QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

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SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE

IN

ENGLISH 105
Language Programs and Policies in Multilingual Societies
2nd Sem 2020-2021

MA. THERESA B. VALERIO, Ph D

Associate Professor V
Dean, College of Teacher Education

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MODULE 1

Language Diversity, Languages in a Global World

“Cultural differences should not separate us from

each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a
collective strength that can benefit all of
humanity.”
― Robert Alan

Overview :

This module addresses language diversity around the world and its
relation to education and culture. In this time of globalization, language
learning is not only a means of improved communication, but more importantly
it plays a key role in promoting global understanding and respecting cultural
differences.

COMPETENCIES

At the end of the learning episode, the students should be able to:

1. Reiterate the social relevance of linguistic concepts and cultural

diversity ;
2. Address some issues of diversity in language; and
3. Internalize multilingualism and globalization profoundly.

DISCUSSION

In the process known as globalization, cultures, languages and ways of

living converge creating a different society, one in which multilingualism plays a
main role, having its reflection in education.
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It is interesting, from this point of view, to define the real necessities of

these multilingual and multicultural students, in order to adequate the
curricula for a better acquisition of competences.

However, one of the problems of educating in a multicultural society is

that establishing priorities, sometimes, creates a feeling of lost, devaluation of a
language and the culture it represents. It is a main issue to take into account
the richness of every single culture so as to change that feeling.

Globalization needs to become an exchange of knowledge, and education

is one of the tools for this purpose.

Linguistic and cultural diversity is inherent in many societies around the

world and, despite its importance, this diversity is typically neglected in many
educational settings.

How many languages are there in the world?

7,139 languages are spoken today.( https://www.ethnologue.com/faq)

How many endangered languages are there in the world today?

There are 2,895 endangered languages.

That number is constantly in flux, because we're learning more about the
world's languages every day. Beyond that, the languages themselves are in flux.

They’re living and dynamic, spoken by communities whose lives are

shaped by our rapidly changing world. This is a fragile time: Roughly 40% of
languages are now endangered, often with less than 1,000 speakers remaining.
Meanwhile, just 23 languages account for more than half the world’s
population.

What continents have the most indigenous languages?

Asia has the most indigenous languages, closely followed by Africa.

Combined, they account for nearly 2/3 of the world's languages. Myriad factors
– terrain, cultural history, the spread of ancient civilizations – play into how
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many languages have originated within a certain area.

https://www.ethnologue.com/faq)

With 183 spoken languages, the Philippines is one of the most

linguistically diverse countries in the world. Ilocano, the third-most spoken
language in the Philippines, is our language of the week this week. We’ve
previously taken a look at Cebuano, but considering that there are 187
languages spread over 7,000 islands.

Four of the Philippines’ indigenous languages have at least nine

million native speakers; these are Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon.

Looking at the indigenous languages of the Philippines,our of them

are already extinct, according to UNESCO: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas
Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta.

Multilingualism

“ Multilingualism is an umbrella term

since different authors define it
variously. However, the main definition,
in relation to the society, can be the
existence and the usage of more than
two languages in the society. ”
( Gulzhaina,2013)

Speaking of globalization and multiculturalism, it is essential to take a

few paragraphs to explain multilingualism. Although it was not explicitly
mentioned above, this concept is inseparable from both terms, globalization
and multiculturalism.
In some cases, it is defined as the ability to communicate in different
languages, either oral or written level. Even knowing is positive effects at a
cognitive and personal level, there are countries where it is still perceived as
something out of the norm, like in the United States.

The perception of multilingualism has changed a lot in the last decades,

as well as the perception of bilingualism and monolingualism.

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Monolingualism, which is defined as the ability to understand and

communicate in just one language presents a limitation nowadays; however, a
few decades ago,the fact that a child would learn only one language was
considered as something positive, since the number of words that he could
acquire was higher and he had the advantage of not suffering interference when
speaking This statement has now become obsolete, since the benefits of
mastering several languages have been scientifically proved.

The information received from the outside does not always come in
wordform that could be orally expressed, like the sounds of everyday objects or
the sensations we can perceive through the skin, etc., they nourish the
cognitive and assimilation capacity of human beings.

