (2017), “the alarm sounded in
Pikangikum that a house was on fire. By then, though, the blaze was roaring” (p. 34).

 Approximately 30 minutes before midnight, last March a year ago, the fire alarm went off in Pikangikum that a
home was ablaze. At that point, however, the fire was really burning, and the far away Ojibway community in
Ontario in the north-west has not much of a department that fights fire.
➢ Material has been improperly paraphrased because the sentence structure remains too
close to the original.
➢ Parenthetical reference is still required.
✓ In the remote northern Ojibway community of Pikangikum at approximately 11:30 p.m. one night in March 2016,
a tragic fire occurred. By the time the community was alerted, the house was already fully engulfed, and fire-
fighting resources in that community were limited (Geddes, 2017).

3
 2
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
The effectiveness of your research paper depends on the sources you use. Use appropriate
information from a variety of sources.
 Expand your search to include a variety of sources including books, newspapers, magazines,
journals, brochures, government documents, university research material, internet sources,
movies, videos, television programs, interviews, etc.
 Use only reputable sources. Government documents, reputable university sites, and well-
established magazines, journals, and newspapers are more appropriate than tabloid papers
that feature pictures of babies born with the body of an alligator and the head of a human or
web-based paper mills featuring free essays written by students.
 Use up-to-date sources. A book from 1977 presenting the latest studies on poverty in
Canada would be less appropriate than the most recent journal article on the same topic.
 Carefully examine online sources. Look for information on the author or sponsor of a site
and when the site was posted. A site filled with spelling and grammar errors is probably not
reliable.

If you need help with your research, talk to your professor and the knowledgeable staff in the
Library Resource Centre.

A Note on Sources
 The databases available through Lambton’s Library Resource website (Research Databases)
are an excellent research tool. They are easy to access from the College network, and most
are also accessible on the web and through smartphone apps. To use the databases off
campus, use your Lambton College student number and password. These databases provide
reliable information on a wide range of topics. Many are updated daily, so the information is
current.
 Limit the use of reference materials such as textbooks, encyclopedias, and dictionaries, both
in print and online. While they may be used as a starting point, they lack the depth needed
for most research papers.
 Online sources are transitory: what you access today may be gone or changed tomorrow.
Always save the information you retrieve as a PDF in case you need it later.

4
3
BORROWING INFORMATION
There are several ways to include borrowed information in your work including quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing. No matter which method you use, you must give proper
credit for the information used.

Quoting
In a research paper, your reader is interested in what you have to say about your chosen topic;
therefore, you should put ideas into your own words wherever possible. Use a direct
quotation only in the following cases:
➢ The expression is so striking, funny, or beautiful that it can’t be put in other words without
destroying the effect.
➢ The meaning would be unclear if put in other words.
➢ You need an expert’s words to back up your own.

If you must use a quotation, follow these guidelines:

1. Put double quotation marks around phrases, sentences, and paragraphs (of less than forty
words) taken directly from a secondary source.
2. Use block format for passages longer than forty words (do not add quotation marks).
3. Lead into your quotation using a variety of lead-in styles. Do not overuse the author’s
name or article title. If your lead-in is a complete sentence, end it with a colon (preferred
form). Provide transitional words, phrases, or punctuation to show how your quotation
connects to your words.
4. Be brief: use as little of the quotation as necessary to get the meaning across.
5. Be accurate: copy the material exactly as it appears.
6. Use an ellipsis (three spaced periods . . . ) to indicate where you have left out material
within your quotation. An ellipsis is not needed at the beginning or end of a quotation.
7. Use square brackets [ ] to provide clarifying comments or transitions. If you recognize an
error in the original, do not correct it. Instead put [sic] after the error.
8. If your quotation contains double quotation marks, change these to single quotation marks
in a short quotation (fewer than 40 words).
9. Create grammatically correct sentences. Your quotation combined with your lead-in must
form a complete sentence.
5
10. Provide parenthetical references for all quoted material. The reference must include the
author (or part of the title if there is no author), year, and specific page numbers (where
available). For electronic sources, provide the given page number if it is a single-page
document or if the original page numbers are clearly visible (PDF format, for example).

Examples
Original Passage
Pikangikum, a fly-in reserve of roughly 2,400, endures much more than its share of suffering. Suicide, addiction,
poverty and violence all take their toll. But this [fire] was terrible enough to resonate as a singular tragedy. In the
far opposite corner of the province, Matthew Miller, the fire chief of the Six Nations of the Grand River in
southwestern Ontario, took the news hard.
. . . During a stint with Ontario’s air ambulance service . . . Miller visited dozens of northern reserves accessible
mainly by small plane, including Pikangikum. He’s proud of the highly professional Six Nations Fire and Emergency
Service he now leads, but painfully aware that most First Nations communities aren’t nearly so fortunate.

Geddes, J. (2017, May). Fire alarm. Maclean’s, 130(4), 34.

Short Quotation (fewer than 40 words)

A short quotation (fewer than 40 words) appears within the body of a paragraph surrounded
by double quotation marks. The parenthetical reference is placed after the closing quotation
marks. The final period appears after the closing parentheses. Remember to include a lead-in.

Geddes (2017) describes Pikangikum as “a fly-in reserve of roughly 2,400” (p. 34).

The article “Fire Alarm” mentions that “suicide, addiction, poverty and violence all take their toll” on this small
community (Geddes, 2017, p. 34).
➢ The author’s name and year of publication can appear in the lead-in or at the end of the
quotation.
➢ The sentence period (or other end punctuation) appears after the parenthetical reference.

Block Quotation (40 words or more)

A longer quotation (40 words or more) appears as a freestanding block. No quotation marks
are needed. Remember to include a lead-in.

Tragic fires devastate First Nations communities across Ontario:

Pikangikum, a fly-in reserve of roughly 2,400, endures much more than its share of suffering. Suicide,
addiction, poverty and violence all take their toll. But this [fire] was terrible enough to resonate as a
singular tragedy. In the far opposite corner of the province, Matthew Miller, the fire chief of the Six Nations
of the Grand River in southwestern Ontario, took the news hard. (Geddes, 2017, p. 34)

6
➢ The quotation begins on a new line, and the entire quotation is indented 5 spaces, 1.27 cm
or 1/2 inch (1.27 cm).
➢ The quotation is double spaced.
➢ No quotation marks are needed.
➢ The sentence period (or other end punctuation) appears before the parenthetical reference.
➢ Use square brackets to clarify a quotation—in this case the word fire was added.

Indirect Quotation
Original Passage
In the far opposite corner of the province, Matthew Miller, the fire chief of the Six Nations of the Grand River in
southwestern Ontario, took the news hard.
Miller, 36, has been a paramedic and firefighter since he was 19. During a stint with Ontario’s air ambulance
service . . . Miller visited dozens of northern reserves accessible mainly by small plane, including Pikangikum. He’s
proud of the highly professional Six Nations Fire and Emergency Service he now leads, but painfully aware that most
First Nations communities aren’t nearly so fortunate. “After Pikangikum, I got quite angry,” Miller says. “So I told my
deputy fire chief, ‘We’re not sitting back anymore.’ ”
With key support from the Ontario Office of the Fire Marshal and the federal government, Miller began looking into
the sorry state of fire safety in Ontario First Nations communities, and trying to figure out what’s to be done about
it. A 2011 federal report, obtained by the Canadian Press, found that residents of reserves were 10 times more likely
to die in a house fire than Canadians who live in another town or city. . . . Pikangikum offers a glimpse of how bad
it can be. “They only have one kind-of, sort-of, firefighter,” says Miller. “That’s the guy who can operate the fire
truck. But they have no programming, no standard operating guidelines, no recruitment, no fire prevention, nothing.”

Geddes, J. (2017, May). Fire alarm. Maclean’s, 130(4), 34.

According to Matthew Miller, the fire chief of the Six Nations of the Grand River, “they [the reserves] have no
programming, no standard operating guidelines, no recruitment, no fire prevention, nothing” (as cited in Geddes,
2017, p. 34).
➢ If your quotation comes from someone other than the author of your article or book, use
the name of the speaker and his or her qualifications in the lead-in. In the parentheses, add
the words as cited in before the name of the author of your article or book.

Quotation Marks Within a Quotation

In response to the tragedy, Matthew Miller, the fire chief of the Six Nations of the Grand River, provided “a glimpse
of how bad it can be. ‘They only have one kind of, sort-of, firefighter’ ” (as cited in Geddes, 2017, p. 34).
➢ If double quotation marks appear within the material you are quoting, change this set of
double quotation marks to single quotation marks (“They only have one kind of, sort-of,
firefighter” has been changed to ‘They only have one kind of, sort-of, firefighter’). Leave a
space between the single and double quotation marks. 7
4
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing involves rewriting a passage and putting it into your own words. The paraphrase
does not evaluate the passage; it merely changes the wording. The paraphrase retains
everything that was in the original and is usually about the same length as the original
passage.

Tips for Paraphrasing

➢ Read the passage carefully and identify key ideas.
➢ Make notes on what you have read.
➢ Without looking at the original, use your notes to rewrite the passage using different
order, sentence structure, and vocabulary while retaining the original meaning. A
paraphrase requires more than the substitution of a few words.
➢ Use the author’s name and credentials in the lead-in to the passage.
➢ Cut out repeated sections, but include all key ideas.
➢ Provide a parenthetical reference for the paraphrase. The reference must include the
author (or part of the title if there is no author) and the year. In a long paraphrase or
summary, you must repeat the author’s surname (without the year) part way through to
indicate that the information comes from the same source (see page 10).
➢ Review the paraphrase to make sure it has the same meaning as the original. If you have
used synonyms, check their meaning in a reputable dictionary to ensure that your
substituted word is appropriate.
Sample Paraphrase (see original on page 6)
With a population of approximately two and a half thousand people, Pikangikum can be accessed only by plane and is sadly
familiar with many social problems including high suicide and addiction rates, along with poor living standards (Geddes, 2017).

Sample Indirect Paraphrase (see original on page 7)

Six Nations Fire Chief Matthew Miller emphasizes that many First Nations reserves are limited to basic apparatus operations.
Sadly, they are lacking important measures such as standard operating guidelines and firefighter training (as cited in Geddes,
2017).

