MODULE 4

Traversing and
Traverse
Computations
 LESSON 11

I. INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE

It is used principally in surveying. It is measured either in a clockwise or counter
clockwise direction, however the usual practice is to measure these angles clockwise.
Sample Problem
The interior angles of a five-sided closed traverse were measured as follow:
A = 118o30’ C. = not measured E = 140o50’
B = 95o33’ D = 134o10’

If the observed angles are assumed to be correct, determine the interior angle of C.
Also, determine the bearing of each line if the bearing of line AB is N 15 o30’ E. Tabulate
values accordingly.
Solution
a. Determine the angle at C
Sum = (n-2)180o = (5 – 2)180o = 540o (sum of interior angles of a pentagon)
Sum = Angles (A + B + C + D + E)
540o = 118o30’ + 95o33’ + C + 134o10’ + 140o50’
Angle C = 50o57’
b. Determine the bearing of each course
Bearing of BC = 95o33’ – 15o30’ = S 80o03’ E
Bearing of CD = 180o – (80o03’ + 50o57’) = S 49o W
Bearing of DE = 134o10’ – 49o = N 85o10’ W
Bearing of EA = 85o10’ + 140o50’ – 180o = N 46o W
Bearing of AB = 180o – (118o30’ + 46o) = N 15o30’ E
c. Tabulated data
STA INTERIOR ANGLE LINE BEARING
A 118o30 AB N 15o30’ E
B 95o33’ BC S 80o03’ E
o
C 50 57’ CD S 49o00’ W
o
D 134 10’ DE N 85o10’ W
E 140o50’ EA N 46o00’ W
II. Deflection Angle Traverse
It is used frequently for the location survey of roads, railroads, pipelines, transmission
lines, canals, and other similar types of survey.
Sample Problem
Following are the observed deflection angles of a closed traverse.
A= 28o25’00” (L) E = 108o13’30” (L)
o
B = 68 03’30” (L) F = 16o50’00” (R)
o
C = 120 34’00” (L) G = 110o00’30” (L)
D = 58o30’00” (R)
Compute the error of closure and adjust the angular values by assuming that the error is
the same for each angle. Tabulate angles accordingly.
Solution
a. Determining the error of closure
n = 7 (number of deflection angle)
∑DEFLL = A + B + C + E + G = 28o25’+ 68o03’30”+ 120o34’+ 108o13’30”+ 110o00’30”
= 435o16’30”
∑DEFLR = D + F = 58o30’00” + 16o50’00” = 75o20’00”
DIFF = ∑DEFLL - ∑DEFLR = 435o16’30” - 75o20’00” = 359o56’30”
ERROR = 360o - 359o56’30” = 3’30”
corr. = 3’30” + 7 = 0’30”
b. Adjusting the defl. angles (increased the left defl. and decrease the right defl.)
A’ = A + corr = 28o25’00” + 0’30” = 28o25’30” (L)
B’ = B + corr = 68o03’30” + 0’30” = 68o04’00” (L)
C’ = C + corr = 120o34’00’ + 0’30” = 120o34’30” (L)
D’ = D – corr = 58o30’00” - 0’30” = 58o29’30” (R)
E’ = E + corr = 108o13’30” + 0’30” = 108o14’00” (L)
F’ = F – corr = 16o50’00 - 0’30” = 16o49’30” (R)
G’ = G + corr = 110o00’30” + 0’30 = 110o01’00” (L)
c. Solution Check
∑DEFLL= A’+B’+C’+E’+G’ = 28o25’30”+ 68o04’+120o34’30”+ 108o14+110o01’= 435o19’
∑DEFLR = D’ + F’ = 58o29’30” + 16o49’30” = 75o19’
DIFF. = ∑DEFLL - ∑DEFLR = 435o19’ - 75o19’ = 360o
d. Tabulated Data
Obs. Defl. Angle Adj. Defl. Angle
STA Left Right corr Left Right
A 28o25’00” +30” 28o25’30”
B 68o03’30” +30” 68o04’00”
o
C 120 34’00” +30” 120o34’30”
o
D 58 30’00” - 30” 58o29’30”
o o
E 108 13’30” +30” 108 14’00”
F 16o50’00” - 30” 16o49’30
o o
G 110 00’30” +30” 110 01’00
Sums 435o16’30” 75o20’00” 435o19’00” 75o19’00”

III. Angle to the Right Traverse

It is employed when numerous details are to be located from the traverse stations. Such
type of traverse is commonly used in city, tunnel and mine survey.