In a world where there are more than a hundred languages, the

importance of monolingualism over multilingualism is at least questionable,
although officially speaking, governments usually recognize only one language.

When we talk about multilingualism, it is assumed that one of those

languages that a person would be able to speak is the English language, as a
result of the influence of the colonization by the British and the dominant role
which is currently played by the United States.

We can distinguish five major factors that lead to multilingualism and

all of them are related to globalization.

1. Imperialism and colonialism are used as references because they led

to the convergence of two different languages in the same territory.
2. Migration is another factor to consider; poor regions are depopulated
in search of a better life;thus promoting the need for communication
between countries.

3.The preservation of minority languages is also mentioned, the

coexistence of two languages promotes their conservation in a cultural and
social context in which both are necessary.• The promotion of the inclusion of
more than one language in the school curriculum because it favors their
learning and use.
4.Religious migration, in which people from different religious beliefs
interact.

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5.It should also be mentioned that the influence of the media, music
and television programs produced in a foreign country promotes the interest in
that language in one way or another.

Language and Society

In linguistics we sometimes might seem to treat language as though it

was nothing to do with people.  It is seen as a sealed system, subject to its own
rules. 

Social context recognizes that people use language and that language is a
part of society.  Social context tries to describe, and account for, the different
ways that different people use language.  

Social context looks at relationships between language and society and

looks at language as people use it.  It considers the relationship between a
person’s language and their social identity.

Social context will think about variety within a language.  Everybody who

speaks a language has a very wide linguistic repertoire unless they have very
severe learning difficulties, or are learning the language as a foreign
language.  This means, they can use language in many different ways,
depending on the situation they are in.   The sort of language that they use also
depends on their social background and social identity. In the study of English
: EFL and ESL means

English as a Foreign language & English as the Second Language.

We have said that Social context looks at the way relationship between
society and people and language.Sociolinguistics is the study of the connection
between language and society and the way people use language in different
social situations.

It asks the question, "How does language affect the social nature of
human beings, and how does social interaction shape language?" It ranges
greatly in depth and detail, from the study of dialects across a given region to
the analysis of the way men and women speak to each other in certain
situations.

The basic premise of sociolinguistics is that language is variable and

ever-changing. As a result, language is not uniform or constant. Rather, it is

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varied and inconsistent for both the individual user and within and among
groups of speakers who use the same language.

People adjust the way they talk to their social situation. An individual, for
instance, will speak differently to a child than he or she will to their college
professor. This socio-situational variation is sometimes called register and
depends no only on the occasion and relationship between the participants, but
also on the participants’ region, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and
gender.

One way that sociolinguists study language is through dated written

records. They examine both hand-written and printed documents to identify
how language and society have interacted in the past. This is often referred to
as historical sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between changes in
society and changes in language over time.

For example, historical sociolinguists have studied the use and frequency
of the pronoun thou in dated documents and found that its replacement with
the word you is correlated with changes in class structure in 16th and 17th
century England.

Sociolinguists also commonly study dialect, which is the regional, social,

or ethnic variation of a language. For example, the primary language in the
United States is English. People who live in the South, however, often vary in
the way they speak and the words they use compared to people who live in the
Northwest, even though it is all the same language. There are different dialects
of English, depending on what region of the country you are in.

Language, culture and society have a correlation because language is an

instrument or embodiment of culture that used by human to communicate with
each other, either through writing, oral, or movement (sign language), with the
aim of conveying the mind intent or willingness to others.

There may be many cultures in one society by language diversity; society

is a number of people who have a settled relationship and the same interest;
culture is everything that is learned and experienced socially by the members of
a society, so the culture is not only the accumulation of habits and code of
conduct but a system organized behavior.

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Culture embraces all aspects and terms in human life, be it a material or

non-product material. There may be many cultures in one society by language
diversity.

Relationship between language and society. Language and society are two
things meet at one point, it means that between language and society will not
be separated.

Language as arbitrary symbol system sound that used by members of the

community as a means of communication, interaction, and identify yourself.
Language so firmly attached, fused soul in each speaker in the community.

