MODULE NO.

451`a]693
Santa Monica Institute of Technology
Andrada Building, Cabili Avenue, Pobalcion, Iligan City,
9200 Philippines
Tel. No. 221-2678
Email Add: [email protected]
University
Logo
COURSE CODE: Mathematics 3 (Teaching Mathematics in the Intermediate Grades)
First Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

Geometry is one of the oldest sciences. The word geometry has its
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roots in the Greek work geometrein, which means “earth measuring”. It is

also a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes,
relative configurations, and spatial properties.
In this lesson primarily focuses on angles relationships, perimeter,
circumference, and areas of different plane figures. We will also place
emphasis on geometric measurements including lengths, areas, and
volumes of various shapes. By the end of this lesson it won't be hard to see
that geometry is all around us!
Enjoy and have fun doing geometry in your home schooling!

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson ( Geometry), student must be able to:
1. identify the types of angles and their measurements
2. construct a 2-D and 3-D objects using cut-out, recycled, hand-made,
or purchased materials.
3. solve word problems involving measurements, area and volumes of
simple geometric figures.

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Activity 2

By just using 6 matchsticks (or 6 line segments with the same lengths),
form four triangles. The sticks must only touch their endpoints. Crossing is not
allowed. (glue your output in a short bond paper)

Discussion
A. MEASURING ANGLES AND ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS
Angles can be seen almost everywhere. They differ in size. Their measures tell
us the kind of angles they are, and their size is measured by degrees (°).
1. Types of Angles
The types of angles are based on their measure of the angle. These
are the following:
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angles-1.png?resize=607,611&ssl=1
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2. Angle Relationships
a. Complementary angles – two angles are said to be
complementary if their sum is 90°.

https://www.assignmentpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Complementary-
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Angles-1.jpg

b. Supplementary angles – when two angles sum up to 180°, then

each angle is the supplement of the other.

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/image-files/xpair-angles-supplementary-
1.gif.pagespeed.ic.W3CEOnbeVJ.png

c. Adjacent angles – these angles share the same vertex and one
side. They lie on the opposite sides of the side (ray) they both
share.

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d. Vertical angles – two intersecting lines form two pairs of vertical
angles. Vertical angles have the same measure.
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B. MEASURING PLANE FIGURES

1. The Perimeter of a Polygon
The perimeter of a polygon is the measurement of the distance around
polygon. The perimeter (𝑷) of a regular polygon can be computed
using a formula 𝑷 = 𝒏𝒔, where 𝑛 is the number of sides and 𝑠 is the
length of each side. The perimeter is always expressed in linear units
such as 𝑐𝑚, 𝑚, 𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑡.

Example 1:
The side of a regular pentagon is 5 cm. Find the perimeter of the
pentagon.

Solution:
Let 𝑃 be the perimeter of the regular pentagon.
Solving for 𝑃 we have, 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠, 𝑃 = 5(5𝑐𝑚), 𝑃 = 25𝑐𝑚. Therefore, the
perimeter of a regular pentagon is 25cm.

Example 2:
The side of a regular hexagon is 𝑥 + 6 units. Find the perimeter of the
hexagon.

Solution 2:
Let 𝑃 be the perimeter of the regular hexagon of side 𝑠 equal to 𝑥 + 6
units.
Solving for 𝑃 we have, 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠, 𝑃 = 6(𝑥 + 6), 𝑃 = 6𝑥 + 36, Therefore, the
perimeter of a regular hexagon is 6𝑥 + 36 units.

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2. Area of a Polygon
The area of a polygon is a positive number that represents the number
of square units needed to cover the polygon. It is the region that bounded
by the sides of the polygon. The area denoted by 𝑨 of a regular polygon
𝟏
can be computed using the formula 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒂𝑷, where 𝑃 is the perimeter and
𝒂 is the apothem. The area is always expressed in square units such as 𝑐𝑚2 ,
𝑚2 , 𝑖𝑛2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑡 2 .
The apothem of a regular polygon is the line segment from the center
of the polygon perpendicular to the midpoint of the side of the polygon,
as shown in figure below.
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http://www.loisterms.com/regparts.gif

3. The Perimeter of a Right Triangle

The perimeter of a triangle is the sum of the lengths of its. In symbol,
𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐, where 𝑃 is the perimeter and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 are the sides of a
triangle.