Sample Problem
A five-sided closed traverse proceeds in a clockwise direction and the angle to the right
of each station were observed as follows:
ʆa = 240o30’ ʆd = 220o04”
o
ʆb = 238 15’ ʆe = 271o13’
o
ʆc = 289 53’ n=5
Determine the error of closure and adjust the observed values on the assumption that
the error is the same for each angle. Tabulate values accordingly.
Solution
a. Determine the error of closure
sum1 = 240o30’ + 238o15’ + 289o53’ + 220o04” + 271o13’ = 1259o55’
sum2 = (n + 2)180o = (5 + 2)180o = 1260o
Error = sum2 – sum1 = 1260o - 1259o55’ = +0o05’
corr = +0o05’/ 5 = + 0.01’
b. Adjusting the observed angles
ʆa’ = ʆa + corr = 240o30’ + 0.01 = 240o31’
ʆb’ = ʆb + corr = 238o15’ + 0.01 = 238o16’
ʆc’ = ʆc + corr = 289o53’ + 0.01 = 289o54’
ʆd’ = ʆd + corr = 220o04’ + 0.01 = 220o05’
ʆe’ = ʆe + corr = 271o13’ + 0.01 = 271o14’
c. Solution check
sum2 = 240o31’ + 238o16’ + 289o54’ + 220o05’ + 271o14’
1260o = 1260o
d. Tabulated solution
Sta. Obs. Angle to the Right corr. Adj. Angle to the Right
o
A 240 30’ + 0.01’ 240o31’
o
B 238 15’ + 0.01’ 238o16’
o
C 289 53’ + 0.01’ 289o54’
o
D 220 04’ + 0.01’ 220o05’
o
E 271 13’ + 0.01’ 271o14’
Sums 1259o55’ + 0.05’ 1260o00’
IV. Azimuth Traverse
It is by far one of the quickest and most satisfactory method where at one setup of the
transit or theodolite several angles or directions can be determined.
Sample Problem
Given the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a closed traverse.
Determine the bearing and azimuth from north of all traverse lines and the anle to the
right of each station
Solution
a. Determining bearing and azimuth (from north) of all traverse lines
at station A ʆab = 180o – 170o30’ = 9o30’
Bearing of AB N 9o30’ W
Ɵab 350o30’
at station B ʆbc = 180o – 123o05’ = 56o55’
Bearing of BC N 56o55’ W
Ɵbc 303o05’
at station C ʆcd = 56o13’
Bearing of CD S 56o13’ W
Ɵcd 236o13’
at station D ʆde = 360o – 357o58’ = 2o02’
Bearing of DE S 2o02’ E
Ɵcd 177o58’
at station E ʆea = 360o – 270o28’ = 89o32’
Bearing of EA S 89o32’ E
Ɵcd 90o28
b. Determining angle to the right of each station
ØA 170o30’ – 90o28’ = 80o02’
ØB (360o – 350o30’) + 123o05’ = 132o35’
ØC (360o – 303o05’) + 56o13’ = 113o08’
ØD 357o58’ – 236o13’ = 121o45’
ØE 270o28’ – 177o58’ = 92o30’
c. Solution check
ØA + ØA + ØA + ØA + ØA = (n -2) 180o
540o = 540o
V. Latitudes and Departures
The Latitude of a line is its projection onto the reference meridian or a north-south line.
It is sometimes referred to as nothings and southings
 Latab = dab Cos ʆab Depab = dab sin ʆab
Latcd = dcd Cos ʆcd Depcd = dcd sin ʆcd
Latgh = dgh Cos ʆgh Depgh = dgh sin ʆgh
Latef = def Cos ʆef Depef = def sin ʆef
Error of Closure
−C D
LEC = C2L +C 2D
√ Tan Ɵ =
−C L
where: LEC linear error of closure
CL closure in latitude of the algebraic sum of north and south
CD closure in departure of the algebraic sum of east and west
Ɵ bearing angle of the side of error
LEC
RP =
D
RP Relative Precision
D Total length or perimeter of the traverse