The function of language as an instrument to do the interaction and

communication to convey thoughts, ideas, concepts or also feeling in society
life.
Type of relationship between language and society is an association
between certain forms of language, called the variation or dialect diversity with
the use of function in society. For examples, we use standard language in
education activity, we use non-standard language in non-formal activity, we
use a literature language in our art activity, and so on. Sociolinguistic
examines the relationship between language of society which relate two areas
those we can study them separately, it is formal structure language by
linguistic and structure community by sociology.

Relationship between language and culture. Language is a part of the

culture, so the relationship between language and culture is subordinate
relationship, which the languages are under the cultural sphere. Language and
culture are the two systems that attached in human life.

If culture as a system that regulates the human interaction in society,

the language will be a system that serves as a means of the interaction ongoing.

In conclusion, languages are closely in the life community, and they used
by people to communicate, whether they are in sign form, written, or oral.
Then, contrary to human nature, they cannot do society without languages.

That might be said that human as same as animals if there is no

language in society, so there is a relationship between language and society.
Because of that relation, there is culture. It develops because of the public
speaking/people speak to each other, public thinking/people who think to
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create something that becomes values in society, that is culture. So, society life
cannot be separated from language system and culture system.

People and Language

Language, a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written

symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language
include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative
expression, and emotional release.( Crystal,2021)
Code-switching, process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or
dialect) to another, depending on the social context or conversational setting.

Historical attitudes toward language

As is evident from the discussion above, human life in its present form
would be impossible and inconceivable without the use of language. People
have long recognized the force and significance of language.

Naming—applying a word to pick out and refer to a fellow human being,

an animal, an object, or a class of such beings or objects—is only one part of
the use of language, but it is an essential and prominent part.

In many cultures people have seen in the ability to name a means to

control or to possess; this explains the reluctance, in some communities, with
which names are revealed to strangers and the taboo restrictions found in
several parts of the world on using the names of persons recently dead. Such
restrictions echo widespread and perhaps universal taboos on naming directly
things considered obscene, blasphemous, or very fearful.

The later biblical tradition of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9)

exemplifies three aspects of early thought about language:

(1) Divine interest in and control over its use and development.
(2) A recognition of the power it gives to humans in relation to their
environment.
(3) An explanation of linguistic diversity, the fact that people in adjacent
communities speak different and mutually unintelligible languages together
with a survey of the various speech communities of the world known at the
time to the Hebrew people.
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What is Bilingualism?

Bilingualism simply as the ability to express oneself with ease in two

languages.

People usually become bilingual because they need it in their day-to-day

lives. As a result the degree of bilingualism may vary from one individual to
another. Bilinguals are not necessarily perfectly fluent in their languages; it is
in fact quite common to have a dominant language.

It is to be noted that being able to express yourself in two languages

takes time. It is not after studying a language for six months that one can
become bilingual.

Bilingualism is a phenomenon in which a person can speak more than

one languages. Sometimes Bilingualism is contrasted with Multilingualism. ...
The person who can speak more than one languages is referred to as a
Bilingual or Multilingual.

A bilingual person is someone who speaks two languages. A person who

speaks more than two languages is called 'multilingual'

What is Code-switching

Code switching (also code-switching, CS) is the practice of moving back

and forth between two languages or between two dialects or registers of the
same language at one time.

Code switching occurs far more often in conversation than in writing. It is

also called code-mixing and style-shifting. It is studied by linguists to examine
when people do it, such as under what circumstances do bilingual speakers
switch from one to another, and it is studied by sociologists to determine why
people do it, such as how it relates to their belonging to a group or the
surrounding context of the conversation :casual or professional, etc.
(Nordquist,2019)

Code-switching performs several functions. (Zentella, 1985 ,Johnson,

2000).

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1.People may use code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in

the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code.

2.Code switching is used to mark switching from informal situation.

(using native languages) to formal situations (using the second language).

3.Code switching is used to exert control, especially between parents and

children.
4.Code switching is used to align speakers with others in specific iituations
(e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group).

