7th IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid December 9-11, 2019, Newcastle, AUSTRALIA

On&Off-Grid Hybrid Microgrid Design and Dynamic

Analysis
Umit Cetinkaya Ramazan Bayindir
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Gazi University Gazi University
Ankara, Turkey Ankara, Turkey
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract — In the last years, electrical energy generation from microgrid, dynamic control methods are implemented to
distributed generation with small scale has increased drastically. control the output voltage and frequency stability. In addition,
Microgrid is among the basic components in the distributed while providing energy to consumers from different sources,
generation systems. A hybrid microgrid including solar and the grid must be operated stably. The microgrids can be
diesel generator is designed for this study, which can be operated operated in two different ways as on-grid or off-grid. On-grid
as on-grid or off-grid mode. This microgrid model provides microgrids can be connected to the existing grid with the
bidirectional power flow in on-grid mode, however off-grid mode distribution transformer and can provide bidirectional two-
it could control voltage stability and load balancing with diesel way energy flow. But off-grid microgrid, it can be operated as
generator and controllable loads. To show this features of isolated from the grid in island mode, in which demand and
microgrid, the dynamic analyses have been performed according control within the microgrid must be maintained [4-5]. The
to the different grid conditions.
voltage and frequency control of the microgrid is supported by
Keywords – Hybrid microgrid, Dynamic Analysis, Voltage Stability.
the grid when connected to the grid. In island mode, there is
no supporting grid for the control of the system. Thus,
balancing in island mode is provided by the microgrid sources
I. INTRODUCTION [6-7]. Different control methods are used in microgrid. If it is
on-grid, active and reactive power control (P-Q) is used
In recent years, energy demand has been continuously because voltage and frequency support is provided by the grid.
increasing and different types of energy sources are used in In off-grid mode, voltage and frequency (V-f) control must be
electricity generation. Especially, the spread of large and small ensured by itself [8-9].
power capacity of renewable energy sources such as solar,
Many studies dealing with microgrid design, control and
wind and also the development of battery technology have
increased this diversity. In parallel, the architecture of grid integration have been conducted in recent years. Steady-
traditional electricity grid has been changing. The best example state and dynamic analyzes of the microgrid consisting of
of this is the increase of distributed generation in the solar, battery and hydro sources have been performed
distribution-transmission grid in contrast to the previous years. according to different grid conditions [10]. Similarly, an off-
The most important innovations are in modern smart grid, grid microgrid design consisting of wind-solar-battery sources
distributed generation, battery and demand response facilities. have been applied [11-12]. DC bus voltage control and energy
The distributed migrogrids on the existing interconnected grid management are made for an on-grid microgrid with solar and
contributes to the sustainability of supply-demand security and battery [13]. The integration analysis of industrial microgrid
increases energy efficiency. However, energy generation is not with large scale generation capacity was performed in
continuous unlike conventional power plants because different conditions as fault, tripping, island mode and
distributed generations are mainly from renewable energy variable generation-consumption [14] In [15], a detailed
sources. For this reason, it is considered more favorable to investigation of six energy control methods for a standalone
apply microgrids in hybrid structure. Also, demand side microgrid in remote area. These control methods are the state
management and storage applications can be made in microgrid machine control, the rule-based fuzzy logic control, the
[1-2]. The CIGRE WG6.2 working group defines generally ANFIS-based control, the ECMS, the EEMSand the PI-type
microgrids which are electricity generation systems that fuzzy logic control. In case of failures in microgrids, transient
include loads and energy sources, which could be controlled analyzes have been conducted according to grid connections
and operated as connected or not connected of grid [3]. Hybrid
[16]. To ensure load sharing between resources, a control
microgrids consist of units that contain at least two different
proposal and implementation have been ensured in hybrid
energy sources and support each other. The control system is
very critical in such systems. Therefore, the most appropriate microgrids [17]. The accurate modeling and controlling of
control system should be determined to design hybrid system battery storage systems are significant to determine their
according to the type and power capacity of the units. In hybrid behaviors. Thus, several types of control methods are
investigated and compared on test microgrid system [18]. In

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 7th IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid December 9-11, 2019, Newcastle, AUSTRALIA