References Page Entry:

Geddes, J. (2017, May). Fire alarm. Maclean’s, 130(4), 34.

8
5
SUMMARIZING
Summarizing involves selecting the key ideas from a passage and putting these ideas into your
own words. The summary does not judge the passage, but it does require analysis since you
must decide what points are essential. The summary is much shorter than the original
passage.

Summaries can take several forms:

➢ A formal summary provides a quick overview of material. A limit may be set on the
number of words.
➢ An abstract gives a preview of the content of a paper or report.
➢ A brief, informal summary provides supporting details for a paper or report.

Tips for Summarizing

1. Read the passage carefully.
2. Determine the main point of the entire passage.
2.1 Examine the title. What does it suggest about the passage?
2.2 Look for the thesis statement. If you find it, your key points may be highlighted here.
2.3 Examine the introduction and conclusion. What is the connection between the two?
3. Examine the body paragraphs and find their topic sentences. Look for support for the
thesis statement.
3.1 How much space is dedicated to ideas in the passage? If items are repeated, they may
be important.
3.2 Look at the order of the passage. Determine what type of passage it is. A newspaper
article develops ideas from the most important to the least. Magazine articles and
essays usually save the strongest points for the end.
3.3 Does each paragraph provide basic support for the thesis, or is it repeating or
emphasizing something that has already been said? Leave out extended examples,
statistics, quotations, etc. that are used to support a topic sentence.
4. Once you’ve picked out the key points, write them out in your own words.
5. Organize your notes to form a logical summary of the material.

9
6. Without looking at the original, use your notes to write the summary, putting everything in
your own words. Avoid using quoted material in a formal summary.
7. Include the author’s name and the title of the passage in the first sentence of a formal
summary.
8. Provide a parenthetical reference for the summary. The reference must include the author
(or part of the title if there is no author) and year.
9. Review your summary to see that it has the same meaning as the original. If you have
used synonyms, check their meaning in a reputable dictionary to ensure that your
substituted word is appropriate.

Sample Informal Summary

Geddes (2017) highlights the ongoing issues around devastating house fires on First Nations reserves in Ontario. Several factors,
including lack of operating guidelines, lack of firefighters, and lack of prevention programming, contribute to the alarming
reality that fatal house fires occur ten times more frequently on reserves. The Ontario Native Firefighters Society is meeting with
the Chiefs of Ontario in May 2017 to present a plan which will aim to provide solutions to recruitment, equipment
maintenance, and fire prevention deficiencies.

Sample Formal Summary

In the Maclean’s article “Fire Alarm,” John Geddes (2017) reveals the inadequate state of fire and emergency services on remote
First Nations reserves in Ontario. As a result of a tragic house fire that killed a family of nine on an Ojibway reserve, Matthew
Miller, fire chief of the Six Nations, began an investigation into the deplorable situation of fire safety on these reserves. With
the support of the Ontario Office of the Fire Marshal, he has discovered numerous problems from inadequate procedures and a
lack of recruitment to improper use of preventative equipment such as smoke detectors. Geddes notes that, in an effort to
reduce the number of fire tragedies in these communities, Miller and the Ontario Native Fire Fighters Society will recommend
the formation of a joint organization to ensure that training, recruitment, and equipment maintenance are implemented on the
reserves.

References Page Entry:

Geddes, J. (2017, May). Fire alarm. Maclean’s, 130(4), 34.

10
6
DOCUMENTATION
To avoid plagiarism, intentional or not, you must provide proper credit for all material you use
in your paper, report, or presentation whether this material is quoted or in your own words
(paraphrase and summary). No matter where this information came from—interview, print
document, online, television, radio, smartphone app—documentation is always required.
In most cases, you will provide credit in two places:
➢ Parenthetical references (also called in-text citations) in the body of a paper, report, or
presentation, and
➢ An alphabetical References list at the end of the paper, report, or presentation.

What Must Be Documented

➢ direct quotations
➢ paraphrases
➢ summaries
➢ statistics
➢ charts, graphs, and figures
➢ pictures and diagrams
➢ videos
➢ electronic posts, etc.

11
7
FOOTNOTES
Parenthetical references have replaced footnotes for in-text documentation. APA uses
footnotes for two specific purposes:
➢ to add a comment to the content of your paper, and
➢ to provide special copyright permission.
These uses are rare in student writing.

12
8
PARENTHETICAL
REFERENCES
(IN-TEXT CITATIONS)
Parenthetical references let your reader know the source of your information, ideas, data,
pictures, etc., whether quoted directly or in your own words (paraphrase and summary), and
direct your reader to these sources. The information provided in the body of your paper helps
your reader find the appropriate source on your alphabetical references list.

Parenthetical references include

➢ the author or authors’ surname(s) or part of the title if there is no author,
➢ the year of publication (or n.d. if no date is given), and
➢ page number(s) in certain circumstances.
➢ NOTE: page numbers of a source (if available) preceded by p. (one page) or pp. (multiple
pages) are provided for quotations only. For electronic sources, provide the given page
number ONLY if it is a single-page document or the original page numbers are clearly
visible (PDF format, for example).
➢ If an electronic source lacks page numbers, provide location numbers, section numbers, or
paragraph numbers if possible.

This information appears either in a lead-in, in parentheses, or at the end of the sentence. The
author’s name and year should appear together in the lead-in or in the in-text citation.

Examples
One Author, One Work
Geddes (2017) reveals that in addition to “these daunting deficiencies, however, there’s the matter of ordinary
smoke and carbon dioxide detectors” (p. 34).
The inadequacies of firefighting services are further complicated by a lack of equipment, including smoke and
C02 alarms (Geddes, 2017).

13
Two (or More) Works by the Same Author Within the Same Year
According to David Suzuki (2008a), “one of the cheapest and most effective ways to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions” is to create a carbon tax (p. A23).
David Suzuki (2008b) explains, “Car pooling can save you money, reduce CO2 emissions, and decrease the
stress of daily commuting” (p. B2).
➢ Use the letters a, b, c, etc., after the year to distinguish the works. If no date is provided,
use n.d.-a, n.d.-b, n.d.-c., etc.
➢ On the reference page entry, alphabetize the works according to the first word of the title
following the date.

Multiple Authors, One Work

Two Authors
Niallson and Jarndyce (2007) conclude that “regional differences are inevitable” (p. A4).
The amount of additional funding needed depends on the services provided in each region (Niallson &
Jarndyce, 2007).
➢ If there are two authors, always cite both names every time you use the work in your
paper.
➢ Use and to join names in the body of your paper; use & to join names in the parenthetical
reference. When only two authors are listed, do not put a comma before the ampersand
( & ) in parentheses.
Three or More Authors
Cook et al. (2013) report that “approximately 240 000 Canadians die each year, about 90% as a result of a
prolonged illness” (p. 1383).
Every year in Canada almost a quarter of a million citizens die. Of those, lengthy illness claims approximately
nine out of ten (Cook et al., 2013).
According to the Canadian Medical Association Journal, every year in Canada almost a quarter of a million
citizens die. Of those, lengthy illness claims approximately nine out of ten (Cook et al., 2013).

➢ If there are three or more authors, mention the surname of the first author followed by et
al. each time.

14
Groups as Authors
Colleges Ontario (2006) reports that by 2006, almost 14 per cent of students entering Ontario colleges
were over 35 years of age.
Members of parliament are being encouraged to pass Bill C-32 (impaired driving legislation) in order “to
put an end to Canadians being senselessly killed and injured in impaired driving crashes” (Mothers Against
Drunk Driving [MADD], 2009).
The Practical Nursing Program Standard outlines the vocational skills, the essential employability skills, and
the general education requirements that every post secondary program in Ontario must follow (Ministry of
Training, Colleges and Universities, 2012).
➢ Provide the full name of the group as it appears on the References page.
➢ If the group is commonly known by its initials (acronym), give the full name the first time
with the initials in square brackets; thereafter, use the initials.

Work with No Authors

According to Firefighting in Canada, since 2016, Ontario has had legislation in place which recognizes
PTSD as a work-related illness for police, firefighters and paramedics (“Ontario Passes PTSD,” 2016).
The flooding situation in Quebec may potentially worsen due to forecasted rainfall (Quebec Floods, 2017).

➢ Use the title of the article or the title of the news media instead of the author’s name. Put
newspaper and magazine article titles in quotation marks, and italicize titles of news
media. For long titles, use the first two or three words.
➢ Capitalize titles using standard English capitalization rules (see Appendix A).

Citation from Two or More Sources

Once a newly elected government establishes control, it often cuts funding to programs favoured by its
predecessor (Barter, 2000; Creatura, 2002; Travers, 2009).
➢ Create an entry for each source, but put them inside the same parentheses.
➢ Put the sources in alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry.
➢ Use semicolons to separate the entries.

Indirect Citations (Secondary Sources)

Jason Mitchell questioned the accuracy of the results, suggesting that there were irregularities in the
testing procedures (as cited in Everett, n.d.).

15
 According to Anthony Ariganello, president and chief executive of CGA-Canada, “this report is another
indication of Canadians’ readiness to consume today and pay later” (as cited in Grant, 2010, para. 6).
According to one study, a great number of Canadians wish to die at home with the support of a family
caregiver, but many of these caregivers do not feel supported or prepared to deliver this end-of-life care
(Stajduhar et al., 2008, as cited in Cook et al., 2013).
➢ In the body of the essay, mention the name of the author responsible for the information,
but in parentheses, refer to the author of the source where you found the information.
This format will allow the reader to find the entry on your References page under the
authors Cook et al. Use secondary sources sparingly; always attempt to use the primary
sources.

Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Presentations

According to the lab manual, the purpose of the experiment is to use position and time data to create
velocity-versus-time and acceleration-versus-time graphs (Koeppler, 2014).
In her presentation, Nightingale (2015) suggested teaching children to scrub their hands for as long as it
takes to sing the birthday song (slide 8).
➢ Give page numbers if you are quoting material. Use slide number for slides.

Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Interviews, or Lectures

Kelly Davis, Director of Student Services, explained that many students had difficulty juggling work, school,
and family (personal communication, May 12, 2012).
The Director of Student Services described the resources available to students who need help in juggling
work, school, and family, including “counselling services, peer tutoring, and referrals to social agencies” (K.
Davis, lecture, September 3, 2012).
➢ For letters, memos, emails, and interviews, include the individual’s surname and initials in
the lead-in or in parentheses. Add the identifier personal communication followed by the
date of the letter, memo, or interview.
➢ For lectures, include the lecturer’s surname and initials in the lead-in or in parentheses.
Add the identifier lecture followed by the date of the lecture.
➢ These are non-retrievable sources. No entry is needed on the References page.

16
Illustrations, Pictures, or Charts (See example below)
➢ Label each illustration, picture, or chart as Figure. The label usually appears below the
figure but may appear above or beside it if this position is preferable.
➢ Number the figures. Bold both the word Figure and the number. Follow the number with a
period.
➢ Provide (in italics and title case) a brief, descriptive caption that explains what the figure
depicts.

Example of a Page with Illustrations

➢ Include the name of the author or source and the year in parentheses after the caption.
➢ Include an entry on the References page.
➢ Refer to the figure in the body of your paper.
➢ Use text wrap to allow the words to flow around your figures.

This limitation not only inhibits her personal

growth but her financial growth, too. Women in

paramedicine are not immune to this problem as shown

by their underrepresentation in authoritative roles with

women representing 33% of paramedics across eight

Canadian provinces, but only 13% of chief paramedics

(see Figure 1)(Vacon & MacIsaac-Vacon, 2019).

The purpose of this report is to examine the

financial and systemic limitations faced by women in

leadership in paramedicine as a result of implicit bias. Figure 1. Women in Canadian

Paramedicine (Vacon &
MacIsaac-Vacon, 2019)

17
 9 CAUTION
Electronic citation generators
provide APA citations.
Check these entries carefully.
They often contain errors
that you must correct.

REFERENCES
An alphabetical list of all retrievable sources referred to in your paper must appear on a
separate page at the end of your paper. The information on this page should help your reader
find any of the material for which you have a parenthetical reference. Do not include any
works that are not cited in your paper.

References Page Format

➢ Set this up on a separate page.
➢ Title the section References. Centre and boldface this on the line, but do not underline.
➢ Put the entries in alphabetical order. If the entry starts with an article (a, an, or the),
alphabetize by the second word in the entry. Multiple works by the same author are put in
chronological order starting with the earliest.
➢ The entire page should be evenly double spaced with no extra lines between the entries.
Use a hanging indent for all entries. The first line of each entry should be flush with the left
margin. The second and all following lines of each entry should be indented 1/2 inch (1.27
cm or five spaces).
➢ Put one space at the end of each sentence and following all forms of punctuation. Do not
add a space between internal periods in abbreviations (n.d.).
➢ Authors’ names should start with the surname followed by all initials. Use a comma to
separate surnames and their initials and to separate authors’ names. Use an ampersand
( & ) before the last author if there are two or more.
➢ If there is no author, start with the title followed by the date of publication.
➢ Omit professional credentials (Dr., Prof., MA, PhD, etc.) in the entry, but retain Jr. or Sr.
Place after the initials (Brian E. Jones Jr. becomes Jones, B. E., Jr.).
➢ If no date is available, put n.d. in parentheses. Do not put a space after the first period.
➢ For titles and subtitles of everything but periodicals, capitalize only the first word and
proper nouns. For periodicals, capitalize all words except connecting words of fewer than
five letters.

18
➢ Shorten the publisher’s name to key words. Leave out Publishing, Company, Ltd., Inc., etc.
Include Press, Books, University, etc.
➢ Remove superscripts (1st not 1st, 2nd not 2nd, etc.).
➢ Provide retrieval information for websites. Provide DOI information if available.
➢ End each entry with a period unless it ends with a DOI or URL.

General Patterns
Always start with the author’s name if available. If no
author is provided, start with the title. The date (in
parentheses) is always the second item. These are general
guidelines only.
Book
Use the appropriate
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Publisher. examples on pages
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. https:// 21-29 to create your
entries.
doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. https://xxxxxx

Periodical (Journal** /Magazine / Newspaper)

Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue
number), page numbers. http://xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Digital Object
Periodical, volume number(issue number), page Identifier (DOI)
numbers. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx Go to http://shortdoi.org/
to get a shortened
** For journal sources, insert year only (no month or identifier for your article.
day). Shortened DOIs are
acceptable as long as the
Online Media (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Online original article can be
Forums, Clipart, Infographics, Maps, and Photographs) accessed through the link.
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title or content of the
post up to twenty words [Descriptor if applicable].
Site Name. https://xxxxxx
Webpages and Websites
Name of Group. (year, month day). Title of work. Site Name. https://xxxxxx

19
For material retrieved from internet sources
➢ Use a DOI if it is provided.
➢ For journal articles with no DOI retrieved from a database, treat as a printed copy.
➢ For articles retrieved from the internet, provide the URL.
➢ Include the words “Retrieved from” along with the retrieval date only if the information is
likely to change (e.g. Wiki).
➢ If you cannot find an exact match for your source, refer to more than one example to
create your entry.

Sample Reference Page Entries Create your citations

using the bulleted
information to guide
Books you as you follow the
➢ Always start with the author or authors. Companies, patterns provided.
organizations, and governments can be used as authors. You may need to use
multiple examples to
Many websites are created by companies and
create each entry.
organizations. Use their names if individual authors are not
identified.
➢ If there is an editor instead of an author, start with the editor.
➢ Authors’ names should start with the surname followed by all initials. Use a comma to
separate surnames and their initials and to separate authors’ names. Use an ampersand
( & ) before the last author if there are two or more.
➢ If there is no author or editor, start with the title, followed by the date in parentheses.
➢ Put the title of the book or document in italics.
➢ Some works have two titles, for example an article in a periodical or a chapter in a book.
Start with the title of the article or chapter. This title is not italicized. The title of the
periodical or book comes next, and this title is italicized.
➢ Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle of everything except periodical titles and
proper nouns. The remaining words should be in lowercase. Periodical titles always follow
standard English capitalization rules (see Appendix A).
➢ For print versions of books, provide publisher information.
➢ Shorten the publisher’s name to key words. Leave out Publishing, Company, Ltd., Inc., etc.
Include Press, Books, University, etc.
➢ For books and articles retrieved online, provide a DOI if one is available or the URL if the
source is obtained from the internet.

20
1. Books with One Author
Sanderson, J. (2002). Terrorism: Adjusting to a new world order. Epic Books.
Walton, T. (2010). Medical conditions and massage therapy: A decision tree approach. https://books.google.ca/
books/about/Medical_Conditions_and_Massage_Therapy.html?id=TNizX15JGAAC&redir_esc=y
White, E. B. (2015). Charlotte’s web. HarperCollins. https://www.overdrive.com/media/2106014/charlottes-web
(Original work published 1952)

2. Books with Multiple Authors

Two to Twenty Authors
Biays, J. S., Wershoven, C., & Sauer, L. (2016). Along these lines: Writing paragraphs and essays (5th Canadian
ed.). Pearson.
Emery, B., Olsen, M. K., & Adderly, S. (2001). Studies on youth crime. Brookside Press.
Whitaker, R., Kealey, G. S., & Parnaby, A. (2012). Secret service: Political policing in Canada from Fenians to
Fortress America. https://books.google.ca/books/about/Secret_Service.html?
id=saM_hcySs20C&redir_esc=y
For up to twenty authors, include all the surnames and initials in the same order in which they
appear in the book. Use an ampersand ( & ) instead of and before the final surname.

3. Books with an Editor Instead of Author

Lilly, L. S. (Ed.). (2012). Braunwald's heart disease: Review and assessment (9th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
Richards, R. (Ed.). (2007). Everyday creativity and new views of human nature: Psychological, social, and
spiritual perspectives. https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4317134
Turgeon, L., Papillon, M., Wallner, J., & White, S. (Eds.). (2014). Comparing Canada: Methods and perspective on
Canadian politics. https://books.google.ca/books/about/Comparing_Canada.html?
id=WpU8BAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

Use the abbreviation Ed. for one editor, Eds. for two or more. The lower-case abbreviation ed.
is used for edition.

4. Books with Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
Macintosh, F. L. (2009a). Alternative energy: The advantage of biofuel. University of Queensland Press.

Macintosh, F. L. (2009b). Energy policies. University of Queensland Press.

21
➢ Use the letters a, b, c, etc. to distinguish between the works.
➢ Alphabetize the works according to the first word of the title following the date.
➢ If the works have no date, use n.d.-a, n.d.-b, n.d.-c, etc.

5. Books with a Group or Company Author

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th
ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
World Bank. (2001). Investment in health: Social and economic returns. Pan American Health.

6. Books with Multiple Editions

Jarmey, C., & Sharkey, J. (2015). The concise book of muscles (3rd ed.). https://books.google.ca/books/about/
The_Concise_Book_of_Muscles_Third_Editio.html?id=9BxsCQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
Oberg, D. V., & Villemaire, L. (2018). Grammar and writing skills for the health professional (3rd ed.). Cengage
Learning.
➢ Use the abbreviation ed. for edition. The upper-case abbreviation Ed. is used for editor.
➢ Use ordinal numbers (2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) for the edition number. Do not use superscript
(2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.).
➢ If an author’s first name is hyphenated, provide both initials joined by a period and hyphen.

7. Article, Chapter, Story, or Poem in a Book

Bélanger, E., & Stephenson, L. B. (2014). The comparative study of Canadian voting behavior. In L. Turgeon, M.
Papillon, M. Wallner, & S. White (Eds.), Comparing Canada: Methods and perspective on Canadian politics
(pp. 97-120). https://books.google.ca/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=WpU8BAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA97&dq=belanger+the+comparative+study+of+canadi
an+voting+behaviour&ots=nmnUFeHiI0&sig=rGa-
OoRwF6tA5LwtGOKshz6Je94#v=onepage&q=belanger%20the%20comparative%20study%20of%
20canadian%20voting%20behaviour&f=false
Cason, L., Rashotte, J., Ellis, J., Harrison, D., & Martelli, B. (2014). Pain assessment and management. In P. A.
Potter, A. G. Perry, P. A. Stockert, A. M. Hall, J. C. Ross-Kerr, M. J. Wood, B. J. Astle, & W. Duggleby (Eds.),
Canadian fundamentals of nursing (5th ed., pp. 1017-1049). Elsevier Mosby.
➢ The author of the article, chapter, story, or poem comes first, followed by the date of
publication and the title.
➢ The title of the article, chapter, story, or poem is not italicized. Do not use quotation marks
around these titles on the References page.