5. Code switching also 'functions to announce specific identities, create

certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships' .

Language Change

We frequently adopt new words from

different languages and cultures.

Do you know that the Isinai dialect in Dupax is nearly becoming an

instinct dialect ? As decades passed, some dialects are no longer used in a
particular place.

Language is constantly adapting and changing to reflect our changing

lives, experiences and cultures.

Language change enables us to accommodate new ideas, inventions

and technologies.

It's not just the words themselves which change; the way in which we
use them can shift too.

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Language isn’t fixed; it is always evolving. The English language has

changed dramatically over the last millennium. There are also words you
already know. For instance, the latest update of the Oxford English Dictionary
added new English words like banana bread, LOL and plant-based.

Sometimes even slang, like LOL, makes it into the dictionaries as a new
English word. Slang is very informal language or specific words used by a group
of people. Usually you’ll hear slang in spoken language. You can also come
across it in SMS or social media. However, you don’t use slang in formal written
work.

There are many different ways that this evolution happens. Here are
some of the primary ways:

1. Trade and migration

As cultures interact, mix and trade, language shifts to accommodate
these changes.English words, for example, often borrows from other languages.
These are called loanwords.

Examples :Avatar, tsunami and sudoku are good examples of more recent
loanwords.

Can you guess which languages we have ‘borrowed’ these words from? Answer
here: __________________

2. Technology and new inventions

New words and phrases are also invented to describe things that didn’t
exist before.

A few years ago we weren’t lured by clickbait and didn’t worry about our
carbon footprint. It is only recently that we have taken selfies or listened to
podcasts.

Sometimes these invented words are the fusion of two words that existed
before.

These are known as portmanteau words. For example, blog comes from
the combination of web and log.

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'Email' is a portmanteau of 'electronic' and

'mail.' Portmanteaus are frequently used as
words for new technologies and inventions.

3. Old words acquiring new meanings

Nice is often given as an example of a word shift.

Over seven hundred years it has changed its meaning from 'foolish' to
'shy', then to 'dainty', from there to 'delightful' and to our modern meaning of
'giving pleasure or satisfaction'. Some shift!

The internet has been responsible for a number of more recent word
shifts: mouse, surf and web are obvious examples.

Language Change today

Think about the English-speaking world today. We are experiencing an

exceptional amount of international trade, migration and technological change.

Just as the world is quickly changing around us, so is the language we

use.

Have you noticed the way you use language changing recently?
__________________

Language Shift

Language shift is the process whereby members of a community in which

more than one language is spoken abandon their original vernacular language
in favor of another. Especially in language contact situations, people are
confronted with choices about which language to speak.

Language shift occurs when the community sees no reason to take active
steps to maintain their ethnic language.

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When a community of speakers moving to a region or country whose

language is different from theirs, there is a tendency to shift to the new
language. To sum up, language shift is an interesting and inevitable linguistic
phenomenon.

The factors which trigger the shift vary from one language community to
another. Some of them are demographic, attitude and values, economic, social,
and political factors.

Language shift can happen naturally, but many times, probably too
often, it’s something that the government in an area has pushed in some way or
another, since the languages that are discarded are generally regional or
minority languages.

Sometimes the community decides that they would be better off if they
learned a more socially acceptable or popular language, as its members would
then have access to social and economic opportunities otherwise unknown to
them. Whatever the reason is, language shift leads to language death, but at
least the death is a gradual one

Language Death

Nothing is sadder in the linguistic community than witnessing the death

of a language and not being able to do anything about it. Of course, not many
people really know that a language can “die” in the first place. The true
definition of a dead language is one that has no native speakers left.

There are several different ways that it can happen, but the bottom line
is that if there is only one person left who speaks the language as their native
tongue and fluently, then the language has died. It doesn’t matter if there are
still other members of the community that understand the language or maybe
speak a little bit of it.

Even if there are elders in the community who refuse to teach their
native tongue to the younger generation, the language is doomed as it won’t
survive to be passed on to a new generation as a native language. Languages
can die gradually, which is probably the most natural way for it to happen, but
many times there are outside influences involving the struggles of a minority
community against the majority society in which they live. The death of a

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language can start in the home, or it can start in some area as high up as the
government or aristocracy.