[19], it is intended to determine the optimized size of control model of diesel generator have been designed
equipment for designing an on-grid hybrid microgrid with according to IEEE standard control models [20]. It is given the
supplying consumption power of Razi University. In this set parameter of excitation system (AVR_EXST1) and
paper, firstly it is designed a hybrid microgrid which can be governor control model (GOV_IEESGO) on the Table 1.
operated as dependent and independent from main grid. It TABLE 1: THE SET PARAMETERS OF AVR AND GOV
consists of solar and diesel generator units. In on-grid mode,
energy flow can be provided as bidirectional. However, the AVR_EXST1 GOV_IEESGO
Parameters Value Parameters Value
voltage stability and load balancing of the microgrid is Tr 0,01 T1 0,3
primarily controlled by the diesel generator in the off-grid Tb 0,1 T2 5,
mode. But when the power demands of microgrids exceeds by Tc 0,1 K1 25,
its production capacity, the load balancing is provided by the Ka 50, T3 11,88
controllable loads. Ta 0,01 T4 0,1
Kc 0, K3 1,
Kf 0, T6 0,
II. HYBRID MICROGRID DESIGN AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS Tc 0,15 K2 0,
Tf -3 T5 0,
A. Hybrid Microgrid Model Vimin -7 Pmin 0,
Vrmin 3, Pmax 0,85
Hybrid microgrid was modelled as distributed grid Vimax 7,
connection which consist of solar, diesel sources and Vrmax 0,01
controllable loads. It is required to provide by bidirectional
power flow in on-grid mode. But the load demand is provided The other feature of the microgrid is the control of demand.
from PV and diesel generator in off-grid mode. In addition, Generally, if a microgrid is to be operated in off-grid mode, its
controlled loads shall be reduced to ensure microgrid stability generation capacity must be determined according to its
in case of insufficient generation capacity. The single line maximum demand. Otherwise, the supply and demand balance
diagram of the hybrid microgrid model is shown on Figure 1 cannot be achieved. Thus, the maximum demand is
and it is connected to distribution grid via 154/33 kV approximately 6 MW according to the generation capacity in
transformer with Bus 2. this study. It is aimed to provide load balance by controlling
the loads when the demand of the microgrid exists the total
power generated by diesel and PV units. Load-1 represents the
continuous energy demand of the microgrid under normal
operation and also can provide load control in case of
maximum energy demand. Load-2 represents variable loads.
To sum up if the grid losses are neglected, the load balance
equation for the microgrids are;

On-Grid mode;
PDiesel + PSolar ± PGrid = PLoad
Off-Grid mode;
PDiesel + PSolar = Δ PLoad
B. Cases Analysis
Different case analyzes have been conducted in order to
show the dynamic response of the hybrid microgrid in on and
off-grid mode. The details of case scenarios are described on
the Table 2.
TABLE 2: THE DETAILS OF CASES

Generation (MW) Demand (MW)

Fig. 1. Single Line Diagram Grid Mode PV Diesel Gen Load 1 Load 2
Case 1 On grid 0,6 MW 2 MW 2 MW 2 MW
The capacity of PV unit is 1 MW and the installed power Case 2 Off grid 0,6 MW 2 MW 2 MW 0
of diesel generator is 6 MVA. If the microgrid is operated
independently from the grid, the voltage-frequency control of Case 3 Off grid 0,6 MW 2 MW 2 MW 2 MW
the system is provided by the diesel generator. In this case, the Case 4 Off grid 0,6 MW 2 MW 2 MW 4 MW
power deviations which may occur in the grid will be
controlled firstly by the dynamic response of the diesel Case 1 is considered as a base scenario. In this case, in
generator. For this purpose, excitation system and governor order to show the response of the microgrid to the load

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 7th IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid December 9-11, 2019, Newcastle, AUSTRALIA

increase; Load 2 is put into use at t=10 s. In Case 2, the increase. In this case, the diesel generator greatly does not
response of the microgrid has been analyzed in case of respond to load changes in on-grid mode because load balance
disconnection to the grid. Therefore, the grid integration is is provided by main grid. Figure 3 shows the results of Case 2.
disconnected at t= 10 s. Figure 2 shows the analysis results for Over generation of the microgrid is balanced by the diesel
Case 1. generator dropping load in the event of disconnection of the
grid. The speed and electrical power of the diesel generator are
reduced. Also the voltage of bus 2 which is connection point
of microgrid changes within operational limits between 0,95
pu - 1.00 pu. The operational stability of the hybrid microgrid
is maintained in both cases.

Fig. 2: The analysis results for Case 1.

According to results of Case 1, since the demand load of

the microgrid is higher than the its generation in the initial
state, the more energy is transmitted to the power grid. The Fig. 3: The analysis results for Case 2.
required energy demand is supplied by the grid in case of load

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 7th IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid December 9-11, 2019, Newcastle, AUSTRALIA

In Case 3, the dynamic response of the microgrid is In addition to Case 3 scenarios, Case 4 shows the effect of
examined in the transition from the on-grid mode to the off- load controlling when the demand of the microgrid is
grid mode and with load increase event. At the start of maximum. In this case, The Load 2 which is defined as
simulation, the microgrid transmits its power to main grid. variable load of microgrid increases to 4 MW at 30 s. In this
With off-grid mode, diesel generator reduces its generation to situation, the total generation of microgrid is nearly 5 MW but
1.47 MW at 10 s toward demand. Then, diesel generator demand is nearly 6 MW. Therefore, Load 1 which is defined
increases its generation to 3.42 MW at 20 s with load as the controllable load of the microgrid is decreased by 1
increasing. The voltage level of Bus-2 ranges between 1,012 MW. Figure 5 shows the results of Case 4.
pu and 0,96 pu by means of the response of the diesel
generator to all events in the grid. Finally, the operational
stability of the microgrid maintains in Case 3. Figure 4 shows
the analysis results of Case 3.

Fig. 5: The analysis results for Case 4.

Fig. 4: The analysis results for Case 3.

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 7th IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid December 9-11, 2019, Newcastle, AUSTRALIA

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