Sample Problem
1. Given in the tabulation below are notes for an open traverse. Determine the latitude
and departure of each course and tabulate observed and computed values accordingly
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING
AB 550.30 m N 28o10 E
BC 295.48 m S 69o35 E
CD 462.70 m S 27o50’ E
DE 631.22 m N 50o00’ E
EF 340.05 m S 25o05’ E
FG 275.86 m Due East
Solution
a. Determining latitude Lat = d cosʆ
 Latab = 550.30 cos 28o10’ = + 485.13 m
Latbc = 395.48 cos 69o35’ = - 137.96 m
Latcd = 462.70 cos 27o50’ = - 409.17 m
Latde = 631.22 cos 50o00’ = +405.74 m
Latef = 340.05 cos 25o05’ = - 307.98 m
Latfg = 275.86 cos 90o00’ = 0.00
b. Determining departure Dep = d sinʆ
Depab = 550.30 cos 28o10’ = + 259.76 m
Depbc = 395.48 cos 69o35’ = + 370.64 m
Depcd = 462.70 cos 27o50’ = + 216.04 m
Depde = 631.22 cos 50o00’ = + 483.54 m
Depef = 340.05 cos 25o05’ = + 144.16 m
Depfg = 275.86 cos 90o00’ = + 275.86 m
c. Tabulated Solution
Latitude Departure
Course Distance Bearing +N -S +E -W
AB 550.30 m N 28o10 E 485.13 259.76
BC 295.48 m S 69o35 E 137.96 370.64
CD 462.70 m S 27o50’ E 409.17 216.04
o
DE 631.22 m N 50 00’ E 405.74 483.54
EF 340.05 m S 25o05’ E 307.98 144.16
FG 275.86 m Due East - - 275.86
2. Given the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a closed traverse
obtained for a transit-tape survey. Determine latitude and departure, bearing on the side
of error, and the precision of the measurements. Tabulate observed and computed value
according to the usual format.
Line Length AzimN
AB 233.10 m 122o30’
BC 242.05 m 85o15’
CD 191.50 m 20o00’
DE 234.46 m 333o35’
EF 270.65 m 254o08’
FA 252.38 m 213o00’
Solution
a. Determining course latitude
Latab = 233.10 cos 122o30’ = - 125.24 m
Latbc = 242.05 cos 85o15’ = 20.04 m
Latcd = 191.50 cos 20o00’ = 179.95 m
Latde = 234.46 cos 333o35’ = 209.98 m
Latef = 270.65 cos 254o08’ = -74 m
Latfg = 252.38 cos 213o00’ = -211.66 m
b. Determining course Departure
Depab = 233.10 sin 122o30’ = 196.59 m
Depbc = 242.05 sin 85o15’ = 241.22 m
Depcd = 191.50 sin 20o00’ = 65.50 m
Depde = 234.46 sin 333o35’ = = - 104.31 m
Depef = 270.65 sin 254o08’ = - 260.34 m
Depfg = 252.38 sin 213o00’= - 137.46 m
c. Determining the precision of the measurements
D = dab + dbc + dcd + dde + def + dfa
D = 233.10 + 242.05 + 191.50 + 234.46 + 270.65 + 252.38 = 1,424.14 m
 ∑NL = Latbc + Latcd + Latde = 20.04 + 179.95 + 209.98 = 409.97 m
∑SL = Lab + Latef + Latfa = 125.24 + 74 + 211.66 = - 410.90 m
∑ED = Depab + Depbc + Depcd = 196.59 + 241.22 + 65.50 = 503.21 m
∑WD = Depde + Depef + Depfa = 104.31 + 260.34 + 137.46 = - 502.11 m
CL = ∑NL + ∑SL = 409.97 - 410.90 = - 0.93 m (total correction to latitude)
CD = ∑ED + ∑WD = 503.21 - 502.11 = 1.20 m (total correction to departure)
LEC = C 2L +C 2D = (−0.93)2 +( 1.20)2 = 1.52 m
√ √
−C D −1.20
tan Ɵ = = = -1.209323
−C L + 0.93
Ɵ = 52o13’ therefore the bearing of the side of the error N 52o13’ W
LEC 1.52 1 1
RP= = = say
D 1,424.14 936.93 900
d. Tabulated Solution
Latitude Departure
Line Length AzimN N S E W
o
AB 233.10 m 122 30’ 125.24 196.59
BC 242.05 m 85o15’ 20.04 241.22
CD 191.50 m 20o00’ 179.95 65.50
DE 234.46 m 333o35’ 209.98 104.31
EF 270.65 m 254o08’ 74 260.34
FA 252.38 m 213o00’ 211.66 137.46
Aums 1,424.14 409.97 410.90 503.31 502.11
3. In a given closed traverse the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of the south
latitudes by 2.74 m and the sum of the west departure exceeds the sum of the east
departure by 3.66 m. Determine the linear error of closure and the bearing of the side of
error.
Given:
CL = ∑NL + ∑SL = 2.74 m
CD = ∑wD + ∑ED = - 3.66 m
LEC = C 2L +C 2D = (2.74)2 +(−3.66)2 = 4.57 m
√ √
−C D −(−3.66)
TAN Ɵ = = = -1 335766
−C L −2,74
Ɵ = 53o11 therefore the bearing is S 53o11’ E’