Probably the most common cause of language death is when a

community that previously only spoke one language starts to speak another
one. This is called “language shift”. The community first becomes bilingual, not
discarding their native tongue, but soon they start to use the new language
more and more, until their native language is no longer use.

However, there are ways to keep a language from dying, or to revitalize a

dead one. The best example of this is probably what Israel did with Hebrew,
taking it from a practically extinct language to one that had a whole new
generation of people who spoke it as their native language.

With the recovering or revitalization of a language comes the recovering

and revitalization of a culture and heritage, so it’s wonderful that people are
trying to do something to stop or at least slow the deaths of many endangered
languages.

Standard and Vernacular Languages

Vernacular, a social dialect spoken by socially subordinate groups is the

most closely associated language in locally-based communities. Vernacular
refers to ‘local or native languages of common communication’ and is
contrasted with the official standard language in a multilingual society. (Eckert
& Wolfram)

The term "vernacular language" refers to the native language of a specific

language in a specific place.

 Vernacular language is a native dialect of specific culture or a specific

region.
 It is the everyday language, including slang, that's used by the people.
 As populations grow and societies become more diverse, languages also
keep on evolving

The word vernacular originates from the Latin word, vernāculus, meaning
native or indigenous. Ideally, vernacular is the way ordinary people talk
with each other in nonformal settings like at home. A vernacular language

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(non-standard dialect) is a native dialect or form of speech of specific people

or a specific region.

These languages are also known as ethnic languages, and they are more
spoken than formally written and are endemic in specific societies. During
the Roman Empire, non-natives from different parts of the world spoke Latin
because they could not learn each of the many languages that the natives
spoke in the empire, and therefore, this situation made Latin a lingua
franca and all other languages vernacular.

Standard Language

A standard language (also standard

variety, standard dialect, and
standard) is a language variety that
has undergone substantial
codification of grammar and usage
and is employed by a population for
public communication.

The standard is the language that is used in ‘globalizing institutions,’

which include schools and universities, business and government offices, and
banks. Both variants are used by people to show connection/membership
either with local or wider (more general) community.

A standard language is a variety of language that is used by

governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication.
There are different standard varieties of English in the world, such as North
American English, Australian English and Indian English. Although these
standard varieties differ in terms of their pronunciation, there are few
differences in grammar between them.

Standard language is the way to use language in official and formal

situation as in newspapers and public speeches. The core idea of standard
language is to codify a public, particularly written language so that it is
accessible to every speaker of the language to be used in education, media and
science.

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The term standardization is generally used within linguistics to refer to

the process of bringing about a standard language.

This process brings to a language a uniformity and consistent norm and

form of writing and speaking, and the promotion of uniformity and consistency
usually entails the reduction or elimination of variation.

On a social level, the standard language is usually identified as the

variety with highest prestige. Outside the linguistic community, the standard
language—particularly the written mode—is usually considered an integral part
of national (or supraregional) identity, being seen as the most widely used
variety of the language, the official variety of the language, the national
language, or even just as the language of that nation.

The standard language is also seen as the most correct variety, what is
called the “standard-bearing” component of standardization, which is its
example-function that also paves the way to language purism.

Linguists, however, usually see the standard variety of a particular

language as one among many dialects of that language, and often find it
difficult to define what the standard is, partly because it is generally held that
“standard language” is an ideology rather than a concrete reality.
( Straaijer,2019)

ENHANCEMENT TASKS

QUIZ 1. Send your answers before or on March 29, 2021.

1.How do sociolinguists study language to explain the history of the

language ? Cite 2 ways as justifications of your answer.