Right Triangle – is a triangle with one right angle, given two sides
of a right triangle, one side may be solved using Pythagorean
Theorem, that is 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 . The trigonometric ratios are also
used in solving right triangles. The trigonometric ratios are defined
in the illustration below.

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https://ih1.redbubble.net/image.52359898.8275/flat,800x800,070,f.jpg

Example 1:
Find the perimeter of a triangle whose each side is 7 𝑐𝑚.
Solution: Since all three sides are equal in length, the triangle is an
equilateral triangle. i.e. 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 7 𝑐𝑚

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
= 7 + 7 + 7
= 21
Therefore, Perimeter = 21 𝑐𝑚.

Example 2:
Two cars left, at 8:00 AM, from the same point, one traveling east at
50mph and the other travelling south at 60mph. At what time will they
be 300miles apart?

x
East

y
D

South

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Solution:

1. Understand the problem.

Given: 8:00 AM, Car 1 with 50mph east,
Car 2 with 60mph south, 300 miles apart
Required: The time when they will be 300 miles apart.

2. Devise a plan
𝑥 = 50 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 60 𝑡
Since the two directions are at right angle, Pythagorean theorem
can be used to find distance D between the two cars as follows:
𝐷 = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

3. Carry out the plan.

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We now find time at which D = 300 miles by solving

𝐷 = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 300
Square both sides and substitute 𝑥 and 𝑦 by 50𝑡 and 60𝑡
respectively to obtain the equation (50𝑡)2 + (60𝑡)2 = 3002
Solve the above equation to obtain 𝑡 = 3.84 hours (rounded to two
decimal places) or 3 hours and 51 minutes (to the nearest minute).

4. Look back
The two cars will be 300 miles apart at 8:00 AM + 3 h 51’ = 11:51AM.

4. AREA OF A TRIANGLE
The area of a triangle, denoted by 𝑨∆ , is the region bounded by the
three sides. The area of a triangle is obtained by multiplying one-half the
product of the base of the tringle and its height. The area of a tringle
𝟏
can be computed using the formula 𝑨∆ = 𝟐 𝒃𝒉, where 𝑏 is the length of
the base and ℎ is the height.

https://mathsteacher.com.au/year7/ch13_area/04_triangle/right.htm

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5. THE PERIMETER AND AREA OF A SQUARE
The perimeter of a square is the length that its boundary covers. The
perimeter of a square is obtained by adding all the sides together. The
perimeter of a square with side 𝒔 will be 𝑃 = 4𝑠. While the area of a
square side × side, 𝐴 = 𝑠 2

Example:
Find the perimeter and area of a square frame having a side of 7
inches.

Solution:
Let 𝑠 be the side, 𝑃 be the perimeter, and 𝐴 be the area of the
square.
Solving for the perimeter, we have 𝑃 = 4𝑠, 𝑃 = 4(7), 𝑃 = 28𝑖𝑛 and
solving for the area 𝐴 = 𝑠 2 , 𝐴 = 72 , 𝐴 = 49 𝑖𝑛2 . Therefore, the
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perimeter of the frame is 28 inches and with an area of 49 square

inches.

4. THE PERIMETER AND AREA OF A RECTANGLE

A rectangle is a special parallelogram where the interior angles are all
right angles. Perimeter of a Rectangle, 𝑃 = 2𝐻 + 2𝑊. The area of a
Rectangle, 𝐴 = 𝐻 × 𝑊.

Example:
Mr. Joe plans to carpet their family room except for a border of uniform
width. The family room is 5 meters by 3 meters. What dimensions should
the carpet have if it covers an area of 8 square meter?

Solution:
Let 𝑥 be the uniform width of the border.
(3 − 2𝑥) be the width of the carpet
(5 − 2𝑥 ) be the length of the carpet
Now, we set up the equation for the carpet area.
(3 − 2𝑥 )(5 − 2𝑥 ) = 8
4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 7 = 0
(2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 7) = 0
1 7
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 2
1
The only possible value is 𝑥 = 2
By substituting the value of 𝑥, we have
1
3 − 2𝑥 = 3 − 2 ( ) = 2
2
1
5 − 2𝑥 = 5 − 2 ( ) = 4
2
Therefore, the width of the carpet is 2 meters and the length is 4meters.