22
➢ Information about the book follows, preceded by the word In (not italicized).
➢ Start with the author or editor’s name (initials first, followed by surname). Use the
abbreviation Ed. for one editor, Eds. for two or more. The lower-case abbreviation ed. is
used for edition.
➢ Follow with the title of the book (italicized), and then provide information on the edition
number, publication date (if different from the previous date), and page numbers in
parentheses.
➢ Finish with publisher information or retrieval information (DOI or URL).

8. Entry in a Dictionary
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Splendiferous. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved May 14, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/splendiferous
➢ Use “n.d.” and a retrieval date as these sources are continuously updated.
➢ Follow the same format for entries from online encyclopedias.

9. Wikipedia Entry

COVID-19 pandemic. (2020, May 7). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-

19_pandemic&oldid=955388677

➢ Use the archived hyperlink (available by clicking on View History). If the wiki does not
provide a permanent link, use a retrieval date.

COVID-19 pandemic. (2020, May 7). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 7, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
COVID-19_pandemic

10. Government Document

Employment and Social Development Canada. (2020a, April 29). Hazardous weather: Important notice. https://
www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/notices/hazardous-weather.html
Employment and Social Development Canada. (2020b, April 29). COVID-19 spring 2020 notices. https://
www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/notices.html
Martel, L., & D’Aoust, C. (2016, July 5). Report on the demographic situation in Canada: Permanent and
temporary immigration to Canada from 2012 to 2014. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/
n1/en/catalogue/91-209-X201600114615
➢ Start with the author’s name if provided.
➢ If there is no author, use the name of the government, the ministry, department or agency.
Use the most specific agency listed. Avoid “Government of Canada,” etc.

23
➢ If two or more works from the same author were produced in the same year, use the letters
a, b, c, etc., after the year to distinguish between the works.
➢ Laws are considered proper nouns, so they must be capitalized.
➢ If the government document was retrieved from an internet source, include the URL.

11. Websites and Online Information

Websites and Webpages

➢ Use this section only if the source does not fit any of the other categories such as journal
article, magazine article, government document, etc. Look to the “About Us” section of the
website for the author, and use the “last updated” date. Do not include “last reviewed”
dates because the content may not have been changed at that point. If no date is available,
use n.d. Avoid “copyright date” as it is likely inaccurate.

Webpage on a News Website (see “News Media” in Newspaper section, as well)

Amos, J. (2020, May 6). Scientists explain magnetic pole's wanderings. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/
science-environment-52550973
Hawthorn, A. (2020, February 23). Sorting out the confusion of service dogs — and the rights they hold. CBC.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/pov-sorting-out-the-service-dog-confusion-ainsley-
hawthorn-1.5471013
Quebec floods: Rain, melting snow could make situation worse in coming days. (2017, May 10). Huff Post.
https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/10/quebec-floods-water-levels-down-but-heavy-rain-expected-on-the-
weekend_n_16543426.html

Webpage on a Website with a Group Author

Centers for Disease and Control Prevention. (n.d.). Foods that can cause food poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/
foodsafety/foods-linked-illness.html
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2020, May 8). Firearms. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/foods-linked-illness.html

Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author

Sood, A. (2016, December 2). How compassion can boost your happiness. Mayo Clinic. https://
www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/compassion-can-boost-happiness/art-20270120

Webpage on a Website with a Retrieval Date

Toronto Police Service. (n.d.). Most wanted. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/
homicide/mostwanted.php
24
Periodicals (Published on a recurring basis)
Periodicals are publications that appear on a recurring basis (daily, weekly, monthly, annually,
etc.). They always have two titles: the title of the article and the title of the periodical. The
article title always precedes the periodical title.
➢ If there is no author, start with the name of the article followed by the date in parentheses.
Do not use the name of a news agency (Reuters, CBC, Associated Press, etc.) as the author.
➢ The date always comes in second position. Use only the year for journals; use the month,
day, and year for magazines and newspapers if available. Put n.d. if no date is provided.
➢ If an article has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published , put in press
in the parentheses instead of a date.
➢ The title of the periodical article is not in italics. Capitalize only the first word of the article
title and subtitle along with proper nouns.
➢ Italicize the titles of journals, magazines, and newspapers. Capitalize the first and last
words and most words except articles (a, an, the) and connecting words of fewer than five
letters (and, but, or, in, to, from, etc.).
➢ Italicize the volume number, and put the issue number in parentheses. Do not use the word
volume or issue (or any abbreviation of the words) before the number.
➢ Provide the first and last page numbers with a hyphen in between.
➢ If the article has a DOI, provide it in place of the URL. If the article has no DOI, and it has
been retrieved from the internet, provide the URL. Articles with no DOI retrieved from a
database are treated like print articles.
12. Article in a Journal

Cook, D., Rocker, G., & Heyland, D. (2013). Enhancing the quality of end-of-life care in Canada. Canadian
Medical Association Journal, 185(16), 1383-1384. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.130716

Kuo, I. C., Espinosa, C., Forman, M., & Valsamakis, A. (2016). A polymerase chain reaction–based algorithm to
detect and prevent transmission of adenoviral conjunctivitis in hospital employees. American Journal of
Ophthalmology, 163, 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.007

Lawler, A. J., Lamber, P. A., & Worthington, T. (in press). A revised understanding of Clostridioides difficile spore
germination. Trends in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.004
Myer, J. R., & Perina, D. G. (2016). The changing standard of care for spinal immobilization. Emergency
Medicine, 48(4), 152-157. https://www.mdedge.com/emergencymedicine/article/107718/trauma/changing-
standard-care-spinal-immobilization

25
Petrof, E. O., Gloor, G. B., Vanner, S. J., Weese, S.J., Carter, D., Daigneault, M. C., Brown, E. M., Schroeter, K., &
Allen-Vercoe, E. (2013). Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile
infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut. Microbiome, 1(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-2618-1-3
Rosen, H. E., Kimura, A. C., Crandall, J., Poe, A., Nash, J., Boetzer, J., Tecle, S., Mukhopadhyay, R., Mcauley, K.,
Kasirye, O., Garza, A., Shahkarami, M., Chaturvedi, V., Kiang, D., Vidanes, J., Mccoy, K., Barcellos, M., Derby, T.,
Jain, S., & Vugia, D.J. (2020). Foodborne botulism outbreak associated with commercial nacho cheese sauce
from a gas station market. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 70(8), 1695–1700. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/
ciz479

Journal Article with Twenty-One or More Authors

McCrickard, L.., Marlow, M., Self, J. L.., Francois-Watkins, L., Chatham-Stephens, K., Anderson, J., Hand, S., Taylor, K.,
Hanson, J., Patrick, K., Luquez, C., Dykes, J., Kalb, S. R., Hoyt, K., Barr, J. R., Crawford, T., Chambers, A.,
Douthit, B., Cox, R., . . . Dobbs, T. (2017). Botulism outbreak from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol in
a federal correctional facility – Mississippi, June 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(52),
1491-1492.
13. Article in a Magazine
Ontario passes PTSD coverage legislation. (2016, April 5). Firefighting in Canada. https://
www.firefightingincanada.com/ontario-to-pass-ptsd-coverage-legislation-22770/
Philpott, J., & Wilson-Raybould, J. (2020, February 3). Expanding eligibility for MAID should not be rushed.
Maclean’s. https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/expanding-eligibility-for-maid-should-not-be-rushed/
Rosano, M. (2017, March/April). Dome sweet dome. Canadian Geographic, 137(2), 26.
14. Article in a Newspaper

Creatura, D. (2002, June 3). Centre receives a boost: City to provide interim funding. The Observer, B1.
MacCharles, T. (2017, May 15). Two new reports urge radical reform of how the RCMP is managed. Toronto
Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/05/15/mounties-are-incapable-of-policing-themselves-
rcmp-watchdog-report-says.html
O’Callaghan, J. (2020, May 13). This NASA mission may cause an artificial meteor shower. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/science/meteor-shower-nasa-dart.html?
action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage
O’Callaghan, J. (2020, May 13). This NASA mission may cause an artificial meteor shower. The New York Times,
B6.
Perkel, C. (2017, May 16). Immigrant detention challenged in court. The Globe and Mail, A11.

➢ Newspaper articles are treated differently than are articles from online news sites. See
page 24 for additional information.

26
15. Blog post

Keeter, B. (2018, December 20). The PI’s perspective – On final approach to Ultima. NASA. https://
blogs.nasa.gov/pluto/

Online Media
16. Social Media Post (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram)

Canadian Red Cross. (2020, May 11). Remember to keep cleaning commonly used surfaces. More prevention tips
as well as resources on #COVID19 here. https://bit.ly/2SVSgBn [Infographic] [Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/canadianredcross/photos/a.425449422263/10158231243922264/?
type=3&theater
Critch, M. (2020, April 30). Here’s my Facebook Live book reading for #CanadaPerforms Thanks to everyone
who watched and asked a question! [Video] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/watch/
live/?v=1561899470687940&ref=watch_permalink
Hadfield, C. [@Cmdr_Hadfield]. (2020, May 11). The flowers are not amused [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/Cmdr_Hadfield/status/1259825966165131264
Queen’s Engineering [@QueensEngineer]. (2020, April 6). Summer plans falling through? Worried about the
future? Build a solution to tackle one of the pressing challenges facing our communities [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/QueensEngineer/status/1247214273958469633
Reynolds, R. [@vancityreynolds]. (2020, April 16). Are you sick and tired of fashion? Is your mother-in-law
hunting you? Visit: conquercovid19.ca and help those who REALLY need you [Video]. Instagram. https://
www.instagram.com/p/B_C8r6fJL2Q/
➢ Include the first twenty words of a post.
➢ Include non-standard spelling and capitalization, hashtags, links, and emojis.