Traverse Adjustment
The procedure of computing the linear error of closure and applying corrections to the
individual latitudes and departures for the purpose of providing a mathematically closed
figure is referred to as traverse adjustment.

Methods of Adjusting a Traverse

1. Compass Rule or Bodwitch Rule which was named after an American navigator
Natheniel Bodwitch is a popular rule for adjusting a closed traverse. It is stated as
follows: the correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal
to the total closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the
traverse. A simple rule to remember is: if the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum
of the sum latitudes, latitude correction is subtracted fro north latitude and added to the
south latitude and vice versa.
 d d
cl = CL ( ) cd = CD ( )
D D
CL CD
KL = KD =
D L
where:
cl = correction to be applied to the lat. of any course
cd = correction to be applied to the dep. of any course
d = length of any course
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse
Adjusted lengths and directions
L’ = √ Lat ' 2 + Dep ' 2
Dep'
tan Ɵ =
Lat '
where:
L’ = adjusted length of a course
Lat’ = adjusted latitude of the course
Dep’ = adjusted departure of the course
Ɵ = adjusted horizontal angle bet. the reference meridian and a course

Simple Rule: If the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of the south latitudes,
latitude corrections are subtracted from north latitude and added to corresponding sout
latitude. However, if the sum of the south latitudes exceeds the sum of the north
latitudes, the corrections are applied in the opposite manner.

Sample Problem

Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse obtained from
a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of each course and
balance these quantities by employing the compass rule.Also determine the linear error
of closure, bearing the side of error, and the relative error of closure. Tabulate values
accordingly.

Course Distance Bearing

AB 495.85 m N 5o30’ E
BC 850.62 m N 46o02’ E
CD 855.45 m S 67o38’ E
DE 1,020.87 m S 12o25’ E
EF 1, 117.26 m S 83o44’ W
FA 660.08 m N 55o09’ W
Sum 5,000.13 m

