Lecture Notes: Prof. Dr.

Yasin FAHJAN

GEBZE TECNICAL UNIVERSITY

Department of Architecture
Faculty of Architecture

ARCH 162
STATICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Spring 2020-2021

Dr. F.İlknur KARA

E-mail : [email protected]

Araştırma Görevlisi Çetin SÜALP Araştırma Görevlisi Ali YEŞİLYURT

E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
 COURSE CONTENTS
Main objective of the course is to give the
basic information about the concepts of
stability and balance to provide the background
for the future structural analysis and design
courses.
Starting with the concept of forces acting upon
a system, the course handles the behavior of
engineering structures under the effect of
external disturbances or forces.
 COURSE CONTENTS
❖Introduction to principles of mechanics.
❖ Equivalent force systems, free body diagrams.
❖Analysis of simple plane structures.
❖Internal force in beams and trusses, shear force,
bending moment and axial force diagrams.
❖Centroids and moment of inertia of sections.
❖Introduction to stress and strain concepts.
❖ Equilibrium, compatibility and constitutive relations.
❖ Bending and shear stresses
 Basic Concepts
This chapter on basic concept introduces:
• Structural design for:
Strength
Stiffness
Stability
Strength, Stiffness, Stability

Structures must be designed to satisfy three Ss concept;

1 Strength to prevent breaking

2 Stiffness to prevent excessive deformation

3 Stability to prevent collapse

Basic structure systems
 Basic structure systems
❑Horizontal structural Elements

❑Vertical / lateral structural Elements

for:

o Gravity load
o Lateral load
 Horizontal Structural Elements

Horizontal systems come in two types; one way and two way.
Two way systems are only efficient for spaces with about equal
span in both directions.
Horizontal Structural Elements– one way System

Plywood deck on wood joists Concrete slab on metal deck and steel joists

One way concrete slab One way beams

Horizontal Structural Elements– one way System

Structural Assemblies
Horizontal Structures – Two way System

Two way concrete slab on drop panels Two way concrete slab on edge beams

Two way waffle slab

Two way beams
 Horizontal Structures – Trusses
A truss is a structure
composed of slender
members joined together
at their end points. The
members commonly used
in construction consist of
wooden struts or metal
bars.
Horizontal Structures – Trusses
Horizontal Structures – Trusses
 Horizontal Structures – Trusses

Because roof trusses, such as

those shown, require support
only at their ends, it is possible
to construct buildings with
large,
unobstructed floor areas
Tension Structures – Cables
 Vertical Structural Elements
❑Vertical elements transfer load from roof to foundation,
carrying gravity and/or lateral load.
❑ Although elements may resist only gravity or only
lateral load, most are designed to resist both.
❑ Four basic elements are used individually or in
combination to resist gravity and lateral loads;
▪ Moment frame
▪ Braced frame
▪ Shear walls
▪ Cantilever
 Vertical Structural Elements

Moment frame under gravity load Moment frame under lateral load

Braced frame under gravity load Braced frame under lateral load
 Vertical Structural Elements

Shear Wall under Shear Wall under lateral load (shear wall)
gravity load

Column under gravity load Column under lateral load

 Vertical Structural Elements-Moment Frames
Moment frames resist gravity and lateral load in bending and
compression. They are derived from post-and beam portals with moment
resisting beam to column connections. The effect of moment joints is that
load applied to the beam will rotate its ends and in turn rotate the attached
columns.

High-rise moment frame Moment frame building under

under gravity load lateral load
 Vertical Structural Elements-Moment Frames

Portal with pin joints collapses

under lateral load Portal with moment joints at base under lateral
load

Portal with moment beam/column

joints under gravity load Portal with moment beam/column joints under
lateral load

Portal with all moment joints under Portal with all moment joints under lateral load
gravity load
 Vertical Structural Elements- Braced frames
Braced frames resist gravity load in bending and axial compression, and
lateral load in axial compression and tension by triangulation, much like
trusses. The triangulation results in greater stiffness, an advantage to
resist wind load, but increases seismic forces, a disadvantage to resist
earthquakes. Triangulation may take several configurations, single
diagonals, A-bracing, V-bracing, X-bracing, etc., considering both
architectural and structural criteria.

• Braced frame
Braced frame building without and with lateral
load
Vertical Structural Elements- Braced frames

V-braced portal
Single diagonal portal

A-braced portal X-braced portal

 What is a hinge
A hinge is a mechanism that connects normally
a door, window or other construction element,
to either a frame or a cabinet of some type.
There are several different types of hinges and
their uses are varied. The term hinge can also be
used to identify a type of movement that allows
one panel or element to swing or bend in
relationship to another.
 What is a hinge
• In structural design a hinged connection does
not develop any moment forces on the
connection. The connection is allowed to
move and rotate to prevent any development
of internal forces due to pressure or forces on
the other construction member.
• Normally, the term hinge, if used within the
construction industry, means a rotation
without separation.
 Vertical Systems – Shear Walls
Shear walls resist lateral load in shear. Shear walls may be
of wood, concrete or masonry.
In seismic areas concrete and masonry shear walls must be
reinforced with steel bars to resist lateral shear.
 Vertical Systems – Shear Walls

Light gauge steel shear wall

Wood shear wall with plywood sheathing
with plywood sheathing

Concrete shear wall with steel reinforcing Un-reinforced brick masonry (not allowed
in seismic areas)
 Vertical Systems – Cantilevers
Cantilevers resist lateral load primarily in bending.
They may consist of single towers or multiple towers.
Single towers act much like trees and require large
footings like tree roots to resist overturning. Bending
in cantilevers increases from top down, justifying
tapered form in response.
 Vertical Systems – Cantilevers

Single tower cantilever under lateral load

Single tower cantilever

Twin tower cantilever Twin tower cantilever under lateral load

Suspended tower with single cantilever Suspended tower under lateral load
 Vertical Systems
Vertical / lateral element selection criteria

Element Advantages Challenges

Shear wall Good for Inflexible for future changes
Architectural criteria apartments/hotels
Stiffness increases seismic
Structural criteria Very stiff, good for wind forces
resistance
Cantilever Flexible planning Must remain in future
Architectural criteria Around cantilever changes

Structural criteria Ductile, much like a tree Too flexible for tall
trunk structures
Moment frame Most flexible, good for Expensive, drift may cause
Architectural criteria office buildings problems

Structural criteria Ductile, absorbs seismic Tall structures need

force additional stiffening
Braced frame More flexible then Less flexible than moment
Architectural criteria Shear walls frame

Structural criteria Very stiff, good for Stiffness increases seismic

Wind resistance forces
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
International System of Units (SI Units);
The base units are the units of and they are called, respectively,
Length the meter (m)
Mass the kilogram (kg)
Time the second (s).

The unit of force is a derived unit. It is called the newton (N) and is defined as the force
which gives an acceleration of 1 m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg
The weight of a body, or the force
of gravity exerted on that body,
should, like any other force, be
expressed in newtons.
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Multiples and submultiples of the fundamental SI units
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
a derived unit is obtained by dividing a base unit by another base unit, a prefix may be
used in the numerator of the derived unit but not in its denominator.
the constant k of a spring;
SYSTEMS OF UNITS