17. Audio Visual, Audio, and Visual Works (Film or Video, TV Series, Episode or
Webisode, TedTalk, Webinar, YouTube Video or other Streaming Video, Podcast,
Clipart/Stock Image, Infographic, PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes, or
Photographs)

Allen, W. (Producer). (2006). Shadows and fog [Film]. MGM Home Entertainment.
Bubindesign. (2020, March 20). Stop COVID-19 symbol [Clip art]. Eezy. https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-
art/834566-stop-covid-19-symbol

27
Darrach, A. (2020, March 5). Documenting presentations [PowerPoint slides]. D2L@LambtonCollege. https://
d2l.lambtoncollege.ca/d2l/home
Dejardin, I. (Executive Director). (2020, May 8). The Group of Seven at 100: Virtual curatorial talk [Webinar].
McMichael Canadian Art Collection. https://mcmichael.com/event/g7virtualtalk/
Doyle, A. (2020, April 22). Heartwarming tweets showcase dedication of Canada Post [Photograph]. Canadian
Geographic. https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/topic/community
Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2017, April 6). Singular ‘they’ [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zp62mTEDx0s
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Sarnia, ON, to Petrolia, ON]. Retrieved May 16, 2016,
from https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/Sarnia,+Ontario/Petrolia,+Ontario+N0N+1R0/@42.9358656,-
82.4151545,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x882581560e55ef5d:0xcf23ed2868f6f05e!2m2!
1d-82.4065901!2d42.974536!1m5!1m1!1s0x882f8190dad19159:0x146899e00f891653!2m2!1d-82.1444338!
2d42.8818379
Kelly, E. (2020, January 15). Storytelling through cave art [Lecture notes]. Communications Department,
Lambton College. https://d2l.lambtoncollege.ca/d2l/home
Lee, A. (Director). (1995). Sense and sensibility [Film]. Columbia. https://www.netflix.com/watch/948002?
trackId=13752289&tctx=0%2C0%2Cb444b354aecc774ea6afc1053195a4a3198744c8%
3Ac22a66607b905306c495e0ebd68f824c8c0846c5%2C%2C
Levy, E. (Writer), & Levy, D. (Writer). (2020, January 7). Smoke signals (Season 6, Episode 1) [TV series
episode]. In M. Short, & K. Smeaton (Executive Producers). Schitt’s Creek. Not a Real Company; Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation.
Ruskins, B. (Host). (2020, April 22). Nova Scotia grieves after shooting rampage [Audio podcast]. Front Burner.
https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/nova-scotia-grieves-after- shooting-rampage-1.5539171
Vacon, C., & MacIsaac-Vacon, A. (2019). Women in Canadian paramedicine [Infographic]. Canadian Paramedicine.
https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/
Walker, M. (2020, April). Why sleep matters now more than ever [Video]. TED Conferences. https://
www.ted.com/talks/matt_walker_why_sleep_matters_now_more_than_ever
Wissenschaftsfonds FWF. (2019, October 2). Climate change and its consequences [Video]. Vimeo. https://
vimeo.com/363811377

➢ You cannot always reproduce clip art without copyright permission; read carefully.

➢ You do not need a citation or permission to use clip art from Microsoft Word or PowerPoint.

28
18. Personal Letters, Memos, Emails, Lectures, or Interviews

➢ These are considered non-retrievable items, so they are not listed on the References page.
Include them as parenthetical references (in-text citations) in the body of your paper.

19. Non-Retrievable Sources

➢ Non-retrievable items including personal interviews, lectures, letters, memos, and emails
are not listed on the References page. Include them as parenthetical references (in-text
citations) in the body of your paper.

29
SAMPLE
REFERENCES LIST
All the examples presented in this guide are compiled into a proper APA References page.
The entries are presented in alphabetical order, double spaced, with a hanging indent.
See Chapter 9 and the Checklist in Appendix D to help you format your References page.

30
 References

Allen, W. (Producer). (2006). Shadows and fog [Film]. MGM Home Entertainment.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Amos, J. (2020, May 6). Scientists explain magnetic pole's wanderings. BBC News. https://

www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52550973

Barter, K. (2000). Reclaiming community: Shaping the social work agenda. Canadian Social

Worker, 2(4), 6-18.

Bélanger, E., & Stephenson, L. B. (2014). The comparative study of Canadian voting behavior.

In L. Turgeon, M. Papillon, M. Wallner, & S. White (Eds.), Comparing Canada:

Methods and perspective on Canadian politics (pp. 97-120). https://books.google.ca/

books?

hl=en&lr=&id=WpU8BAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA97&dq=belanger+the+comparative

+study+of+canadian+voting+behaviour&ots=nmnUFeHiI0&sig=rGa-

OoRwF6tA5LwtGOKshz6Je94#v=onepage&q=belanger%20the%20comparative%

20study%20of%20canadian%20voting%20behaviour&f=false

Biays, J. S., Wershoven, C., & Sauer, L. (2016). Along these lines: Writing paragraphs and

essays (5th Canadian ed.). Pearson.

Bubindesign. (2020, March 20). Stop COVID-19 symbol [Clip art]. Eezy. https://

www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/834566-stop-covid-19-symbol

Canadian Red Cross. (2020, May 11). Remember to keep cleaning commonly used surfaces.

More prevention tips as well as resources on #COVID19 here. https://bit.ly/2SVSgBn

[Infographic] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/canadianredcross/

photos/a.425449422263/10158231243922264/?type=3&theater

31
Cason, L., Rashotte, J., Ellis, J., Harrison, D., & Martelli, B. (2014). Pain assessment and

management. In P.A. Potter, A. G. Perry, P. A. Stockert, A. M. Hall, J. C. Ross-Kerr, M.

J. Wood, B.J. Astle, & W. Duggleby (Eds.), Canadian fundamentals of nursing (5th ed.,

pp. 1017-1049). Elsevier Mosby.

Centers for Disease and Control Prevention. (n.d.). Foods that can cause food poisoning.

https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/foods-linked-illness.html

Colleges Ontario. (2006). 2006 student mobility. Colleges Ontario.

Cook, D., Rocker, G., & Heyland, D. (2013). Enhancing the quality of end-of-life care in

Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(16), 1383-1384. https://

doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.130716

COVID-19 pandemic. (2020, May 7). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=955388677

Creatura, D. (2002, June 3). Centre receives a boost: City to provide interim funding. The

Observer, B1.

Critch, M. (2020, April 30). Here’s my Facebook Live book reading for #CanadaPerforms

Thanks to everyone who watched and asked a question! [Video] [Status update].

Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?

v=1561899470687940&ref=watch_permalink

Darrach, A. (2020, March 5). Documenting presentations [PowerPoint slides].

D2L@LambtonCollege. https://d2l.lambtoncollege.ca/d2l/home

Dejardin, I. (Executive Director). (2020, May 8). The Group of Seven at 100: Virtual curatorial

talk [Webinar]. McMichael Canadian Art Collection. https://mcmichael.com/event/

g7virtualtalk/

Doyle, A. (2020, April 22). Heartwarming tweets showcase dedication of Canada Post

[Photograph]. Canadian Geographic. https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/topic/

community

32
Emery, B., Olsen, M. K., & Adderly, S. (2001). Studies on youth crime. Brookside Press.

Employment and Social Development Canada. (2020a, April 29). Hazardous weather:

Important notice. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/

notices/hazardous-weather.html

Employment and Social Development Canada. (2020b, April 29). COVID-19 spring 2020

notices. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/

notices.html

Everett, O. (n.d.). Web-based learning. Optimal Books.

Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2017, April 6). Singular ‘they’ [Video]. YouTube. https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=zp62mTEDx0s

Geddes, J. (2017, May). Fire alarm. Maclean’s, 130(4), 34.

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Sarnia, ON, to Petrolia, ON].

Retrieved May 16, 2016, from https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/Sarnia,+Ontario/

Petrolia,+Ontario+N0N+1R0/@42.9358656,-82.4151545,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!

4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x882581560e55ef5d:0xcf23ed2868f6f05e!2m2!1d-82.4065901!

2d42.974536!1m5!1m1!1s0x882f8190dad19159:0x146899e00f891653!2m2!1d-

82.1444338!2d42.8818379

Grant, T. (2010, May 11). Canadian household debt soars. The Globe and Mail. https://

www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canadian-household-debt-soars/

article4189504/

Hadfield, C. [@Cmdr_Hadfield]. (2020, May 11). The flowers are not amused [Image attached]

[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Cmdr_Hadfield/status/1259825966165131264

Hawthorn, A. (2020, February 23). Sorting out the confusion of service dogs — and the rights

they hold. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/pov-sorting-

out-the-service-dog-confusion-ainsley-hawthorn-1.5471013

33
Jarmey, C., & Sharkey, J. (2015). The concise book of muscles (3rd ed.). https://

books.google.ca/books/about/The_Concise_Book_of_Muscles_Third_Editio.html?

id=9BxsCQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

Keeter, B. (2018, December 20). The PI’s perspective – On final approach to Ultima. NASA.

https://blogs.nasa.gov/pluto/

Kelly, E. (2020, January 15). Storytelling through cave art [Lecture notes]. Communications

Department, Lambton College. https://d2l.lambtoncollege.ca/d2l/home

Koeppler, T. A. (2014). Physics experiments [Lab manual]. D2L@LambtonCollege. https://

d2l.lambtoncollege.ca/d2l/home

Kuo, I. C., Espinosa, C., Forman, M., & Valsamakis, A. (2016). A polymerase chain reaction–

based algorithm to detect and prevent transmission of adenoviral conjunctivitis in

hospital employees. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 163, 38-44. https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.007

Lawler, A. J., Lamber, P. A., & Worthington, T. (in press). A revised understanding of

Clostridioides difficile spore germination. Trends in Microbiology. https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.004

Lee, A. (Director). (1995). Sense and sensibility [Film]. Columbia. https://www.netflix.com/

watch/948002?trackId=13752289&tctx=0%2C0%

2Cb444b354aecc774ea6afc1053195a4a3198744c8%

3Ac22a66607b905306c495e0ebd68f824c8c0846c5%2C%2C

Levy, E. (Writer), & Levy, D. (Writer). (2020, January 7). Smoke signals (Season 6, Episode

1) [TV series episode]. In M. Short, & K. Smeaton (Executive Producers). Schitt’s

Creek. Not a Real Company; Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Lilly, L. S. (Ed.). (2012). Braunwald's heart disease: Review and assessment (9th ed.).

Elsevier Saunders.