Solution:

a. Computing Latitudes: Lat = Length x cos ʆ

Latab = 495.85 cos 5o30’ = 493.57 m
Latbc = 850.62 cos 46o02’ = 590.53
Latcd = 855.45 cos 67o38’ = - 325. 53
Latde = 1,020.87 cos 12o25’ = - 996.99
Latef = 1, 117.26 cos 83o44’ = - 121.96
 Latfa = 660.08 cos 55o09’ = 377.19

b. Computing Departures: Dep = Length x sin ʆ

Depab = 495.85 sin 5o30’ = 47.53 m

Depbc = 850.62 sin 46o02’ = 612.23
Depcd = 855.45 sin 67o38’ = 791.09
Depde = 1,020.87 sin 12o25’ = 219.51
Depef = 1, 117.26 sin 83o44’ = -1,110.58
Depa = 660.08 sin 55o09’ = - 541.70

c. Tabulated Solution

Computed Latitude Computed Departure

Course Distance Bearing N S E W
AB 495.85 m N 5o30’ E 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62 m N 46o02’ E 590.53 612.23
CD 855.45 m S 67o38’ E 325. 53 791.09
DE 1,020.87 m S 12o25’ E 996.99 219.51
EF 1, 117.26 m S 83o44’ W 121.96 1,110.58
FA 660.08 m N 55o09’ W 377.19 541.70
SUMS 5,000.13 1,461.29 1,444.48 1,670.36 1,652.28

d. Determining total closure in latitude and departure

∑NL = 1,461.29
∑SL = 1,444.48
∑ED = 1,670.36
∑WD = 1,652.28
CL = ∑NL + ∑SL = 1,461.29 - 1,444.48 = 16.81 m
CD = ∑ED + ∑WD = 1670.36 – 1652.28 = 18.08 m

e. Determining corrections for latitudes

CL
Kl =
D
16.81
K1 = = 0.00336
5000.13

cab = 495.85 x 0.00336 = 1.67

cbc = 850.62 x 0.00336 = 2.86
ccd = 855.45 x 0.00336 = 2.88
cde = 1,020.87 x 0.00336 = 3.43
def = 1,117.26 x 0.00336 = 3.75
dfa = 660.08 x 0.00336 = 2.22

Solution Check: Sum of latitude corrections = CL

1.67 + 2.86 + 2.88 + 3.43 + 3.75 + 2.22 = 16.81
16.81 = 16.81 (check)
f. Determining correction for departures
CD
K2 =
D
18.08
K2 = = 0.00362
5000.13

cab = 495.85 x 0.0000362 = 1.79

cbc = 850.62 x 0.0000362 = 3.08
ccd = 855.45 x 0.0000362 = 3.09
cde = 1,020.87 x 0.0000362 = 3.69
def = 1,117.26 x 0.0000362 = 4.04
dfa = 660.08 x 0.0000362 = 2.39

Solution Check: Sum of departure corrections = CD

1.79 + 3.08 + 3.09 + 3.69 + 4.04 + 2.39 = 18.08
18.08 = 18.08 (check)

g. Adjusting the latitudes:

Adj. Lat.ab = 493.57 – 1.67 = 491.90

Adj. Lat.bc = 590.53 – 2.86 = 587.67
Adj. Lat.cd = 325.53 + 2.88 = - 328.41
Adj. Lat.de = 996.99 + 3.43 = - 1,000.42
Adj. Lat.ef = 121.96 +3.75 = - 125.71
Adj. Lat.fa = 377.19 – 2.22 = 374.97
Solution Check: 491.90 + 587.67 - 328.41 - 1,000.42 - 125.71 + 374.97 = 0
0=0

h. Adjusting the Departures

Adj. Dep. ab = 47.53 – 1.79 = 45.74

Adj. Dep. bc = 612.23 – 3.08 = 609.15
Adj. Dep.cd = 791.09 – 3.09 = 788
Adj. Dep.de = 219.51 – 3.69 = 215.82
Adj. Dep.ef = 1,110.58 + 4.04 = - 1,114.62
Adj. Dep.fa = 541.70 + 2.39 = - 544.09
Solution Check: 45.74 + 609.15 + 788 + 215.82 – 1,114.62 – 544.09 = 0
0=0

i. Tabulated Data (Adjusted)