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5. THE CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF A CIRCLE
The length or the distance around the circle is called circumference. It
can be obtained using the formula 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 or 𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷. The area of a
circle is the region bounded by the circle and its area is 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2.

Example 1: The radius of a circle is 2 inches.

What is the circumference?

Solution 1:
𝐷 = 2𝑟
𝐷 = 2 × (2 𝑖𝑛)
𝐷 = 4 𝑖𝑛
𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷
𝐶 = 3.14 × (4 𝑖𝑛)
𝐶 = 12.56 𝑖𝑛
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Example 2: The circumference of a circle is 15.7 centimeters.

What is the diameter?

Solution 2:
𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷
15.7 𝑐𝑚 = 3.14 × 𝐷
15.7 𝑐𝑚 ÷ 3.14 = 𝐷
𝐷 = 15.7 𝑐𝑚 ÷ 3.14
𝐷 = 5 𝑐𝑚

Example 3: What is the area of a circle with radius of 3 m?

Solution 3:
Given circle radius is 3m

Area = 𝜋 𝑟 2
= 𝜋 × 32
= 3.14159. . .× (3 × 3)
= 28.27 𝑚2 (to 2 decimal places)

C. VOLUME OF A SOLID FIGURES (Cube and Rectangular)

1. Prism
A prism is a polyhedron with two faces (bases) parallel and congruent
and whose remaining faces (lateral faces) are parallelograms.
Cube is a prism with all six faces a square. It is regular hexahedron and
one of the five platonic solids.
Volume, 𝑽 = 𝒔𝟑; Total surface area, 𝑨 = 𝟔𝒔𝟐 .
Rectangular parallelogram is a prism with all six faces are rectangle.
Volume, 𝑽 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄; Total surface area, 𝑨 = 𝟐(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)
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Example of Prism:
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http://www.icoachmath.com/image_md/Prism1.gif

Example Problem:
a) If a cube has an edge equal to the diagonal of another cube,
find the ratio of their volumes.

Solution:
Let 𝑎 = edge of the smaller cube, thus,
𝑎– √3 = edge of the larger cube

Volume of the smaller cube 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑎3

Volume of the larger cube 𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (𝑎√3)3
𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 3𝑎3 √3

𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
Required ratio = 𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑎3 1 1 √3 √3 √3
= 3𝑎3 =3 =3 × = 3×3 =
√3 √3 √3 √3 9
√3
Therefore, the ratio of their volumes is .
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b) One cube has a face equivalent to the total area of another

cube. Find the ratio of their volumes.

Solution:
Let 𝑎 = edge of smaller cube
𝑥 = edge of smaller cube
Total area of smaller cube 𝐴small = 6𝑎2

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Area of one face of the larger cube 𝐴large = 𝑥 2

One face of larger cube = total area of smaller cube

𝐴large1 = 𝐴small
𝑥 2 = 6𝑎2
𝑥 = 𝑎√6
Volume of smaller cube 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑎3
Volume of larger cube 𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 3
𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (𝑎√6)3
𝑉𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 6𝑎3 √6

𝑉
Ratio of volumes = 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑎3
=6𝑎3
√6
𝑎3
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√6
= ×
6𝑎3 √6 √6
√6
= 36.
√6
Therefore, the ratio of their volume is .
36

c) Building bricks are closely stacked in a pile 7 ft. high, 36 ft. long,
and 12 ft. wide. If the bricks are 2 in. by 4 in. by 9 in., how many
bricks are in the pile?

Solution:

Volume of the pile 𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 7(36)(12)

𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 3024 𝑓𝑡 3

2 4 9
Volume of one brick 𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 12 (12)(12)
1
𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 = 24 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
Number of bricks in the pile =
𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘
3024
= 1
24
= 3024 × 24
= 72576 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠
Therefore, 72, 576 bricks needed in a pile.

d) The edges of the trunk are 3 ft., 4 ft., 6 ft. A second trunk is twice
as long; the other edges are 3 ft., 4 ft. How do their volumes
compare?