34
MacCharles, T. (2017, May 15). Two new reports urge radical reform of how the RCMP is

managed. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/05/15/mounties-are

-incapable-of-policing-themselves-rcmp-watchdog-report-says.html

Macintosh, F. L. (2009a). Alternative energy: The advantage of biofuel. Australia: University of

Queensland Press.

Macintosh, F. L. (2009b). Energy policies. Australia: University of Queensland Press.

Martel, L., & D’Aoust, C. (2016, July 5). Report on the demographic situation in Canada:

Permanent and temporary immigration to Canada from 2012 to 2014. Ottawa, Ministry

of Industry. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/91-209-X201600114615

McCrickard, L., Marlow, M., Self, J. L., Francois-Watkins, L., Chatham-Stephens, K.,

Anderson, J., Hand, S., Taylor, K., Hanson, J., Patrick, K., Luquez, C., Dykes, J., Kalb,

S. R., Hoyt, K., Barr, J. R., Crawford, T., Chambers, A., Douthit, B., Cox, R., . . .

Dobbs, T. (2017). Botulism outbreak from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol in a

federal correctional facility – Mississippi, June 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report, 65(52), 1491-1492.

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Splendiferous. In Merriam - Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved May

14, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/splendiferous

Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. (2012, December). Practical nursing program

standard. Queen’s Printer for Ontario.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving. (2009). 2008/2009 annual report. http://www.madd.ca/media/

docs/MADD%20Annual%20Report%202008%20ENG-1.pdf

Myer, J. R., & Perina, D. G. (2016). The changing standard of care for spinal immobilization.

Emergency Medicine, 48(4), 152-157. https://www.mdedge.com/emergencymedicine/

article/107718/trauma/changing-standard-care-spinal-immobilization

35
Niallson, L., & Jarndyce, J. (2007, May 1). Provincial funding announced. Toronto Star [final

ed.], A4, A6.

Nightingale, F. J. (2015, April 1). Proper hand-washing techniques [PowerPoint slides]. https://

d2l.lambtoncollege.ca/d2l/home

Oberg, D. V., & Villemaire, L. (2018). Grammar and writing skills for the health professional

(3rd ed.). Cengage Learning.

O’Callaghan, J. (2020, May 13). This NASA mission may cause an artificial meteor shower.

The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/science/meteor-shower-

nasa-dart.html?action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage

O’Callaghan, J. (2020, May 13). This NASA mission may cause an artificial meteor shower.

The New York Times, B6.

Ontario passes PTSD coverage legislation. (2016, April 5). Firefighting in Canada. https://

www.firefightingincanada.com/ontario-to-pass-ptsd-coverage-legislation-22770/

Perkel, C. (2017, May 16). Immigrant detention challenged in court. The Globe and Mail, A11.

Petrof, E. O., Gloor, G. B., Vanner, S. J., Weese, S. J., Carter, D., Daigneault, M. C., Brown, E.

M., Schroeter, K., & Allen-Vercoe, E. (2013). Stool substitute transplant therapy for the

eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut. Microbiome, 1

(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-2618-1-3

Philpott, J., & Wilson-Raybould, J. (2020, February 3). Expanding eligibility for MAID should

not be rushed. Maclean’s. https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/expanding-eligibility-for-

maid-should-not-be-rushed/

Quebec floods: Rain, melting snow could make situation worse in coming days. (2017, May

10). Huff Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/10/quebec-floods-water-levels-

down-but-heavy-rain-expected-on-the-weekend_n_16543426.html

36
Queen’s Engineering [@QueensEngineer]. (2020, April 6). Summer plans falling through?

Worried about the future? Build a solution to tackle one of the pressing challenges

facing our communities [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/QueensEngineer/

status/1247214273958469633

Reynolds, R. [@vancityreynolds]. (2020, April 16). Are you sick and tired of fashion? Is your

mother-in-law hunting you? Visit: conquercovid19.ca and help those who REALLY need

you [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B_C8r6fJL2Q/

Richards, R. (Ed.). (2007). Everyday creativity and new views of human nature: Psychological,

social, and spiritual perspectives. https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4317134

Rosano, M. (2017, March/April). Dome sweet dome. Canadian Geographic, 137(2), 26.

Rosen, H. E., Kimura, A. C., Crandall, J., Poe, A., Nash, J., Boetzer, J., Tecle, S.,

Mukhopadhyay, R., Mcauley, K., Kasirye, O., Garza, A., Shahkarami, M., Chaturvedi,

V., Kiang, D., Vidanes, J., Mccoy, K., Barcellos, M., Derby, T., Jain, S., & Vugia, D.J.

(2020). Foodborne botulism outbreak associated with commercial nacho cheese sauce

from a gas station market. Clinical Infectious Diseases , 70 (8), 1695–1700. https://

doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz479

Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2020, May 8). Firearms. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/

foods-linked-illness.html

Ruskins, B. (Host). (2020, April 22). Nova Scotia grieves after shooting rampage [Audio

podcast]. Front Burner. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/nova-scotia-grieves-after-

shooting-rampage-1.5539171

Sanderson, J. (2002). Terrorism: Adjusting to a new world order. Epic Books.

Sood, A. (2016, December 2). How compassion can boost your happiness. Mayo Clinic. https://

www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/compassion-can-boost-

happiness/art-20270120

37
Suzuki, D. (2008a, June 5). Join the green wave. National Post, A23.

Suzuki, D. (2008b, June 6). Small steps. The Vancouver Sun, B2.

Toronto Police Service. (n.d.). Most wanted. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from http://

www.torontopolice.on.ca/homicide/mostwanted.php

Travers, J. (2009, June 4). Learning the lessons of power. Toronto Star. Retrieved from

https://www.thestar.com/

Turgeon, L., Papillon, M., Wallner, J., & White, S. (Eds.). (2014). Comparing Canada:

Methods and perspective on Canadian politics. https://books.google.ca/books/about/

Comparing_Canada.html?id=WpU8BAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

Vacon, C., & MacIsaac-Vacon, A. (2019). Women in Canadian paramedicine [Infographic].

Canadian Paramedicine. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019

-full-edition/

Walker, M. (2020, April). Why sleep matters now more than ever [Video]. TED Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/matt_walker_why_sleep_matters_now_more_than_ever

Walton, T. (2010). Medical conditions and massage therapy: A decision tree approach. https://

books.google.ca/books/about/Medical_Conditions_and_Massage_Therapy.html?

id=TNizX15JGAAC&redir_esc=y

Whitaker, R., Kealey, G. S., & Parnaby, A. (2012). Secret service: Political policing in Canada

from Fenians to Fortress America. https://books.google.ca/books/about/

Secret_Service.html?id=saM_hcySs20C&redir_esc=y

White, E. B. (2015). Charlotte’s web. HarperCollins. https://www.overdrive.com/

media/2106014/charlottes-web (Original work published 1952)

Wissenschaftsfonds FWF. (2019, October 2). Climate change and its consequences [Video].

Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/363811377

World Bank. (2001). Investment in health: Social and economic returns. Pan American Health.

38
10
DOCUMENTING PRESENTATIONS
The following are recommendations for documenting presentations;
however, your professor may request a different format. Always follow
your professor’s instructions.

What Must Be Documented

If you are using researched material in your presentation, it must be documented. This
includes the following information:
➢ Direct quotations
➢ Paraphrases
➢ Summaries
➢ Statistics
➢ Charts, graphs, and figures
➢ Pictures and diagrams

How to Document
The format for documentation will depend on the type of presentation.
If you are doing a presentation without audio-visual aids, your documentation may be done
orally followed by a handout that includes your sources in proper APA format.
If you are giving a PowerPoint presentation or using other visual material, you should include
lead-ins, either orally or printed on each slide, a proper APA parenthetical reference (in-text
citation) after all borrowed information on each slide, and a complete APA reference list as
your final slide.

39
Examples
Oral Documentation
According to the Ontario Ministry of Labour (2015), in 2015 the average employment income for males in
health occupations was $93,377.00 while for females it was $49,795.00.

➢ Introduce each section of your presentation

by using a lead-in that describes the source
of your information.
➢ Include information such as the author’s
name, the title and type of source, and the
date.
➢ Provide a proper APA References page at the
end of the presentation.

PowerPoint Presentation—Text
➢ Mention the source in your spoken lead-in:

In a 2015 Ontario Ministry of Labour report on FINANCIAL BIAS

wage gaps between genders...  2015 average employment income for males in health
occupations: $93,377.00
➢ Provide a parenthetical reference (in-text  Employment income for females in health occupations:
$49,795.00. (Ontario Ministry of Labour, 2015)
citation) after the material.  Women made approximately half of what men made

➢ Provide a complete APA citation at the end of 2

the presentation.

PowerPoint Presentation—
Illustration, Chart, or Figure
➢ Mention the source in your spoken lead-in:
STATISTICS
The 2019 chart from Vacon and MacIsaac-Vacon, which
includes data from eight Canadian provinces, shows that
 Male/female ratio of paramedics in
only 33 per cent of paramedics are female. eight provinces
 Ratio of female Chief Paramedics
➢ Include a label for the illustration, chart, or  Rural/urban divide
figure. Figure 1. Women in Canadian Paramedicine
(Vacon & MacIsaac-Vacon, 2019) 2

➢ Provide a parenthetical reference (in-text

citation) after the material.
➢ Provide a complete APA citation at the end
of the presentation.
40
PowerPoint Presentation—
References
➢ Provide a proper APA references list as your
final slide.
➢ Follow the guidelines in Chapter 9 for setting
up your references list.
➢ Remove the bullets, and do not number your
sources.

41
11
SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER
1. Use one-inch (2.54 cm) margins on all sides of the page.
2. Use a clear, easy-to-read font for the entire paper.
3. Use one space after end punctuation (periods, question marks, exclamation points).
4. Evenly double space the entire paper. Leave no extra lines between paragraphs.
5. Indent the first line of each paragraph by 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) or 5 spaces.
6. The page numbers should appear at the right margin. Do not put words (page), initials (p
or pg), or number symbols (#) before the numbers.
7. Put the title of your paper, your name, the institution, the course code and name, the in-
structor’s name, and the date in the top half of the title page. Centre each one on its own
line.
8. Start the body of your paper on page 2 with the paper’s full title on a separate line, in bold
and centered, as the first element.
9. Start your list of references on a separate page. See Chapter 9 for details on formatting
the references.