Correction Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure

Course Lat Dep N S E W
AB 1.67 1.79 491.90 45.74
BC 2.86 3.08 587.67 609.15
CD 2.88 3.09 328.41 788
 DE 3.43 3.69 1,000.42 215.82
EF 3.75 4.04 125.71 1,114.62
FA 2.22 2.39 374.97 544.09
SUMS 16.81 18.08 1,454.54 1454.54 1,658.71 1,568.71

j. Determining linear error od closure, bearing of the side of error and relative error of
closure
LEC = C 2L +C 2D = √ 16.812+18.08 2 = 24.69 m
√
−C D −18.08
tan ß = = = 1.075559
−C L −16.81
ß = 47o05’
RP = LEC/D = 24.69/ 5,000.13 = 1/202.52 say 1/200
Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings
a. Adjusted Lengths, L’ = √ lat ' 2+ dep ' 2
L”ab = √ 491.902 + 45.742 = 494.02 m
L”bc = √ 587.672 +609.152 = 846.42 m
L”cd = √ 328.412+788 2 = 853.70 m
L”de = √ 1,000.422+215.822 = 1,023.43 m
L”ef = √ 125.712+1,114.62 2 = 1,121.69 m
L”fa = √ 374.972 +544.092 = 660.78 m
b. Determining adjusted bearing of each course, tan Ɵ = Dep} over {Lat
45.74
tan Ɵab = = + 0.092986
491.90
Ɵab = 5o19’, Bearingab = N 5o19’ E
609.15
tan Ɵbc = = + 1.036551
587.67
Ɵbc = 46o02’, Bearingbc = N 46o02’ E
788
tan Ɵcd = = -2.399440
−328.41
Ɵcd = 67o23’, Bearingcd = S 67o23’ E
215.82
tan Ɵde = = - 0.215729
−1,000.42
Ɵde = 12o10’, Bearingde = S 12o10’ E
−1,114.62
tan Ɵef = = + 8.866598
−125,71
Ɵde = 83o34’, Bearingde = S 83o34’ W
−544.09
tan Ɵfa = = - 1.451023
374.97
Ɵfa = 55o26’, Bearingfa = N 55o26’ W
c. Tabulated Data (Adjusted)
Course Adjusted Length Adjusted Bearing
AB 494.02 N 5o19’ E
BC 846.42 N 46o02’ E
 CD 853.70 S 67o23’ E
DE 1,023.43 S 12o10’ E
EF 1,121.69 S 83o34’ W
FA 660.78 N 55o26’ W

2. Transit Rule – the latitude and departure corrections depend on the length of the
latitude and departure of the course respectively instead of both depending on the length
of the course.

Lat C L DepC D
c1 = and cd =
∑ NL−∑SL ∑ ED−∑WD

where: ∑NL – summation of north latitudes

∑SL - summation of south latitudes
∑ED – summation of east departures
∑WD – summation of west departures
cl – correction to be applied to the latitude of any course
cd – correction to be applied to any departure of any course
CL – total closure in latitude of the algebraic sum of the north and
south latitudes
CD - total closure in departure of the algebraic sum of the east
and west departures

Latitudes and departures corrections are applied in the same manner to that of the
compass rule. However, before the corrections are applied it is important to first check if
the sum of the computed corrections is equal to its closures. A perfect closure will
always be assured if this is done.

Sample Problem

Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for a traverse obtained from
a transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and departures of each course and
balance these quantities by employing the transit rule. Tabulate values accordingly.

Course Distance Azimuth

AB 495.85 m 5o30’
BC 850.62 m 46o02’
CD 855.45 m 112o22’
DE 1,020.87 m 167o35’
EF 1, 117.26 m 263o44’
FA 660.08 m 304o51
Sum 5,000.13 m

Solution:
a. Computing latitudes: Lat = Length x cos Ɵ
Latab = 495.85 cos 5o30’ = 493.57 m
 Latbc = 850.62 cos 46o02’ = 590.53
Latcd = 855.45 cos 112o22’ = - 325.53
Latde = 1,020.87 cos 167o35’ = - 996.99
Latef = 1, 117.26 cos 263o44’= - 121.96
Latfa = 660.08 cos 304o51’ = 377.19

b. Computing departures: Dep = Length x sin Ɵ

Depab = 495.85 sin 5o30’ = 47.53 m
Depbc = 850.62 sin 46o02’ = 612.23
Depcd = 855.45 sin 112o22’ = 791.09
Depde = 1,020.87 sin 167o35’ = 219.51
Depef = 1, 117.26 sin 263o44’= - 1,110.58
Depfa = 660.08 sin 304o51’ = -541.70