2.Sociolinguists also commonly study dialect, which is the regional,

social, or ethnic variation of a language. For example, the primary
language in the United States is English.
Fill in the table to indicate the language in the specific country
Refer to :
https://www.internetworldstats.com/languages2.htm
Fill in the major dialects used by the community provinces of
Philippines cite below.( Part II ) Pls. refer to goggle.com
I. Country Major language used by
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the community
Example : Greece Greek

1.Finland
2.England
3.Iceland
4.Israel
5.Taiwan
6. Thailand
7.China
8.Poland
9. Great Britain
10.Japan

II.Provinces in the Philippines Dialects spoken by the

community ( Give at
least 2 )
9.Ilocos
10.Pangasinan
11. Eastern Samar, Northern Samar
and Eastern Visayas.
12.Iloilo, Panay Islands, Antique,
Bacolod, North & South Cotabato in
Mindanao
13.Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Cavite,
14.Quirino
15.Isabela

TASK 1. Task 1.Based on the graph above, Give 4 conclusions you can
deduce.

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Conclusions:
1.___________________________________________
2.___________________________________________
3.___________________________________________
4.___________________________________________

Task 3. Give your reaction to this quote.Write your reaction in one short
paragraph.

Task 4. Did you know…?

The story of the tower of Babel describes the diversity of languages and
people.

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The Tower of Babel. (Genesis 11:4-5 )

Genesis 11. Now the whole world had one language and a common
speech. 2 As people moved eastward,[a] they found a plain in Shinar[b] and settled
there.
3 
They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them
thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. 4 Then they
said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the
heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be
scattered over the face of the whole earth.”
5 
But the LORD came down to see the city and the tower the people were
building. 6 The LORD said, “If as one people speaking the same language they
have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for
them. 7 Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not
understand each other.”
8 
So the LORD scattered them from there over all the earth, and they
stopped building the city. 9 That is why it was called Babel

—because there the LORD confused the language of the whole

world. From there the LORD scattered.

Answer the following:

1. What is the message of the Tower of Babel?___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Why did God destroy the Tower of Babel ?

______________________________________________________________

3.How did GOD disunited the people ?

3. Relate the message of this text in relation to multilingualism.

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______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

TASK 5. Think about the English-speaking world today. We are experiencing an

exceptional amount of international trade, migration and technological change.
Cite 10 new words which you considered “newly formed words due to
technology and due to changes in the society. Samples are given below. You
may refer to : https://ielts.com.au/articles/100-new-english-words-and-
phrases-updated-2020/

New words Words combined meaning

examples: e-waste Electronic + waste worthless or inferior
electronic text or
content
social distancing Social + distance The action of practice of
maintaining a specified
physical distance from other
people, or of limiting access
to and contact between
people
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Task 6.Cite brief definition of each linguistic term.

1. bilingualism :___________________________________________________________
2. code-switching:_________________________________________________________
3. language shift:__________________________________________________________
4.language change:________________________________________________________
5 language death: _________________________________________________________
6. language revival: ________________________________________________________
7. vernacular :_____________________________________________________________
8. Standard Language :____________________________________________________
9.Multilinguals:___________________________________________________________

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

10.Dialect : ______________________________________________________________

For tasks 1 to 6, please submit your outputs on April 17, 2021 at e- mail ad:
[email protected]

REFERENCES

Bono, M., & Stratilaki, S. (2009). The M-factor, a bilingual asset for plurilinguals? learners’
representations, discourse strategies and third language acquisition in institutional
contexts. International Journal of Multilingualism

Boekmann, K. B., Aalto, A., Atanasoska, T., & Lamb, T. (2011). Promoting plurilingualism: Majority
language in multilingual settings [Internet]. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. Available
from http://www.ecml.at/tabid/277/PublicationID/75/Default.aspx

Crandall, J. (ed.). (2018).Global perspectives on language education policies. New York:Routledge

Perrovic, J. (2010). International perspectives on bilingual education : policy, practice and controversy.
Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

Shin, S. (2018). Bilingualism in schools and society : language, identity, and policy. New York:Routledge

http://gwhs-stg02.i.gov.ph/~s2govnccaph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-
disseminationscd/language-and-translation/language-policies-in-the-philippines/

https://ielts.com.au/articles/100-new-english-words-and-phrases-updated-2020/

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-
0250.xml

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-vernacular-language-how-is-it-different-from-a-lingua-
franca.html

END OF MODULE 1

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