Format for Headings and Subheadings

The title of the document appears at the beginning of the document. It is centered and in bold-
face.
First Level (and Title), Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
Second Level, Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
Third level, Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase, Italicized
➢ Text begins as a new paragraph for all three levels of headings.

42
 1

Women in Leadership in Paramedicine

Ramanvir K. Deol

Communications Department, Lambton College

COM2033- Communications for Health II

Alaena Darrach

March 31, 2020

43
 2

Summary

The report entitled “Women in Leadership in Paramedicine” by Ramanvir Deol

provides an overview of financial and systemic biases faced by women in leadership in

paramedicine. Deol first explains the impact of implicit bias then focuses on the resulting

systemic barriers and financial biases. She briefly examines the mental and emotional

consequences of women’s struggle to succeed in a male-dominated workplace. The report

addresses the challenges facing female paramedics and how society can recognize implicit bias

and, consequently, work towards gender equality in the workplace.

44
 3

Women in Leadership in Paramedicine

For centuries women have faced challenges set by the norms and ideals of a

patriarchal society. As a result, they still have inadequate representation in careers traditionally

held by men (Ministry of Labour, 2015) and have limited leadership roles in numerous

professional fields such as politics,

education, business, and medicine. Over

the years, women have earned some

respite, but despite engaging in more

leadership opportunities in their careers,

women are still underrepresented in these

roles because of gender stereotypes and

prejudice. Stereotypic gender role

expectations create an unconscious bias

against women that often limits a

woman’s leadership opportunities. This

limitation not only inhibits her personal

growth but her financial growth, too.

Women in paramedicine are not immune

to this problem as shown by their

Figure 1. Women in Canadian
Paramedicine (Vacon & MacIsaac-
underrepresentation in authoritative roles
Vacon, 2019)
with women representing 33% of

paramedics across eight Canadian provinces, but only 13% of chief paramedics (see Figure 1)

(Vacon & MacIsaac-Vacon, 2019).

The purpose of this report is to examine the financial and systemic limitations faced

by women in leadership in paramedicine as a result of implicit bias.

45
 4

Implicit Bias

Although more women are moving towards gender equality in the workplace,

favoritism for male leaders persists to this day and can be linked to implicit bias, an

unconscious attitude or stereotype “formed throughout our lives by the foundations of our

social world and environment” and directed towards specific genders, religions, ethnicities,

and nationalities (Abela & Doiron, 2019, p. 10). Unfortunately, most people fail to

recognize that they hold these discriminatory beliefs; however, these socially embedded

biases are evident in the unconscious ideas many have about certain people, their roles, and

their public behaviour. For example, women are often seen as nurturing homemakers;

hence they are expected to be gentle and possess communal characteristics. In contrast, men

are seen as tough, hardened breadwinners expected to put up a stoic front and radiate

confidence (Abela & Doiron, 2019). While these biases may seem antiquated, they still

exist.

Recognizing these biases in the workplace is important because these perceptions

impact an individual’s mental state during stressful situations and can cause self-doubt.

Specifically, female paramedics facing these biases could succumb to the belief of their

inferiority and fragility, resulting in fewer female paramedics applying for leadership

positions even when they meet job requirements (Abela & Doiron, 2019). This self-doubt

can lead female paramedics into the repetitive Imposter Syndrome, which is “the crippling

feeling of self-doubt…and anticipated failure that haunts people who attribute their

successes to luck or help from others rather than their own abilities” and which is prevalent

in professions such as paramedicine (Lanos, 2019, p.13). As a result, more women step

away from leadership roles they rightly deserve due to feelings of inferiority and

inadequacy.

Acknowledging these unconscious biases within the contemporary workplace is

important to understand how female paramedics are challenged when seeking and attaining

46
 5

leadership positions within paramedicine.

Systemic Barriers

Women represent a quarter of paramedics in Canada yet hold only 5% of the

leadership positions (Mason, 2017). This statistic supports the existence of implicit bias

within the policies and structure of paramedic organizations. These biases within male-

dominated organizations create systemic barriers against women in paramedicine.

According to “Shedding Light on Female Leadership in Paramedicine,” these systemic

barriers result in certain employees experiencing relative disadvantages and having unequal

access to opportunities despite their contributions to the field. These barriers thus prevent

women from advancing to deserved leadership positions (Doiron et al., 2019).

Although policies may have changed drastically over the years to integrate more

women into male-dominated workplaces, social and administrative behaviors of

organizations still unconsciously yield to gender bias and influence those working in the

field. For example, in the paramedic field, even partners question the abilities of their front-

line female co-workers. Carrie Hassberger, Chief of Paramedic Services for the Chippewas

of Rama First Nations, Ontario, recalls her partners questioning her “competency and

capacity” while her male counterparts were not subject to the same scrutiny (as cited in

Finn et al., 2019). Female paramedics are questioned about their abilities, asked “if they

can drive, if they can lift and [supporting] the archaic idea that women who want to have

families cannot…fit the demanding roles of paramedic leadership” (Doiron et al., 2019,

p.7). Unlike their male counterparts, female paramedics are burdened with the

responsibility of always proving themselves capable and deserving of not only their jobs

but also leadership roles (Finn et al., 2019). These barriers further lead to financial

inequality as women paramedics are offered and/or seek fewer opportunities to become

leaders in their field.

Financial Bias

The significant financial wage gap between women and men has been an

47
 6

imperative topic of discussion for decades. Paramedics are no exception. In fact, most

women in this field get paid less than their male counterparts both in Canada and

internationally (Eaton, 2019). Simply put, women earn less than their male counterparts

because the jobs they are doing were traditionally male-dominated. According to the

Ontario Ministry of Labour (2015), in 2015 the average employment income for males in

health occupations was $93,377.00 while for females it was $49,795.00. Similarly, the

majority of leadership positions in paramedicine are male-dominated with women holding

only a quarter of the positions on boards and just over 10% of the chief positions in eight

provinces in Canada (Vacon & MacIsaac-Vacon, 2019).

Even when women do attain leadership positions in paramedicine, they are often

paid less than their male counterparts as women who hold leadership roles tend to be

relegated to rural areas while male leaders tend to be found in urban settings. For example,

Carrie Hassberger is currently chief at Chippewas of Rama First Nations, Ontario, a rural

community, while her male counterparts and advocates, Brian Kent, Michael Sanderson

and Paul Charbonneau, all occupy leadership roles in urban cities like Durham, Hamilton

and Frontenac, respectively (Finn et al., 2019). Their pay is higher because urban

paramedic services pay more than rural ones (Government of Canada, 2020). Women are

not seen as frequently as males in urban leadership roles due to implicit bias and systemic

barriers present in paramedic organizations, which then affects their financial status.

Next Steps

For decades, women have worked together to eliminate gender biases in the

workplace. For example, “The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was ratified by Canada on December 10, 1981”

to ensure “women’s equal access to, and equal opportunities in, political and public

life” (Ministry of Labour, 2015, p.5). Though these outcomes have given numerous women

opportunities to pursue male-dominated careers, women still face partialities that hinder

their professional growth. Upon understanding the challenges faced by women in

48
 7

leadership in paramedicine, organizations and workplaces can address these issues and

work towards a positive outcome.

One step being taken by women in paramedicine is calling attention to the lack of

mentorship and sponsorship opportunities for current and future female paramedics (Lanos,

2019). It is essential for future female paramedics to see “women in senior operational

positions… [not just as] examples [but as] a general norm” (Eaton, 2019, p.16). To bring

attention to these issues, female paramedics are coming together to spread awareness

through social media through the use of discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, and even

hashtags like #ParaWomen (Eaton, 2019).

Another step is to recognize and highlight the need for women in senior roles.

Official organizations such as the Ministry of Labour have recognized this need and

emphasize the benefits of having women in leadership roles: “Women today are highly

educated and highly skilled. They exceed men in university enrollment, and are prime

candidates to fill future skill shortages” (Ministry of Labour, 2015, p.6). It is imperative to

highlight these issues and support women in paramedicine because an organization is

stronger through mutual respect and communication.

Conclusion

Patriarchal ideas are still unconsciously impacting women in modern society.

These unconscious biases have impeded the advancement of female paramedics and created

adverse work environments that impact paramedics. It is imperative for organizations to

understand what implicit bias is and how it is engrained in the social and administrative

structures of paramedicine in Ontario. Change can happen only with awareness of this issue

and with conversations where organizations can admit to the inequity between male and

female paramedic leadership roles. Then these partialities can be addressed and efforts

made towards gender equality in paramedicine. With recognition between paramedics as

well as action and time afforded to willing organizations, change is inevitable.

49
 8

References

Abela, A., & Doiron, M. (2019). Removing the blindfolds on implicit bias. Canadian

Paramedicine, 42(3), 10-11. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/

april-may-2019-full-edition/

Doiron, M., Hutchinson, B., Donelon, B., Vannisterlrooy, J., Cameron, C., & Abela, A.

(2019). Shedding light on female leadership in paramedicine. Canadian

Paramedicine, 42(3), 7-8. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april

-may-2019-full-edition/

Eaton, G. (2019). How do we assign value? Canadian Paramedicine, 42(3), 15-16.

https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

Finn, L., Cameron, C., & Hutchinson, B. (2019). Embracing the journey: A spotlight on

women in leadership in paramedicine. Canadian Paramedicine, 42(3), 17-21.

https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

Government of Canada. (2020, January). Trend Analysis: Wages: Paramedic in Canada.

https://www.jobbank.gc.ca/marketreport/outlook-occupation/4402/ca

Lanos, C. (2019). A conceptual glass ceiling: The imposter effect in female paramedics.

Canadian Paramedicine, 42(3), 13. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-

edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

Mason, P. (2017). Identifying the barriers to female leadership in paramedicine. Irish

Journal of Paramedicine, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.32378/ijp.v2i1.55

Ministry of Labour. (2015, October). Closing the gender wage gap: A background paper.

https://collections.ola.org/mon/29010/332316.pdf

Vacon, C., & MacIsaac-Vacon, A. (2019). Women in Canadian paramedicine [Chart].

https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

50
SAMPLE STUDENT ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY

51
 Women in Leadership in Paramedicine: Annotated Bibliography

Abela, A., & Doiron, M. (2019). Removing the blindfolds on implicit bias. Canadian

Paramedicine, 42(3), 10-11. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-

may-2019-full-edition/

This article discusses and defines implicit bias and argues that it is still prominent

today. It reveals that this gender-based bias exists and negatively affects female

paramedics.