c. Tabulate data
Computed Latitude Computed Departure
Course Distance Azimuth N S E W
AB 495.85 m 5o30’ 493.57 47.53
BC 850.62 m 46o02’ 590.53 612.23
CD 855.45 m 112o22’ 325. 53 791.09
DE 1,020.87 m 167o35’ 996.99 219.51
EF 1, 117.26 m 263o44’ 121.96 1,110.58
FA 660.08 m 304o51 377.19 541.70
SUMS 5,000.13 1,461.29 1,444.48 1,670.36 1,652.28

d. Determining Total closure and Departure

∑NL = 1,461.29
∑SL = 1,444.48
∑ED = 1,670.36
∑WD = 1,652.28
CL = ∑NL + ∑SL = 1,461.29 - 1,444.48 = 16.81 m
CD = ∑ED + ∑WD = 1670.36 – 1652.28 = 18.08 m

Lat C L
e. Determining corrections for latitude: c1 =
∑ NL−∑SL
16.81
c1 = = 0.00579
1461.29−1444.48
cab = 493.57 x 0.00579 = 2.86 m
cbc = 590.53 x 0.00579 = 3.42
ccd = 325. 53 x 0.00579 = 1.88
cde = 996.99 x 0.00579 = 5.77
cef = 121.96 x 0.00579 = 0.70
cfa = 377.19 x 0.00579 = 2.18
Solution check:: Sum of latitude corrections = CL
2.86 + 3.42 + 1.88 + 5.77 + 0.70 + 2.18 = 16.81
16.81 = 16.81 (check)

DepC D
f. Determining correction for departures: cd =
∑ ED−∑WD
 18.08
cd = = 0.00544
1,670.36−1,652.28
cab = 47.53 x 0.00544 = 0,26
cbc = 612.23 x 0.00544 = 3.33
ccd = 791.09 x 0.00544 = 4.31
cde = 219.51 x 0.00544 = 1.19
cef = 1,110.58 x 0.00544 = 6.04
cfa = 541.70 x 0.00544 = 2.95

Solution check:: Sum of departure corrections = CD

0,26 + 3.33 + 4.31 + 1.19 + 6.04 + 2.95 = 18.08

g. Adjusting the latitudes:

Adj. Lat.ab = 493.57 – 2.86 = 490.71 m
Adj. Lat.bc = 590.53 – 3.42 = 587.11
Adj. Lat.cd = 325.53 + 1.88 = - 327.41
Adj. Lat.de = 996.99 + 5.77 = - 1,002.76
Adj. Lat.ef = 121.96 + 0.70 = - 122.66
Adj. Lat.fa = 377.19 – 2.18 = 375.01
Solution Check: 490.71 + 587.11 - 327.41 - 1,002.76 - 122.66 + 375.01 = 0
0=0

h. Adjusting the Departures

Adj. Dep. ab = 47.53 – 0.26 = 47.27 m

Adj. Dep. bc = 612.23 – 3.33 = 608.90
Adj. Dep.cd = 791.09 – 4.31 = 786.78
Adj. Dep.de = 219.51 – 1.19 = 218.32
Adj. Dep.ef = 1,110.58 + 6.04 = - 1,116.62
Adj. Dep.fa = 541.70 + 2.95 = - 544.65
Solution Check: 45.27 + 608.90 + 786.78 + 218.32 – 1,116.62 – 544.09 = 0
0=0

i. Tabulated Data (Adjusted)

Correction Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure

Course Lat Dep N S E W
AB 2.86 0.26 490.71 47.27
BC 3.42 3.33 587.11 608.90
CD 1.88 4.31 327.41 786.78
DE 5.77 1.19 1,002.76 218.32
EF 0.70 6.04 122.66 1,116.62
FA 2.18 2.95 375.01 544.65
SUMS 16.81 18.08 1,452.63 1452.63 1,661.27 1,661.27