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Solution:
𝑉1 = 3(4)(6)
𝑉1 = 72 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑉2 = 3(4)(2 × 6)
𝑉2 = 144 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑉2 144
=
𝑉1 72

𝑉2 = 2𝑉1

Therefore, volume of the second is twice as large as of the first.

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2. Cylinder
Cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two
parallel planes.

Right cylinder is one which has its cylindrical surface to the base.
Volume of cylinder, 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉. The lateral surface area of cylinder,
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂, 𝑨 = 𝟐 × 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 + 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆.
= 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉
= 𝟐𝝅𝒓(𝒓 + 𝒉)
Where: B= area of the base , r = radius and h= altitude of cylinder.

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Properties of a Right Circular Cylinder:

1. The axis of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the
bases.
2. For any oblique or non-oblique sections which do not pass any one
base, the center of which is at the axis.
3. A right circular cylinder can be formed by revolving a rectangle about
one side as axis of revolution.
4. Every section of a right circular cylinder made by a cutting plane
containing two elements and parallel to the axis is a rectangle.

Example:
a) The diameter of the base of a cylinder is 12 cm and the height is 8
cm. Find the surface area of the solid cylinder.
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Solution:
Given: diameter = 12cm; radius = 6 cm; height = 8cm
Required: Surface area = 𝟐𝝅𝒓(𝒓 + 𝒉)
= 2 × 3.14 × 6(6 + 8)
= 527.5
= 528𝑐𝑚

b) A standard-size bass drum has a diameter of 22 inches and is 18

inches deep. Find the volume of this drum. Use the approximate of
value of 𝜋, that is 3.14 and round your answer to the nearest tenth if
necessary.

Solution:
Usually the bass drum would be in the shape of cylinder. So, we can
use the formula of volume of a cylinder, to find volume of the bass
drum. 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ cubic units.
Given: diameter = 22inches = 11 inches radius.
Altitude = 18 inches
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
= 3.14 × (11)2 × 18
= 6, 838.92
Therefore, the volume of the bass drum is about 6838.9 cubic inches.

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Exercise 2
1. Complete the table below: (use separate sheet)

Angle Complement Supplement

22.5°
73°
68°
321°
45°
32°
82°
45.73°
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124°
81°

2. Draw a 73° angle. Label the vertex 𝑦.

3. Draw a 77° angle. Name the angle JAG.
4. How many squares do you see in the figure below?

5. Draw a circle with radius 6cm. Draw a point at the center and label it as
point O. Take a point A inside the circle, a point B on the circle, and point C
outside the circle. Join O and A, O and B, and O and C. Measure the length
of the line segments OA, OB and OC. Arrange the segment in ascending
order.

Assessment 2
Problem Solving: (Use separate sheet)
1. The area of a circle is 98.24 sq. cm. what is the circumference?
2. What is the perimeter of a right triangle whose legs are 63cm and 84cm?
3. If the area of a rectangle is 1 square unit and its width is ¾ unit, how many
units is the length?
4. The radius of a right cylindrical can is 8cm and its height is 27cm. determine
its volume.

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5. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if the length is 3 ft. less than twice the
width and the perimeter is 27 ft.

Project 2
Build a “Geometric” Children Play Park. Your park can be made from a recycled,
purchased, or hand-made figures. Geometric children’s park must consist all of the
shapes listed below. Have fun and enjoy building your children’s park! (Use ¼ size
illustration board as you base).

Solid Shapes:
 Cube
 Prism
 Sphere
 Cylinder
 Cone
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Plane Shapes:
 Square
 Rectangle
 Circle
 Parallelogram
 Triangle
 A line of symmetry labeled
 A pair of congruent shapes labeled
(Same size… same shape = congruent)

Resources
Mateo, Rhea R. et.al (2013). Plane and Solid Mensuration. C&E Publishing House, Inc.
Quezon City.

Dela Cruz, Eduardo Jr. et al (2016). Math for 21st Century Learners G-5. Phoenix
Publishing House Inc. Quezon City.

Buenaventura, Ma. Christina et al (2017). Math Beyond Excellence G-4. JFC

Publishing House, INC. Quezon City.

Other reference:

 https://mathalino.com
 https://www.onlinemath4all.com

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