Doiron, M., Hutchinson, B., Donelon, B., Vannisterlrooy, J., Cameron, C., & Abela, A.

(2019). Shedding light on female leadership in paramedicine. Canadian

Paramedicine, 42(3), 7-8. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-

2019-full-edition/

This article exposes the systemic and cultural barriers female paramedics face when

seeking leadership roles. It gives insight into the important role of female paramedics

in the past and present and discusses the vital and growing role of women in

leadership.

Eaton, G. (2019). How do we assign value? Canadian Paramedicine, 42(3), 15-16. https://

canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

Finn, L., Cameron, C., & Hutchinson, B. (2019). Embracing the journey: A spotlight on

women in leadership in paramedicine. Canadian Paramedicine, 42(3), 17-21. https://

canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

Government of Canada. (2020, January). Trend Analysis: Wages: Paramedic in Canada.

https://www.jobbank.gc.ca/marketreport/outlook-occupation/4402/ca

Lanos, C. (2019). A conceptual glass ceiling: The imposter effect in female paramedics.

Canadian Paramedicine, 42(3), 13. https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/

april-may-2019-full-edition/

This article discusses the imposter syndrome, which affects the majority of people at

least once in their lifetime and manifests itself in feelings of self-doubt and perceived

52
 incompetence. This syndrome affects both men and women but is typically seen in

high-achieving women, such as paramedics, who work in predominantly male

workplaces.

Mason, P. (2017). Identifying the barriers to female leadership in paramedicine. Irish

Journal of Paramedicine, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.32378/ijp.v2i1.55

This article outlines many of the challenges Canadian female paramedics face and

how these challenges have an impact on their success in leadership opportunities. It

further discusses the steps that need to be taken to reduce this gender-based

discrimination.

Ministry of Labour. (2015, October). Closing the gender wage gap: A background paper.

https://collections.ola.org/mon/29010/332316.pdf

Vacon, C., & MacIsaac-Vacon, A. (2019). Women in Canadian paramedicine [Chart].

https://canadianparamedicine.ca/online-edition/april-may-2019-full-edition/

53
Appendices
A - Capitalization and Punctuation

B - Proper Nouns / Naming Conventions

C - Checklist for Parenthetical References

D - Checklist for References Page

54
APPENDIX A
Capitalization and Punctuation
While APA documentation uses special rules for capitalization and punctuation on the
references page, standard English rules apply everywhere else in your research paper,
including in parenthetical references (in-text citations).

Standard English References Page

Titles of Books, Pamphlets, Brochures, Titles of Books, Pamphlets, Brochures,
Movies, Websites, etc. Movies, Websites, etc.
➢ Italicize the entire title. ➢ Italicize the entire title.
➢ Capitalize the first and last words ➢ Capitalize only the first word of the title
and most words except articles (a, and subtitle and proper nouns.
an, the) and connecting words of
fewer than five letters (and, or, in,
to, from, but, etc.).

The Right to Die: Thoughts on Euthanasia The right to die: Thoughts on euthanasia
Studies on Youth Crime Studies on youth crime
Global Sunday Global Sunday
APA Style.org APA style.org

Titles of Periodicals (Newspapers, Titles of Periodicals (Newspapers,

Magazines, and Journals) Magazines, and Journals)
➢ Italicize the entire title. ➢ Italicize the entire title.
➢ Capitalize the first and last words and ➢ Capitalize the first and last words and
most words except articles (a, an, the) most words except articles (a, an, the)
and connecting words of fewer than and connecting words of fewer than
five letters (and, or, in, to, from, but, five letters (and, or, in, to, from, but,
etc.). etc.).
The National Post The National Post
Canadian Geographic Canadian Geographic
Journal of the Association for History and Journal of the Association for History and
Computing Computing

55
Standard English (cont.) References Page (cont.)
Titles of Articles or Chapters Titles of Articles or Chapters
➢ Put double quotation marks around ➢ No quotation marks around the title.
the entire title. ➢ Capitalize only the first word of the title
➢ Capitalize the first and last words of (and subtitle) and proper nouns.
the title (and first word of the
subtitle) and most words except
articles (a, an, the) and connecting
words with four letters or fewer
(and, or, in, to, from, near, etc.).

“Historian Resigns from Pulitzer Board” Historian resigns from Pulitzer board
“Homeless Women in Peril” Homeless women in peril

Quotation Marks, Italics, and Underlining

➢ Double quotation marks are used in the body of the paper to surround the following:
 The exact words taken from your sources if the passage is shorter than forty words.
 The titles of short works (a poem or a song) or parts of a larger work (article in a
periodical, page on a website, or chapter in a book, etc.).
➢ Single quotation marks are used in the body of the paper only in the following
situation:
To replace double quotation marks in a short quotation (shorter than forty words)
if the original passage contains double quotation marks.
➢ Italics are used in the body of the work and on the references page to indicate the
following:
The titles of works including books, pamphlets, periodicals, movies, websites,
television programs, etc.
➢ Underlining is used to replace italics only when italics cannot be used, for example,
when handwriting a document (as on a test).

Never use a combination of italics, underlining, and double quotation marks for
a single work.
➢ Use italics for all titles except short works or parts of a larger work.
➢ Use underlining if you cannot use italics.
➢ Use double quotation marks for titles of short works (poem or song) or parts of a larger
work (article in a periodical, page on a website, or chapter in a book).

56
APPENDIX B
Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are always capitalized, both in the body of your report and on the References
page. Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, or things.

EXAMPLES
Each part of a person's name:
Michaëlle Jean Stephen Joseph Harper Bart Simpson

Given or pet names of animals:

Fluffy Big Ben Scooby Doo

Geographical and celestial names:

Lake Huron St. Clair River Jupiter

Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:

Queen’s Park Air Canada Centre Room M202

Historical events, documents, laws, and historical periods:

the War of 1812 the Motor Vehicles Safety Act the Great Depression

Months, days of the week, holidays:

March Tuesday Labour Day

Groups and languages:

the Green Party National Hockey League French
Terms related to Indigenous peoples:
Iroquois Wet’suwet’en the Creator Elder
Religions, deities, scriptures:
Buddhism God Zeus the Bible the Torah

Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names:

the Order of Canada Toyota Corolla Coca Cola Canadian Coast Guard Ship
Samuel Risley

57
Naming Conventions
In APA documentation, surnames and initials are used, so you must be able to find the sur-
name and convert first and middle names to initials.
When you see an unfamiliar name, you may have trouble deciding which is the first name and
which is the surname. Understanding English naming conventions may help.

Normal Order—First Middle Surname (no punctuation)

Kim Choo Narin Chakrabarti
Les Clark Mary Jane Comiskey
Lawrence Henry Shahram Karimi
Kelly Murray-Scott Anna Lucy Robinson
Gayle Van Altena Hui Lan Zhang

Inverted Order—Surname, First Middle (comma after surname)

Choo, Kim Chakrabarti, Narin
Clark, Les Comiskey, Mary Jane
Henry, Lawrence Karimi, Shahram
Murray-Scott, Kelly Robinson, Anna Lucy
Van Altena, Gayle Zhang, Hui Lan

References List—Surname, F. M. (comma after surname, initials)

Choo, K. Chakrabarti, N.
Clark, L. Comiskey, M. J.
Henry, L. Karimi, S.
Murray-Scott, K. Robinson, A. L.
Van Altena, G. Zhang, H. L.

➢ Hyphenated names stay together

➢ Van is usually a part of the surname—it stays in front of the surname.

58
APPENDIX C
Checklist for Parenthetical References
Provide parenthetical references (in-text citations) for all borrowed material. The reference
must include the author (or title if no author), year, and specific page numbers for quotations.
Make sure your parenthetical references correspond with your references page.

Quotations
Did you
➢ Put double quotation marks around exact words taken directly from a secondary source?
➢ Lead into your quotation?
➢ Use as little of the quotation as necessary to get the meaning across?
➢ Copy the material exactly as it appears?
➢ Use ellipses and square brackets correctly?
➢ Create grammatically correct sentences with your quotation and lead-in?
➢ Use block form for a quotation that is 40 words or longer?
➢ Follow the guidelines in Chapter 3?

Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Did you
➢ Rewrite the passage using different sentence structure and vocabulary?
➢ Use the author’s name and credentials in the lead-in to the passage?
➢ Cut out repeated sections, but include all key ideas?
➢ Review the paraphrase or summary to make sure it has the same meaning as the
original?
➢ Follow the guidelines in Chapters 4 and 5?

Pictures, Illustrations, Maps, and Charts

Did you
➢ Label each picture, illustration, map, or chart (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.)?
➢ Provide a caption that briefly describes each picture, illustration, map, or chart?
➢ Provide a parenthetical reference after the caption for each picture, illustration, map or
chart?

59
APPENDIX D
Checklist for References Page
Do not list any publication in your reference list that you do not cite.

Did you
➢ Use a separate page?
➢ Title the section References, center and bold with no underline?
➢ Put the entries in alphabetical order?
➢ Double space with no extra lines between the entries?
➢ Use indentation properly?
➢ Start with the authors’ surnames followed by all initials?
➢ Use a comma to separate surnames and their initials and to separate authors’ names?
➢ Use an ampersand (&) before the last author if there are two or more?
➢ Start with the title followed by the date of publication if there is no author?
➢ Place the date (in parentheses) as the second item?
➢ Put the date in the right order (year, month day)?
➢ Write out the names of the month in full (no abbreviations)?
➢ Use n.d. in parentheses if there is no date?
➢ Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns for titles and subtitles of everything but
periodicals?
➢ Shorten the publisher’s name to key words?
➢ End each entry with a period unless the final part of the entry is a Digital Object
Identifier (DOI) or internet address (URL)?
➢ Add a DOI or URL for items retrieved from the internet?
➢ Add a retrieval date (Month day, year) for electronic items likely to change (wikis)?
➢ Follow the guidelines in Chapter 9?

60